对既保冬小麦产量又防承压水耗竭的灌溉策略之探讨

我国深层地下水超采最严重的区域当属华北平原的河北省黑龙港地区,该区域的深层承压含水层面临枯竭的安全风险。然而,黑龙港地区作为我国优质冬小麦的重要产区和河北省冬小麦的主产区,肩负着河北省确保冬小麦这一重要口粮稳产的责任。因此,冬小麦生育期的灌溉策略必须在区域尺度上兼顾深层地下水的禁采和冬小麦产量的稳定,这也是当前黑龙港地...     

大型复杂引水系统运行调度仿真模型研究

万家寨引黄工程运行调度系统是一个大型复杂引水系统.本文以该系统为背景,建立水资源供需分析、水库调度、地下水资源调蓄、水力瞬变输水过程、水文与工程数据采集处理等三个层次的计算机仿真模型,提出"水资源可持续利用量"的概念,研究系统的合理调度方案和特性参数以及满足未来用水需求,保证环境生态逐步恢复的管理策略,促进供水区水资源的可持续利用.     

Political and legal implications of water scarcity in Southwestern United States and alternatives of its proper utilization

The significance of this study has been to give an overall view of the use of water in the arid western United States and to evaluate the key geographical, political, and legal factors that affect the water resource development in the region. This study includes the availability of water resources; usage of water, especially for irrigation, industry, urban, and household consumption; and methods of conservation to meet the growing demands for scarce water resources. The solutions for conservation are interbasin transfers with appropriate apportionment among western states; conserving water through drip irrigation; desalination of saline water; decreasing demand through increasing efficiency; and establishing cooperation among the western states for equitable distribution of water. The western states have to realize that scarce water in the West should be used judiciously and conservation practices have to be followed strictly to meet the future need for water. In recent years, the federal government is becoming hesitant to extend large amount of money for water projects in the West because of growing federal deficits. Water may play an important role in maintaining the standard of living for the fast growing population in the sunbelt and in accelerating the pace of economic development in the western United States.A paper presented at the International Symposium on the Exploration and Utilization of Natural Resources in Arid Areas held under the auspices of the Chinese Academy Science, ISEUNRAA, Xinjiang, Urumqi, China, from August 7–13, 1985.     

Large-scale water transfers in the USSR

In order to counter water shortages in the agricultural regions along the lower Volga and in Kazakhstan and Central Asia and to alleviate falling water levels in southern seas, the Soviet Union proposes to transfer substantial quantities of water south from its northern Arctic-flowing rivers. We describe the background to these proposals, the need for greater agricultural production in the Soviet Union, current irrigation practice, and the development of schemes for large-scale water transfers. We discuss the Soviet philosophy of the transformation of nature, the problems encountered in implementing irrigation schemes, and the likely time scale of larger water transfers. The Soviet authorities consider the transfers essential. Even if the efficiency of existing irrigation schemes is improved, demand will surpass supply in many southern agricultural regions within the next 10 to 15 years. Work is to proceed on the first of the second, the Siberian scheme, is unlikely to be taken until any problems encountered in the implementation of the European scheme are assessed. Finally, we consider the potential impact of the diversions. There will certainly be local ecological and environmental consequences and it is considered that the net impact will, on balance, be adverse. There is also concern that the diversion of water away from higher latitudes may affect the Arctic ice cover and, possibly, global climate.     

南水北调西线工程可调水量分析中几个主要问题的探讨

南水北调西线工程规划从长江上游的通天河、雅砻江、大渡河调水入黄河,以解决西北及华北部分地区的干旱缺水问题。调水工程可调水量是开展各项工作的基础。在现有资料的基础上,通过对引水坝址径流量、引水坝址上下游用水要求、水库下泄水量、工程规模等因素的分析,提出了各因素对可调水量的影响程度,并估算了各引水坝址适宜的可调水量。     

基于多元逐步回归的大型灌区年退水量预测模型研究

对于水资源短缺的西北地区,研究大型引黄灌区退水规律及退水量预测对灌区水资源高效利用和灌区水资源管理具有十分重要的意义。本文利用宁夏青铜峡灌区的实测资料,通过灰色关联分析法研究了宁夏引黄灌区年退水量的影响因素和预测模型,得出影响灌区退水量的主要因素依次为灌溉引水量、地下水位、降水量和蒸发量;建立了灌区退水量的多元逐步回归预测模型,并对青铜峡灌区退水量进行了预测研究,结果表明,该模型具有较高的预测精度,研究成果为灌区水资源高效利用奠定了科学基础。     

水资源需求驱动因素分析

根据我国1980-2000年国民经济实际用水状况,简要分析了水资源需求的驱动因素,建立了水资源需求驱动因素综合分析模型,并根据模型进行了实例计算和分析.结果表明:(1)1980-2000年全国总用水增加了1 220亿m3,其中工业和生活用水增长是国民经济用水增长的直接原因;(2)全国而言,排在前四位的正向驱动因素分别是工业增加值、农田灌溉面积、人口以及林牧渔需(补)水面积.负向驱动因素分别是农田灌溉定额的下降,其次是工业用水定额的下降;(3)对生活用水而言,北方省份人口增长对生活需水增长的贡献较突出,南方省份则是生活用水定额的提高对生活需水增长的贡献较突出;(4)对工业用水而言,工业规模的扩大是驱动工业需水增长的主要因素;北方省份工业用水定额下降对抑制工业需水增长的贡献率明显;(5)农田灌溉面积变化对农田灌溉需水变化影响较大.分析结果为把握我国未来水资源需求变化态势,合理配置水资源提供依据.     

农业灌溉引起的环境地质问题

引水灌溉是干旱地区农业生产与发展的根本保证，但在甘肃境内的几大灌区中，长期引水灌溉不同程度地引发了环境地质问题——地面沉陷、滑坡、土壤盐渍化、土地沙化，严重影响和制约农业的可持续发展。     

Vision 2020: Towards an environmentally sound and sustainable development of freshwater resources in Malaysia

Malaysia has a climate of high humidity, high temperature and abundant rainfall. Rivers supply about 97% of the country's total water needs while ground water accounts for the rest. About 40% of the treated water is lost through man-caused leakages. With a population of 18.3 million people, the total annual domestic, industrial and irrigation water demand is about 11.6 x 106 MI. This figure is projected to rise to 15.2 x 106 MI by year 2000. At present, the total daily water demand is about 4,979 MI and the production capacity is 6,513 MI. Water use and misuse now strain the nation's fragile aquatic environment and natural ecosystems. Current water resource management priorities include water quality improvement, river rehabilitation to restore over-channalized or polluted rivers and development of the inland fisheries potential especially in large man-made reservoirs. A River Basin Information System has been developed to provide integrated information on catchment characteristics, landuse, population and socio-economic profile, river flow, pollution sources, water quality classification, and aquatic biota. Vision 2020 challenges call for a long-term perspective in inland water resource management. Critical post-audits of largescale development and strategic research aimed at alternative and interacting patterns of landwater use are urgently needed.     

基于SD模型的石羊河流域中下游水资源承载力初步研究

在深入分析石羊河流域中下游＂水-生态环境-社会经济＂复合系统的基础上,运用系统动力学方法,建立了包括8个一级系统、27个状态变量、27个速率变量、65个辅助变量、31个表函数、41条反馈回路及191个SD（System Dynamics）方程的水资源承载力系统动力学模型.选取水浇地灌溉面积增长率、水浇地灌溉定额、水浇地灌溉水利用系数、菜田灌溉定额、菜田灌溉水利用系数等5个参数作为方案设计的决策变量,设计了四种方案,在对各方案水量供需关系模拟分析的基础上,以加大农业节水力度、平水年可供水量为约束条件,通过SD模型模拟计算了各规划年研究区可承载的水浇地灌溉面积及社会经济与生态规模.     

Water use at Luxor,Egypt: consumption analysis and future demand forecasting

Water resources in Egypt are becoming scarce and the demand for clean drinking water supply is one of the most important priorities of the Egyptian government in recent years. Analyzing water use and future demand forecasting is a primitive clue for water demand management. Water in Luxor is used for agricultural, residential, institutional, commercial, and touristic purposes. The results of water use analysis indicated that for the time period from 1983 to 2012, agriculture is the highest consumer of water which reached about 94.76–97.38 % followed by residential water consumption (1.90–3.05 %), institutional water consumption (0.71–1.75 %), and touristic water consumption (0.02–0.43 %), respectively. The future demand forecasting results revealed that the present situation may continue to rise in the next 50 years which will increase the water demand with a water deficit ranging between 15 and 114 MCM/year. To fill the gap between the present water consumption and future residential, institutional, commercial, and touristic water demand, additional municipal facilities, and improvement and management of water supply/demand are needed. To cope with the predicted future water demand, it is recommended to improve the on-farm irrigation, reduce the demand for irrigation water, rationalize the irrigation water use, and enhance the integrated role of water users in integrated water resources management.     

覆盖与衬垫对沙地土壤水分影响的初步研究

通过对陕北毛乌素沙地不同农业措施土壤水分的观测分析,揭示出沙区土壤水分受补(灌)水量与农业措施如地下衬垫与地表覆盖的双重影响与控制,地下衬膜和地表覆膜抑渗、抑蒸保墒效应促进了土壤--作物--大气连续体系中水分有效循环,增加了耕层土壤贮水量,加大植物可利用的土层水分,从而使苜蓿增产,并可节水32%～40%,为沙区推广地下衬垫(膜)与地表覆盖(膜)节水技术提供科学依据.     

华北平原东部水资源可持续利用

华北平原东部水资源短缺，深层地下水严重超采，生态环境恶化。为水资源的可持续利用．要发展井灌井排渠灌沟排，以开发利用当地浅层地下水包括微成水和成水为基础．以引调可利用的地表水补源。以调控地下水埋深在临界动态为棱心，以土壤及潜水的地层空间作为调节大气降水、土壤水、地下水、地表水的地下水库．最大限度圯犯时空分布不均的天然降雨转化为可持续利用的水资源。     

Irrigation and farm water management in Pakistan

Present irrigation practices and water management techniques in Pakistan are the result of a long process. Through a cultural-historical approach, generic relationships of some present patterns are traced to their origin. The origin of irrigation was probably in small alluvial valleys of Southwest Asia, which is also considered the hearth of seed agriculture. From a simple beginning the irrigation and water management systems have become extremely complicated to support Pakistan's largest irrigation network in the world.Part of the research for this paper was done at the Department of Geography, South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany during the summer of 1992.     

气候变化下长江中下游水稻灌溉需水量时空变化特征

选择长江中下游单季中稻为研究对象,结合45个气象站1961~2010年逐日气象资料,基于统计降尺度模型(SDSM),生成HadCM3气候模式A2和B2两种情景下各站点参考作物腾发量和降水数据。基于联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)推荐的作物系数法,并考虑有效性降雨和不同地区深层渗漏量,分析历史和未来的水稻灌溉需水时空变化特征。结果表明:过去50年,除了太湖流域以外的长江中下游大部分区域的参考作物腾发量和水稻需水量都呈显著下降趋势,而显著下降的水稻灌溉需水量主要位于鄱阳湖流域;未来两种情景下,参考作物腾发量、水稻需水量和水稻灌溉需水量均值都呈下降趋势,但水稻灌溉需水量降幅最小;水稻需水量和水稻灌溉需水量在长江中下游地区的变化趋势具有明显的空间异质性,水稻需水量大幅减少的区域由太湖流域向汉江和洞庭湖流域扩展。未来水稻灌溉需水量减少的区域主要分布在太湖流域、汉江流域东部和洞庭湖流域北部,并随时间推移呈扩大趋势。     

Changing household water consumption practices after drought in three Australian cities

One of the major challenges of moving toward more sustainable and water sensitive futures is to change people's everyday water consumption habits. The experience of the Millennium drought in Australia (1996–2010) and water restrictions introduced during that time intervened to change everyday water practices in specific ways creating durable change in some practices and mutable change in others. Drawing on focus groups with 62 people, in three diverse Australian cities, a rich picture of diverse water practices emerges. Using a specific social practice framework we explore the key practices of garden watering and showering and tease out the elements in each – we discuss how and why there has been more innovation and change in garden practices than shower practices. We argue that sustained water restrictions drive material change in households and these material changes appear to be more effective in changing water use than transforming water saving competencies or meanings alone. Further, we show that the commitment and resistance to water saving has a spatial context – data from three different cities allowed us to see how location, climate and policy responses interweave with everyday practices. The implication of our research is that policy interventions should be 'fit for purpose' according to social practices in spatial context.     

年降水量变化条件下农灌引水与开采对地下水位影响

通过分析滹沱河流域降水量对黄壁庄水库径流量及石津灌区引水量影响,及其对引水量利用效率及地下水开采量影响分析表明,降水量与水库径流量、引水量和弃水量具有一定的正相关性,与引水利用效率成负相关。渠灌区农业地下水开采受降水量影响不明显,多年地下水位在潜水强蒸发带区间波动;井灌区以开采地下水灌溉为主,并受到降水量的明显影响,地下水呈逐年下降趋势。由此不同变化趋势,提出渠灌区适度开采浅层咸水与渠水混合灌溉,扩大渠灌面积,减少井灌区面积,对缓和井灌区地下水位下降有重要意义。     

Scinario of arsenic pollution in groundwater: West Bengal

目前,西孟加拉地区地下水砷污染问题日益严重并且已经波及到食物链中.由于吸收了砷污染地下水,谷物和蔬菜中砷含量日渐累积,超出了健康规定范围.尽管提出了若干补救方案,但是考虑到农业人口的社会经济状况,建议使用地表水灌溉方案.然而,实际中该方案仍然较难施行,且并无其他更经济有效的措施.若干年后,含水层可以减缓严酷的健康环境现状并为人们提供安全的饮用水.     

A GIS-index integration approach to groundwater suitability zoning for irrigation purposes

In recent decades, the high population growth has increased the demand for agricultural lands and products. Groundwater offers reliability and flexibility in access to water for irrigation purposes, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, such as Amol-Babol Plain, Iran. However, the quality and quantity of groundwater may not be suitable for irrigation purposes in all areas due to urbanizations, and intensive agricultural and industrial activities. Groundwater suitability zoning for irrigation purposes could be useful to improve water resources and land use planning, mostly in areas with water scarcity. Therefore, a GIS-based indices method is proposed to assess suitable zones for agricultural activities, integrating the irrigation water quality (IWQ) index and hydrogeological factors. IWQ index was utilized to assess groundwater quality based on salinity hazard, infiltration hazard, specific ions, and trace elements hazards, and miscellaneous effects such as pH, bicarbonate, and nitrate. The potential of the aquifer for irrigation water abstraction was investigated using hydrogeological surveys such as slope angle of the plain, hydraulic conductivity, and aquifer thickness. The groundwater suitability index classified most of the study area (more than 90 %) as “excellent” or “good” suitability zones for irrigation purposes. A limited area of around 5.6 % of the total area has moderate suitability for irrigation purposes due to the Caspian Seawater intrusion and the presence of fossil saline water. The proposed methodology provides useful information in order to allow irrigation management to prevent water and soil deterioration.     

咸淡水混合灌溉技术应用与实践

咸水与淡水混合灌溉技术,将两种矿化度不同的灌溉水混合使用,目的是降低灌溉水的含盐量或改变其盐分组成.咸淡水混合灌溉在提高灌溉水水质的同时,也增加了可灌水的总量,使以前不能使用的高盐渍度的咸水得以利用.通过对邢台市平原区咸水灌溉条件的实验研究、咸淡水混合灌溉技术分析,邢台市咸淡水混合后矿化度应控制在3g/L以下.结合近年来开展咸淡水混合灌溉实践,在咸水区开展咸淡水混合灌溉,充分利用咸水资源,既减少了淡水的开采量,又对改善当地的生态环境发挥了重要作用.