X波段雷达近岸影像波谱分析

X波段岸基雷达作为一种新颖的海况遥感观测方式,可直接观测到实时的海况信息。通过对雷达影像的分析,能够获得海面上的波浪场。由于波浪在近岸的折射、浅化变形等原因,观测到的雷达影像场为近岸非均匀波浪场,在一定程度上限制了传统影像分析方法——傅里叶变换的应用。针对波浪的近岸非均匀性,将二维小波变换应用于雷达影像分析,子影像中6个空间点的波数谱显示:影像中的波浪非均匀性显著,主能量的波数呈现明显的增加趋势。二维小波变换应用到X波段雷达近岸影像处理中,可较好体现近岸波浪的非均匀性。     

一种基于Curvelet变换的合成孔径雷达海洋内波图像的斑点噪声抑制方法

合成孔径雷达是海洋内波研究中最重要的工具之一。雷达图像中的斑点噪声会严重降低图像的质量,这一问题在处理和分析信号较弱的二模态内波信号和上升型内波信号时极为明显。合成孔径雷达图像中的海洋内孤立波的信号具有明显的尺度性和方向性。同时,curvelet变换作为一种同时具备尺度分辨率和方向分辨率的数学变换,能够对一幅雷达图像在不同尺度、不同方向和不同位置上进行分析。本文给出了一个基于curvelet变换的合成孔径雷达海洋内孤立波图像的斑点噪声抑制方法。该方法可简述为：(1)对一幅合成孔径雷达海洋内孤立波图像进行curvelet变换,获得curvelet系数;(2)分别仅仅保留一个尺度的系数,将其它尺度的系数置为零,利用处理之后的系数分别重建图像,得到仅仅用一个尺度的系数重建的图像;(3)分别计算上一步中得到的图像的均方差,根据波浪理论,图像的方差代表能量,方差越大则能量越大,以此可以确定内波信息集中的尺度;(4)在每个尺度下,分别计算每个方向的curvelet系数矩阵的平均值,以此确定内孤立波信号集中的方向;(5)在上两步工作的基础上,仅仅保留内波信号集中的尺度和方向的系数,而将其它尺度和方向的系数置为0,得到一幅提取主波信息的图像;(6)将上一步得到的提取主波信息的图像加回到原始图像中,从而达到增强波浪信息并抑制斑点噪声的目的。大量的实验验证表明,该方法不仅能有效地压制斑点噪声,而且能有效地增强波浪信号。     

ASAR波模式数据反演参数误差与海浪条纹清晰度的相关性分析

欧洲环境卫星-高级合成孔径雷达(EnvironmentalSatellite-AdvancedSyntheticAperture Radar,Envisat-ASAR)波模式数据提供了全球风、浪要素信息,在海浪模式预报与同化方面有重要作用。该数据合成孔径雷达(SyntheticApertureRadar,SAR)图像普遍存在海浪条纹清晰度不同的现象,但是否影响数据精度尚无定论。本文通过比较2010年NODC (the National Oceanographic Date Center)浮标观测数据和波模式数据,发现经过官方修正后的海浪参数反而具有更大误差。进而通过对比不同条纹清晰度的SAR图像反演参数误差,揭示了ASAR产品海浪参数与浮标测量值之间的误差与海浪条纹清晰度的关系。结果表明:海浪条纹清晰的SAR图像的主波波长和主波周期的反演误差更小,而条纹不清晰SAR图像的有效波高和风速的反演误差更小。通过分析海浪参数对海浪条纹清晰度的敏感性,证实了有效波高和方位向截断波长对SAR图像条纹清晰度的响应最好,波陡次之,与卫星飞行方位角和入射角无关。因此,在反演和修正SAR波模式数据时,考虑图像的条纹清晰度,将会有效提高反演数据的精度。该研究可为高分三号等卫星的波模式数据波浪要素反演精度的提升提供有价值的参考。     

Directional spectrum analysis and statistics obtained from ERS-1 SAR wave images

This work examines ERS-1 (the first European Remote Sensing Satellite) SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) water surface wave images over Hualien of Taiwan, indicating that the variation of SAR signals in space domain is similar to in situ wave data's in time domain. Some statistical properties of SAR data are investigated. The Rayleigh distribution function closely corresponds with the histogram of wave heights, but the Gaussian one cannot for water surface displacements. Evidence reveals that SAR wave signals do not respond well to actual ocean waves effectively. As wave spectral analysis of available SAR data reveals, the appropriate sample size of SAR wave image, sampling average, and moving average should be taken carefully to accurately confirm directional power spectra. Moreover, SAR spectra are compared with in situ ones, confirming that peak frequencies correlate well and wave directions approximately agree with each other. Some differences between both spectral shapes remain somewhat unclear and require further study. Nevertheless, in this study, ERS-1 SAR power spectra verified the feasibility of deriving an appropriate dominant wave direction and peak frequency.     

基于理论的气旋条件下双极化C波段合成孔径雷达波参数检测

Theoretical-based ocean wave retrieval algorithms are applied by inverting a synthetic aperture radar(SAR)intensity spectrum into a wave spectrum, that has been developed based on a SAR wave mapping mechanism. In our previous studies, it was shown that the wave retrieval algorithm, named the parameterized first-guess spectrum method(PFSM), works for C-band and X-band SAR at low to moderate sea states. In this work, we investigate the performance of the PFSM algorithm when it is applied for dual-polarization c-band sentinel-1(S-1) SAR acquired in extra wide-swath(EW) and interferometric wide-swath(IW) mode under cyclonic conditions.Strong winds are retrieved from six vertical-horizontal(VH) polarization S-1 SAR images using the c-band crosspolarization coupled-parameters ocean(C-3 PO) model and then wave parameters are obtained from the image at the vertical-vertical(VV) polarization channel. significant wave height(SWH) and mean wave period(MWP) are compared with simulations from the WAVEWATCH-III(WW3) model. The validation shows a 0.69 m root mean square error(RMSE) of SWH with a –0.01 m bias and a 0.62 s RMSE of MWP with a –0.17 s bias. Although the PFSM algorithm relies on a good quality SAR spectrum, this study confirms the applicability for wave retrieval from an S-1 SAR image. Moreover, it is found that the retrieved results have less accuracy on the right sector of cyclone eyes where swell directly affects strong wind-sea, while the PFSM algorithm works well on the left and rear sectors of cyclone eyes where the interaction of wind-sea and swell is relatively poor.     

基于SVM回归模型的SAR图像有效波高估测

A new method for estimating significant wave height(SWH) from advanced synthetic aperture radar(ASAR) wave mode data based on a support vector machine(SVM) regression model is presented. The model is established based on a nonlinear relationship between σ0, the variance of the normalized SAR image, SAR image spectrum spectral decomposition parameters and ocean wave SWH. The feature parameters of the SAR images are the input parameters of the SVM regression model, and the SWH provided by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) is the output parameter. On the basis of ASAR matching data set, a particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the input kernel parameters of the SVM regression model and to establish the SVM model. The SWH estimation results yielded by this model are compared with the ECMWF reanalysis data and the buoy data. The RMSE values of the SWH are 0.34 and 0.48 m, and the correlation coefficient is 0.94 and 0.81, respectively. The results show that the SVM regression model is an effective method for estimating the SWH from the SAR data. The advantage of this model is that SAR data may serve as an independent data source for retrieving the SWH, which can avoid the complicated solution process associated with wave spectra.     

使用参数化初猜测谱算法提取VV极化Sentinel-1 SAR图像的海浪要素并与ECMWF再分析数据以及浮标数据进行验证对比

The purpose is to study the accuracy of ocean wave parameters retrieved from C-band VV-polarization Sentinel-1Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) images, including both significant wave height(SWH) and mean wave period(MWP), which are both calculated from a SAR-derived wave spectrum. The wind direction from in situ buoys is used and then the wind speed is retrieved by using a new C-band geophysical model function(GMF) model,denoted as C-SARMOD. Continuously, an algorithm parameterized first-guess spectra method(PFSM) is employed to retrieve the SWH and the MWP by using the SAR-derived wind speed. Forty–five VV-polarization Sentinel-1 SAR images are collected, which cover the in situ buoys around US coastal waters. A total of 52 subscenes are selected from those images. The retrieval results are compared with the measurements from in situ buoys. The comparison performs good for a wind retrieval, showing a 1.6 m/s standard deviation(STD) of the wind speed, while a 0.54 m STD of the SWH and a 2.14 s STD of the MWP are exhibited with an acceptable error.Additional 50 images taken in China's seas were also implemented by using the algorithm PFSM, showing a 0.67 m STD of the SWH and a 2.21 s STD of the MWP compared with European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) reanalysis grids wave data. The results indicate that the algorithm PFSM works for the wave retrieval from VV-polarization Sentinel-1 SAR image through SAR-derived wind speed by using the new GMF C-SARMOD.     

利用一种改进的算法对中国高分三号同极化SAR图像反演的有效波高的验证

Chinese Gaofen-3(GF-3) is the first civilian satellite to carry C-band(5.3 GHz) synthetic aperture radar(SAR).During the period of August 2016 to December 2017, 1 523 GF-3 SAR images acquired in quad-polarization(vertical-vertical(VV), horizontal-horizontal(HH), vertical-horizontal(VH), and horizontal-vertical(HV)) mode were recorded, mostly around China's seas. In our previous study, the root mean square error(RMSE) of significant wave height(SWH) was found to be around 0.58 m when compared with retrieval results from a few GF-3 SAR images in co-polarization(VV and HH) with moored measurements by using an empirical algorithm CSAR_WAVE. We collected a number of sub-scenes from these 1 523 images in the co-polarization channel,which were collocated with wind and SWH data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) reanalysis field at a 0.125° grid. Through the collected dataset, an improved empirical wave retrieval algorithm for GF-3 SAR in co-polarization was tuned, herein denoted as CSAR_WAVE2. An additional 92 GF-3 SAR images were implemented in order to validate CSAR_WAVE2 against SWH from altimeter Jason-2, showing an about 0.52 m RMSE of SWH for co-polarization GF-3 SAR. Therefore, we conclude that the proposed empirical algorithm has a good performance for wave retrieval from GF-3 SAR images in co-polarization.     

Wave direction measured by four different systems

During a March 1977 experiment, four systems were used to provide wave-direction information offshore of Mission Beach, CA: a synthetic aperature radar (SAR) carried aboard a NASA CV990 aircraft, a coastal imaging radar, a pressure-gauge array offshore, and aerial photography aboard two aircraft. The coastal radar, aerial photographs, and SAR provided wave images. From the coastal radar images and the aerial photographs, the direction and length of the principal wavetrains were measured by a manual analysis. The SAR images were also processed using an FFT to give two-dimensional wave spectra. The array at the Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC) tower was used to provide directional wave spectra. Scatter diagrams are presented, which intercompare the measurements from these four systems. In addition, radar image spectral information is compared with the array spectra. The intercomparison of the data from these four systems shows good agreement among the imaging systems. Between the imaging systems and the pressure array there is agreement for the most prominent wavetrains and disagreement for several cases where multiple wavetrains from different directions but with similar periods are present.     

基于同步风场的机载SAR海浪参数反演方法

针对机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)对海探测特点,采用多入射角法从SAR数据本身得到与海浪参数反演区域时空匹配的同步海面风速和风向,并结合线性变换关系,计算得到海浪初猜谱对应的仿真SAR图像谱,将仿真SAR图像谱和观测SAR图像谱输入代价函数中进行迭代运算,通过非线性方程的解算得到最适海浪谱;采用交叉谱法去除海浪传播180°方向模糊,最终得到海浪参数。论文提出的基于同步风场的机载SAR海浪参数反演方法,充分利用了机载SAR海洋环境探测的优势,解决了传统SAR海浪参数反演中初猜谱构造依赖外部风场的问题,机载同步飞行试验的海浪参数反演结果与浮标观测值的有效波高、波向的均方根误差分别为0.23 m和13.23°,验证了该方法的有效性,可为机载SAR海浪参数反演业务化提供支持。     

Application of Active Contour Model in Tracking Sequential Nearshore Waves

In the present study,a generalized active contour model of gradient vector flow is combined with the video techniques of Argus system to delineate and track sequential nearshore wave crest profdes in the shoaling process,up to their breaking on the shorehne.Previous applications of active contour models to water wave problems are limited to controllable wave tank experiments.By contrast,our application in this study is in a nearshore field environment where oblique images obtained under natural and varying condition of ambient light are employed.Existing Argus techniques produce plane image data or time series data from a selected small subset of discrete pixels.By contrast,the active contour model produces line image data along continuous visible curves such as wave crest profdes.The combination of these two existing techniques,the active contour model and Argus methodologies,facilitates the estimates of the direction wave field and phase speeds within the whole area covered by camera.These estimates are useful for the purpose of inverse calculation of the water depth.Applications of the present techniques to Hsi-tzu bay where a beach restoration program is currently undertaken are illustrated.This extension of Argus video techniques provides new application of optical remote sensing to study the hydrodynamics and morphology of a nearshore environment.     

利用X波段雷达图像估计有效波高

海浪有效波高与雷达的海杂波强度有关,但是无法直接由雷达图像得到.借鉴运用SAR图像计算有效波高的方法,即假设有效波高与雷达回波强度信噪比的平方根成线性关系,可以由X波段雷达图像计算得到海浪的有效波高.将在小麦岛和南海分别进行的岸基试验和船基试验获得的浮标资料和雷达资料结合起来分析,结果表明用X波段航海雷达测量有效波高的最大误差不超过9%.     

合成孔径雷达图像中海洋内波的特征检测

海洋内波在合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中具有特定纹理分布,因此可以根据海洋内波SAR图像的纹理分布特性,进行内波海面特征检测。利用功率谱对具有不同纹理特征的SAR图像进行分析,并对特征进行分类统计得出内波的功率谱特征。在海洋内波区域,利用多孔小波变换及多尺度融合提取海洋内波特征,在此基础上对波-流散射系数进行提取。提出了"内波特征的功率谱特征-多孔小波综合检测算法",为海洋内波参数反演奠定了基础。     

A Study on the Spectral Form of Nearshore Water Waves

- The spectral form of wind waves is investigated based on the ocean wave data observed at three nearshore stations of Taiwan. In this study, the generalized forms of Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum and JONSWAP spectrum are used to describe the local wave spectrum by selecting suitable spectral form parameters. It is shown that, at a specific site, the similarity of wave spectral form exists. Thus it is possible to use a representative spectral form for a given nearshore region to describe the wave spectrum at this nearshore. On the other hand, the effects of relative water depth on spectral form are examined. The feasibility of two spectral models in finite water depth is evaluated by using the same field wave data.     

Virtual wave gauges based upon stereo imaging for measuring surface wave characteristics

A virtual wave gauge (VWG) technique based on stereo imaging is developed to remotely measure water wave height, period, and direction. VWG minimizes computational costs by directly tracking the elevation of the water surface at selected points of interest using a Eulerian based dynamic searching algorithm. Results show that the VWG technique developed in this paper dramatically improves efficiency by two orders of magnitude compared to the traditional Lagrangian–Eulerian based point cloud method of stereo image processing. VWG is tested against traditional wave wire gauges to within 98% accuracy for significant wave height. Furthermore, the flexibility of the VWG is demonstrated in two field applications. First in an offshore breaking wave case, an array of VWGs is used to efficiently measure wave directionality. Second to investigate the reflection coefficient of a rock-mounted structure interacting with nearshore waves, linear and spatial VWG arrays are designed and implemented based on a priori information of the wave field from a preliminary VWG measurement. Overall, we demonstrate that the flexible and computational efficient VWG technique has the potential to make real-time remote stereo imaging wave measurements a reality.     

基于遥感海浪信息的近岸水深反演模型

基于遥感影像的测深技术具有易获取、成本低和覆盖率大等优势,是目前的研究热点问题之一。为在波浪折射的基础上,进一步综合考虑绕射及非线性的影响,本文提出了一种基于海浪波数和波高信息的近岸水深反演模型。将模型与Berkhoff 椭圆形浅滩理想试验对比,平均误差为0.13%,显著小于现有基于频散关系反演水深的方法。进一步应用模型反演三亚湾近岸地形,通过与海图对比,平均误差为11.58%,且大部分区域的误差小于10%。部分区域误差较大,主要是由于遥感影像获取的波数空间分辨率和精度较低。以上结果表明该模型可以利用遥感海浪信息较准确推算近岸水深。本文对于近岸浅海区的水深反演工作具有一定的参考价值。     

A detection model of underwater topography with a series of SAR images acquired at different time

underwater topography is one of oceanic features detected by Synthetic Aperture Radar. Underwater topography SAR imaging mechanism shows that tidal current is the important factor for underwater topography SAR imaging. Thus under the same wind field condition, SAR images for the same area acquired at different time include different information of the underwater topography. To utilize synchronously SAR images acquired at different time for the underwater topography SAR detection and improve the precision of detection, based on the detection model of underwater topography with single SAR image and the periodicity of tidal current, a detection model of underwater topography with a series of SAR images acquired at different time is developed by combing with tide and tidal current numerical simulation. To testify the feasibility of the presented model, Taiwan Shoal located at the south outlet of Taiwan Strait is selected as study area and three SAR images are used in the underwater topography detection. The detection results are compared with the field observation data of water depth carried out by R/V Dongfanghong 2, and the errors of the detection are compared with those of the single SAR image. All comparisons show that the detection model presented in the paper improves the precision of underwater topography SAR detection, and the presented model is feasible.     

南海文昌地区内波振幅反演研究

The field experiment is conducted from April 16,2005 to July 20,2005 at Wenchang area east of Hainan Island(19°35'N,112°E) of China.Internal wave packets are observed frequently with thermistor chains during the experiment.Meanwhile,internal waves are also detected from a synthetic aperture radar(SAR) image on June 19,2005 and several other moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) images near a mooring position.The distance between the positive and negative peaks induced by the internal wave can be obtained from satellite images.Combined with remote sensing images and in situ data,a new method to inverse the amplitude of the internal wave is proposed based on a corrected nonlinear Schr?dinger(NLS) equation.Two relationships are given between the peak-to-peak distance and the characteristic wavelength of the internal wave for different nonlinear and dispersion coefficients.Based on the satellite images,the amplitude inversion of the internal waves are carried out with the NLS equation as well as the Kd V equation.The calculated amplitudes of the NLS equation are close to the observation amplitude which promise the NLS equation a reliable method.     

考虑波能耗散的近岸波浪传播数学模型

基于考虑能耗的定常缓坡方程，推导得出包含波能耗散的近岸水域波浪传播变形数学模型，并用所得模型对浅水中波浪的传播进行了计算，将计算结构与Berkhoff的实验数据进行比较，表明二者吻合很好。该数学模型能较好地解决波浪在浅水中的传播变形问题。     

利用浅水地形及其SAR影像确定海面风向的一种方法

利用浅水地形的SAR影像以及基于浅水地形SAR仿真模型计算得到的仿真SAR影像,基于仿真SAR影像与真实SAR影像之间的相关性提出了一种确定海面风向的方法——最大相关系数法.以南沙双子礁海域为例,利用最大相关系数法确定出了一幅RADARSAT SAR影像成像时刻的海面风向,通过对结果的比较分析可以看出对于包含浅水地形的SAR影像应用该方法探测海面风向是可行的.