南极阿蒙森海冰间湖的时空变化及其影响因素

本文利用由卫星微波辐射计数据反演获得的薄冰厚度和产冰速率数据,分析了南极阿蒙森海冰间湖(Amundsen Sea Polynya, ASP)在2003—2010年和2013—2020年期间的时空变化特征,结合大气再分析数据中的表面风速和气温数据,进一步探究了影响阿蒙森海冰间湖变化的因素。研究表明,阿蒙森海冰间湖位于斯维茨固定冰舌(Thwaites Fast-ice Tongue, TFT)以西的沿岸海域,大体呈现反L形,即在风的作用下,阿蒙森海冰间湖从TFT西侧向西发展,从多特森冰架(Dotson Ice Shelf, DIS)沿岸向北发展。此外,阿蒙森海冰间湖在南极冬半年的4—10月期间基本维持开放状态,但是其面积与产冰速率在相邻的两天常常发生大幅度变化,并且与其上空的风速之间具有良好的相关性。研究发现,东风分量通过调节冰间湖内部海冰的输运,主导了阿蒙森海冰间湖的面积变化;南风分量携带来自DIS沿岸陆地的冷空气加剧阿蒙森海冰间湖表面的热损失,是冰间湖产冰速率增加的决定因素。     

冰与水的完美结合

正冰间湖对于很多人而言是个陌生的名词。有人会顾名思义,以为冰间湖就是冰里面的湖,所以会出现这样的问题:冰间湖有底吗?冰间湖对于很多人而言是个陌生的名词。有人会顾名思义,以为冰间湖就是冰里面的湖,所以会出现这样的问题:冰间湖有底吗?从海面上看,冰间湖确实像是被白色海冰包围的一泓湖水,但是在海面以下,冰间湖下的海洋和周边海冰下的海洋是没有边界、完全贯通的。所以,冰间湖的"底",可以说是广阔无际的海洋。     

利用卫星遥感和再分析数据刻画2017-2018年格陵兰北部罕见冰间湖事件

以90%海冰密集度为阈值,基于卫星遥感数据,2017-2018年冰季在格陵兰北部识别了两次冰间湖事件,分别出现在冬季和夏季。冬季的冰间湖事件从2018年2月20日持续至3月3日,夏季的事件从8月2日持续到9月5日。AMSR2被动微波的海冰密集度产品表明,冬季和夏季冰间湖事件对应的最低海冰密集度分别为72%和65%。两次冰间湖事件都与格陵兰北部东西气压梯度异常引起的南风加强有关,而气压梯度的异常则与对流层中部极涡的扰动有关。冬季冰间湖事件期间,相对暖和的气温和频繁出现的冰间湖,导致冬季海冰生长不持续,海冰热力增厚较小,这为夏季海冰发生破碎并形成冰间湖创造了条件。南风减弱和新冰生成是冬季冰间湖消失的主要原因。对于夏季的冰间湖,导致其消失的主要原因则是从北部输入的浮冰增加。Sentinel-1 合成孔径雷达产品相对AMSR2被动微波观测产品更加适合于应用到冰间湖事件伴随的新冰生长,这与前者具有更高的空间分辨率有关。格陵兰北部是北冰洋多年冰的聚集地,该区域被认为是北冰洋海冰的“避难所”。因此区域在2017-2018年出现罕见的冰间湖事件,对于整个北冰洋海冰的快速减少具有重要意义,也助于北冰洋海冰,尤其是多年冰的消退。     

南极普里兹湾达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水的来源

本文采用固定冰数据集和南极象海豹获取的现场观测数据集,分析了南极达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水的变化。结果表明：首先,达恩利角固定冰存在显著季节变化,对于达恩利角冰间湖及局地高密陆架水的生成都具有重要影响。其次,达恩利角固定冰在2000-2014年期间年际变化很小,无显著增减趋势。第三,达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水有两个显著来源：（1）3-4月,达恩利角固定冰快速生成时伴随着强烈的盐析作用,进而局地生成高密陆架水;（2）5月,达恩利角固定冰达到最大范围,局地盐析作用减弱至很小,而上游在冰架水抑制作用减弱后,麦肯基湾冰间湖海域的高密陆架水生成增强,能够向西北输运至达恩利角固定冰附近。本研究初步证明达恩利角固定冰除了维持达恩利角冰间湖存在的作用外,对局地高密陆架水生成也可能有重要影响,同时指出一条重要的水团输运路径,这有助于提高对达恩利角附近冰-海相互作用的理解,对该地区开展更多观测或模拟研究是必要的。     

渤海海域CALIOP 与MODIS 气溶胶光学厚度相关性分析

以渤海海域为试验区,对经过时间、空间和波段匹配的 MODIS/Aqua 550 nm 气溶胶光学厚度产品与 CALIOP 532 nm 通道反演得到的气溶胶信息在五种不同空间采样窗口(10 km ×10 km,30 km ×30 km,50 km ×50 km,70 km ×70 km 和90 km ×90 km)、三种不同时间尺度(日、月、季度)下进行了相关性拟合分析.研究发现,较小的空间采样窗口可以更准确地反映气溶胶的局部变化特征,而以季度为时间统计单元能更好地体现气溶胶的季节变化特性.实验结果表明,在10 km ×10 km 采样窗口中,春季的日数据之间相关性较高;春季和秋季的月均值之间高度相关(R 均大于0.950).从而证明,在特定时间和空间尺度下,上述两种数据之间确存在良好的相关性,为利用遥感数据反演渤海海域气溶胶光学厚度信息提供了新的途径.     

Emery冰架北缘热盐结构的不均匀性及其成因

根据2005-2006年夏季中国南极第22次南极科学考察的海洋水文资料(64°00′~69°15′S,68°00′~76°00′E),分析了普里兹湾内Emery冰架北缘浮冰区的水团性质。发现Emery冰架东西两端的表层热含量明显高于Emery冰架北缘中部。此外冰架北缘中部海域的上混合层和季节跃层的深度也明显小于东西两端。冰架北缘的底层热盐结构则无明显的东西差异。海洋遥感的证据表明:冰架北缘的表层水的不均匀性与浮冰和冰间湖的空间分布有着密切的联系。     

1982-2016年北极开阔水域变化

近30年来,北极海冰覆盖范围大幅缩减,开阔水域也相应地发生显著变化。本文利用美国雪冰中心的海冰密集度产品以及美国海洋和大气科学管理局的海水表面温度数据产品,分析了1982-2016年北极开阔水域面积以及开阔水域季节长度的年际变化,并进一步探讨了海水表面温度对开阔水域时空变化的影响。结果表明北极开阔水域面积平均每年增加55.89×103 km2,海冰消退时间以平均0.77 d/a的速度在提前,海冰出现时间以平均0.82 d/a的速度在延迟,导致开阔水域季节长度以平均1.59 d/a的速度在增加。2016年达到了有遥感观测资料以来开阔水域面积和开阔水域季节长度的最大值,分别为13.52×106 km2和182 d。9个海区的开阔水域变化特征有一定的差异,对开阔水域变化贡献最大的有北冰洋核心区、喀拉海和巴伦支海。海水表面温度对开阔水域的变化有着重要影响,且影响的程度与纬度相关,即高纬度地区的海水表面温度对开阔水域的影响高于低纬度地区。     

基于激光测高数据的Amery冰架高程变化监测研究

针对传统的花杆测量法、GPS实测法在南极冰架高程变化监测上的覆盖范围小、操作难度大和安全成本高以及基于SAR差分干涉冰雪表面高程测量易失相干等问题。基于亚米级卫星激光测高数据ICESat/GLAS与ICESat-2/ATLAS重叠点法和克里金插值法,对Amery冰架近15年高程变化进行监测。为了纵向比较,本文以2003～2018年、2004～2019年和2005～2020年3组15年周期数据进行高程变化监测。实验结果表明：在近15年里Amery冰架冰雪物质积累区域大于减少区域,高程变化主要分布在0～±2 m之间,在冰架与大洋接壤区域高程显著升高近40 m。从3组数据纵向对比分析发现,Amery冰架中部区域高程变化相对稳定,边缘区域受接壤冰盖影响年际波动相对较大。     

普里兹湾及邻近海域多航次水文特征比较分析

利用第15,16,21,25,26和27次南极考察在普里兹湾及邻近海域所获取的CTD观测数据,对该海域主要水团、典型层面水文要素平面分布等进行了对比分析。研究表明:1)普里兹湾及邻近海域水团主要包括南极表层水、普里兹湾陆架水、绕极深层水和南极底层水。夏季表层水温盐变化显著,没有固定的核心值;绕极深层暖水的分布范围和温盐特征相对比较稳定;南极底层水在各航次中均有出现。2)在陆架水中存在位温低于海面冰点的冰架水和温度低于现场温度的过冷水。冰架水主要分布在冰架前缘和70°30′E断面上,沿70°30′E断面最北可扩展至陆坡附近;过冷水主要分布在冰架前缘西部。3)高盐陆架水在普里兹湾存在较少,主要分布在埃默里冰架前缘和73°E断面67°30′~68°45′S范围内,其中S34.62的高盐陆架水均位于73°E断面附近,并沿73°E断面向北扩展至67°30′S附近,盐度最大值为34.64。4)夏季表层温盐分布时空变化特征显著。部分航次埃默里冰架前缘存在一个很强的纬向温度锋面,最高温度达到3.55°C。5)绕极深层水在第15航次涌升至100m以浅,涌升最明显的海域在63°00′~64°00′S附近,73°E断面涌升最强。     

海冰,来年再见啦!

正渤海黄海最近表示很轻松,因为岸边的海冰终于消散了!每年冬天,海冰灾害都肆虐我国北方海域。这些冰都是哪里来的?海冰就是海里的冰么?这个说法其实并不完全是对的。狭义来讲,海冰单指海水冻结而成的冰。从这一狭义的定义出发,就将海冰与其他出现在海里的冰区分开来。我们知道,海里的冰除了最常见的海冰,还有从大陆冰川、湖泊及河流中滑入海中的淡水冰。陆地冰川延伸入海,浮在海面上,形成冰架。陆地冰川和冰架的前端断裂入     

Coastal polynyas off East Queen Maud Land observed from NOAA AVHRR data

Coastal polynyas off East Queen Maud Land in Antarctica are examined using NOAA AVHRR infrared data. From image analyses, two locations of coastal polynyas in this region are identified; one in Breid Bay and the other along the shelf break. The areal coverage of the Breid Bay polynya is significantly related to the strength of katabatic winds, which maintain their strength over the coastal sea due to land topography favoring for their confluence, thereby being capable of removing newly formed ice. Land fast ice in the eastern part of the bay also plays an additional role in the formation mechanism. It is also found that the areal coverage of coastal polynyas in this region fluctuate coherently. Moreover, these fluctuations correspond to the synoptic index, which measures the strength of the offshore wind, with their peaks closely associated with the areal peaks. These facts strongly suggest the influence of synoptic scale weather on the formation and maintenance of polynyas in this region.     

Polynyas in a high‐resolution dynamic–thermodynamic sea ice model and their parameterization using flux models

This paper presents an analysis of the solutions for a steady state latent heat polynya generated by an applied wind stress acting over a semi‐enclosed channel using: (a) a dynamic–thermodynamic sea ice model, and (b) a steady state flux model. We examine what processes in the sea ice model are responsible for the maintenance of the polynya and how sensitive the results are to the choice of rheological parameters. We find that when the ice is driven onshore by an applied wind stress, a consolidated ice pack forms downwind of a zone of strong convergence in the ice velocities. The build‐up of internal stresses within the consolidated ice pack becomes a crucial factor in the formation of this zone and results in a distinct polynya edge. Furthermore, within the ice pack the across‐channel ice velocity varies with the across‐channel distance. It is demonstrated that provided this velocity is well represented, the steady state polynya flux model solutions are in close agreement with those of the sea ice model. Experiments with the sea ice model also show that the polynya shape and area are insensitive to (a) the sea ice rheology; (b) the imposition of either free‐ slip or no‐slip boundary conditions. These findings are used in the development of a simplified model of the consolidated ice pack dynamics, the output of which is then compared with the sea ice model results. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this study for the modelling of the North Water Polynya in northern Baffin Bay.     

Dynamics and Variability of Terra Nova Bay Polynya

Abstract. We present a process study on the dynamics and variability of the Terra Nova Bay polynya in the western sector of the Ross Sea. The air-sea heat exchange is known to be particularly large in polynya during the winter, when differences between air and sea temperatures are large. We apply a 1-D model (Pease, 1987; Van Woert, 1999a, 1999b), which is modified in the latent heat parameterisation in order to account for time-dependent relative humidity and cloud coverage. Furthermore, the Ice Collection Depth is correlated linearly with a variable wind speed. The model is forced with two different meteorological data sets: the operational analysis of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric data set and the meteorological parameters measured by an Automatic Weather Station located on the coast of Terra Nova Bay. The results are compared in terms of polynya extension, ice, and High Salinity Shelf Water production. According to the two different wind velocities, the results obtained from the different data sets clearly differ. Qualitatively, however, the results are in good agreement.     

Spatiotemporal characteristics of sea ice transport in the Baffin Bay and its association with atmospheric variability

Sea ice export through the Baffin Bay plays a vital role in modulating the sea ice cover variability in the Labrador Sea.In this study,satellite-derived sea ice products are used to obtain the sea ice area flux (SIAF) through the three passages in the Baffin Bay (referred to as A,B,and C for the north,middle,and south passages,respectively).The spatial variability of the monthly sea ice drift in the Baffin Bay is presented.The interannual variability and trends in SIAF via the three passages are outlined.The connection to several large-scale atmospheric circulation modes is assessed.Over the period of 1988–2015,the average annual (October to the following September) SIAF amounts to 555×10~3 km~2,642×10~3 km~2,and 551×10~3 km~2 through Passages A,B,and C,respectively.These quantities are less than that observed through the Fram Strait (FS,707×10~3 km~2) of the corresponding period.The positive trends in annual SIAF,on the order of 53.1×10~3 km~2/(10 a) and 43.2×10~3 km~2/(10 a)(significant at the 95%confidence level),are identified at Passages A and B,respectively.The trend of the south passage (C),however,is slightly negative (–13.3×10~3 km~2/(10 a),not statistically significant).The positive trends in annual SIAF through the Passages A and B are primarily attributable to the significant increases after 2000.The connection between the Baffin Bay sea ice export and the North Atlantic Oscillation is not significant over the studied period.By contrast,the association with the cross-gate sea level pressure difference is robust in the Baffin Bay (R equals 0.69 to 0.71,depending on the passages considered),but relatively weaker than that over FS (R=0.74).     

波弗特海2019年夏季海冰极端低值成因研究

波弗特海海冰的剧烈变化对区域内生态系统以及经济活动具有重要影响。基于美国国家冰雪数据中心发布的海冰密集度数据,本文对2019年波弗特海夏季海冰面积出现极端低值的机制进行了探讨。2019年融冰季（5–9月）海冰覆盖面积为1.38×105 km2,远低于1998–2020年平均面积2.28×105 km2,统计2019年前秋（2018年10–12月）和前冬季节（2019年1–4月）海冰覆盖面积,发现其与1998–2019年多年平均结果无显著差异;先前季节的海冰冰况不是造成极端低值事件的主要原因。综合海冰漂移场、海冰厚度、10 m风场以及海表面净热通量数据发现,2019年5月份海冰面积减小2.33×105 km2,是1998年以来5月海冰损失量最大的年份,占融冰季节海冰面积减小量的62%。与1998年、2008年、2012年以及2016年波弗特海夏季发生海冰覆盖面积极端低值现象的机制不同,不断减小的海冰厚度以及2019年5月异常强的风场,促使海冰快速向外输出,波弗特海南部5月16日就形成开阔水域;伴随着异常高的海表面净热通量使得海冰更多地融化,造成了2019年夏季海冰的异常现象。随着海冰厚度的不断变薄,海冰对风场的响应越来越强,海冰消退时间不断提前,波弗特海夏季海冰的极端低值现象可能更为频繁地出现。     

Formation mechanism of the Weddell Sea Polynya and the impact on the global abyssal ocean

An experiment using a global ocean–ice model with an interannual forcing data set was conducted to understand the variability in the Southern Ocean. A winter-persisting polynya in the Weddell Sea (the Weddell Polynya, WP) was simulated. The process of WP breaking out after no-WP years was explored using the successive WPs found in the late 1950s. The results suggested that the anomalously warm deep water, saline surface layer, and a cyclonic wind stress over the Maud polynya region in early winter are essential for the surface layer to be dense enough to trigger deep convections which maintain a winter-persisting polynya; also, the reanalyzed surface air temperature (SAT) over the observed polynya region is too high for an ocean–ice model’s bulk formula to yield sufficient upward heat fluxes to induce WP formation. Therefore the Weddell Polynya, a series of WPs observed from satellite in the mid-1970s, is reproduced by replacing the SAT with a climatological one. Subsequent to the successive WP events, density anomalies excited in the Weddell Sea propagate northward in the Atlantic deep basins. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is enhanced through the increased meridional density gradient. The enhanced ACC and its meandering over the abyssal ridges excite buoyancy anomalies near the bottom at the southwestern end of the South Pacific basin. The buoyancy signals propagate northward and eventually arrive in the northern North Pacific.     

A probabilistic description of the wind over Liverpool Bay with application to oil spill simulations

Surface winds from the UK Meteorological Office mesoscale (12 km grid) atmospheric model have been used to define the wind at a location in Liverpool Bay during 1997–2001. Winds from the SW (centred on 240°) with a speed of about 10 m/s (20 knots) were the most frequent, although weaker winds from the SE were also common. The wind spectra were red in character and showed no evidence for a peak at the synoptic (2–5 day) time scale; however, a zero-up-crossing analysis suggested a dominant periodicity at 3.1 days, and at this time scale the winds were spatially coherent over a distance of 300 km. A wind direction transition matrix was derived to quantify the probability with which the wind changed between two specified directions. This information was then used with an estimate of the mean duration of a wind event to compute a stochastic wind time series that contained a similar energy level, periodicity, and direction variability to the archived wind data. The archived and stochastic winds were then used in 1000 oil spill contingency simulations during which estimates of the mean and minimum times taken for oil to reach the coastline, and the percentage of the oil impacting selected sites were computed. The stochastic winds provided more realistic results, when compared against those derived using the wind archive, than those obtained using a wind rose representation of the winds. The derivation and use of a stochastic wind time series has application to a range of modelling studies.     

2016?2017年北极内尔斯海峡北部海冰运动及其影响因素研究

内尔斯海峡位于加拿大埃尔斯米尔岛与格陵兰岛之间,是北极海冰输出的重要通道之一,这些海冰融化后带来的表层淡水对巴芬湾、拉布拉多海的深层水形成具有重要影响。但由于该海峡较为狭窄,缺乏对此区域海冰运动情况的精细研究。本研究利用每日的哨兵1号影像提取了2016年9月至2017年8月的内尔斯海峡北部区域海冰运动信息,展示了海峡中浮冰的运动过程,并结合风速、海流速度等数据分析浮冰运动特征及影响因素。结果表明风和海流二者共同主导了海冰的运动过程,相关系数分别达到了0.767和0.709,由风速、海流速度、海冰密集度3个自变量与浮冰速度建立的多元线性回归模型复决定系数也达到了0.727。进一步分析发现,风和海流在速度相对稳定时对浮冰速度的影响都会减小。本研究关于风和海流等要素对海冰运动过程影响的研究结果,可以为海洋–大气动力学模型的研究提供参考。     

2017年辽东湾夏季潮汐锋位置变化的分析

近海潮汐锋的分布和变化,主要受表层风摩擦、底层潮混合、净热通量和浮力平流的影响。基于2017年7、8月份辽东湾东部海域的实测数据,并结合ROMS(RegionalOceanModelSystem)模拟结果,利用考虑浮力平流效应的Stigebrandt公式对夏季辽东湾潮汐锋的位置变化进行了诊断计算,计算结果与ROMS模拟的潮汐锋位置符合较好,进一步探讨了风、净热通量和浮力平流对锋面位置变化的影响。主要结论如下:(1)位于辽东湾北部和东、西沿岸浅水区的潮汐锋呈"几"字形分布;(2) 2017年6—7月潮汐锋位置变动不大, 7月份仅在辽东湾东、西两岸潮汐锋位置略微向深水区移动,这主要是净热通量整体略微减小和风场略微增大造成的,浮力平流作用效果不够显著;(3)2017年8月辽东湾潮汐锋位置较7月向深水区大幅移动,最大移动距离约为20km,辽东湾8月份净热通量的大幅减弱起到了重要作用,浮力平流使潮汐锋位置向浅水区偏移,其调节效果比较显著。     

Holocene ice dynamics and bottom-water formation associated with Cape Darnley polynya activity recorded in Burton Basin,East Antarctica

A multi-proxy study including sedimentological, mineralogical, biogeochemical and micropaleontological methods was conducted on sediment core PS69/849-2 retrieved from Burton Basin, MacRobertson Shelf, East Antarctica. The goal of this study was to depict the deglacial and Holocene environmental history of the MacRobertson Land–Prydz Bay region. A special focus was put on the timing of ice-sheet retreat and the variability of bottom-water formation due to sea ice formation through the Holocene. Results from site PS69/849-2 provide the first paleo-environmental record of Holocene variations in bottom-water production probably associated to the Cape Darnley polynya, which is the second largest polynya in the Antarctic. Methods included end-member modeling of laser-derived high-resolution grain size data to reconstruct the depositional regimes and bottom-water activity. The provenance of current-derived and ice-transported material was reconstructed using clay-mineral and heavy-mineral analysis. Conclusions on biogenic production were drawn by determination of biogenic opal and total organic carbon. It was found that the ice shelf front started to retreat from the site around 12.8 ka BP. This coincides with results from other records in Prydz Bay and suggests warming during the early Holocene optimum next to global sea level rise as the main trigger. Ice-rafted debris was then supplied to the site until 5.5 cal. ka BP, when Holocene global sea level rise stabilized and glacial isostatic rebound on MacRobertson Land commenced. Throughout the Holocene, three episodes of enhanced bottom-water activity probably due to elevated brine rejection in Cape Darnley polynya occured between 11.5 and 9 cal. ka BP, 5.6 and 4.5 cal. ka BP and since 1.5 cal. ka BP. These periods are related to shifts from warmer to cooler conditions at the end of Holocene warm periods, in particular the early Holocene optimum, the mid-Holocene warm period and at the beginning of the neoglacial. In contrast, between 7.7 and 6.7 cal. ka BP, brine rejection shut down, maybe owed to warm conditions and pronounced open-water intervals.