Geoecological research in the Rocky Mountains

Book reviewed in this article:
Jack D. Ives (ed.): Geoecology of the Colorado Front Range: A Study of Alpine and Subalpine Environments     

西藏南部中白垩世旋回地层学

根据旋回特征可把西藏南部的中白垩纪地层分为四个等级。第一级旋回主要是大套的碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩的交替，以及生物种类的变化，表现了当时海平面周期性变化。第二级旋回代表了古生产率和氧化还原的韵律性变化，通过对ＣａＣＯ₃含量的ＡＲ-ＦＦＴ处理得出的周期（ＺＭａ）与Ｂｅｒｇｅｒ等人所计算的理论周期基本相符。因此，可以认为这种旋回根本原因是因轨道参数变化所引起的古环流改变所造成，如地中海型环流与河口型环流的互换，必将导致古生产率以及海洋水体性质的改变。第三级旋回表现为层偶的变化，如泥岩与灰岩互层以及黑色页岩与灰岩互层，在本区主要有三个周期:４.３、５.２和９.２万年，它们分别相当于斜率（ε）和偏心率（Ｃ）的理论周期值，旋回的周期主要是因为气候的变化引起陆源物质的稀释作用发生周期性变化，气候的周期性变化是由于轨道参数的改变而引起，因此，这种族回具有全球的可对比性。第四级旋回是由于海水里季节性变化所引起的纹层状层理。     

The petrography of Southern Tibet

Summary Mineralogical investigations of rock samples from the Transhimalaya and Tibetan Himalaya allow the conclusion that during the last glaciations in this area there was long distance glacial transport. The samples from the Mt. Everest group, the highest region of the continental crust, provide an account of the petrological data collected from this area. They depict a juxtaposition of sedimentary series and granitic intrusive bodies and also extreme tectonic action deep into their cystalline structure.     

西藏南部江孜盆地的演化特征

位于西藏南部江孜盆地的沙拉岗矿区发育一套晚侏罗世至早白垩世的碎屑流、滑动与浊流形成的碎屑岩夹硅质岩与灰岩的沉积。在野外识别出 8个三级层序,包括 2个Ⅰ类层序和 6个Ⅱ类层序;建立了层序地层格架。在此基础上将处于斜坡背景的沉积演化大致划分为 4个阶段:(1)相对陡的陆源斜坡阶段;(2 )相对平缓的陆源斜坡阶段;(3)硅质海底扇发育阶段;(4 )陆源海底扇发育阶段。各个阶段具有不同的演化特点。     

藏南冈底斯地体中段南缘构造演化

冈底斯岩浆带位于拉萨地体南缘, 是新特提斯洋盆演化和印度-亚洲陆陆碰撞的岩浆产物, 对冈底斯岩浆带的研究方兴未艾, 但一些基本问题仍然存在着激烈的争论(比如晚三叠世到早—中侏罗世新特提斯洋演化的极性, 冈底斯岩浆带中大型韧性剪切带形成的时代、动力学机制以及冈底斯中段新生代的隆升-剥蚀模式等等), 这都直接影响了对新特提斯域构造和青藏高原形成演化的理解, 以及对冈底斯构造成矿带的资源评价。     

Pre-Quaternary orogen-parallel extension in the Southern Apennine belt, Italy

The Southern Apennine fold and thrust belt differs from other parts of the peri-Tyrrhenian orogen. In most of the peri-Tyrrhenian belt, hinterland extension is oriented at a high-angle to the orogen axis and appears to be related to rifting and formation of oceanic crust within the Tyrrhenian basin. The Southern Apennines share the late-stage development of normal faults related to the opening of the Tyrrhenian Sea, but also experienced an episode of extension parallel to the strike of the tectonic belt. The orogen-parallel extension was apparently formed in response to the increase in length of the deformed belt during arcuation. Arcuation ostensibly was related to asymmetrical rifting in the hinterland, which was greater in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea than in areas to the north, and proportionately greater shortening in the frontal parts of the southern belt as compared to regions in the north. During arcuation, extension was spatially concentrated within structural domains and was accomplished by displacement on low-angle detachment faults cutting through a previously imbricated thrust stack. During the Miocene-Pliocene, NNW-SSE extension in the interior of the Southern Appennine belt formed coveally with ENE-WSW shortening in the foreland. Longitudinal extension ceased in the Pleistocene, when younger high-angle normal faults formed in response to the easterly migration of Tyrrhenian Sea rifting and NE-SW extension associated with lithospheric stretching.     

西藏南部古近纪放射虫研究进展

西藏南部的雅鲁藏布江缝合带及其相邻南部的沉积地层带中发育大量含有古近纪放射虫的地层.这些放射虫化石的研究,在解释缝合带复杂的地层层序、古海洋盆地演化以及揭示特提斯洋最终关闭及印-亚板块全面碰撞时间、过程等方面,可提供主要的微体古生物学证据.根据近10年已发表的文献、西藏南部1∶25万地质填图资料和我们正在研究的初步成果...     

Generation of leucogranites in the Kerala Khondalite belt,Southern India

Psammitic and pelitic gneisses of the Kerala Khondalite belt in southern India were subjected to granulite-facies metamorphism and migmatisation through fluid-absent biotite dehydration-melting which led to the generation of garnet-bearing leucogranites. Geochemical investigations provide support that the leucogranites were generated from gneisses compositionally similar to those into which they were emplaced.The intrusion of apatite-rich granites subsequent to the garnet-bearing leucogranites is recognized predominantly in leptynitic gneisses. A comparison of the chemical composition of both garnet- and apatite-bearing varieties displays a systematic shift to intermediate compositions (increase in CaO, FeO, LREE, Zr, Y; decrease in SiO₂ and δ¹⁸O) which coincides with higher modal abundances of apatite, garnet and biotite and decreasing contents of quartz and alkalifeldspar. The observation that apatite occurs in aggregates together with biotite and/or garnet as well as the extreme concentrations of FeO, LREE and Zr in some of the apatite-beraing granites which clearly exceed the maximum solubility values for these elements in granitic melts indicates that dehydration-melting alone, as it has been proposed for the generation of garnet-bearing leucogranites, cannot have been responsable for generation of apatite-rich leucogranites but that additional processes like crystal entrainment and accumulation or liquid removal must also have played a role.     

西藏高原东部江达构造带成矿体系

通过深入研究江达构造带的构造演化及构造-成矿耦合关系，对江达构造带的成矿规律进行了初步研究，提出其经历了洋陆作用下的陆缘弧体制（C₃-T2）→陆内伸展作用下的陆内-陆间裂谷体制（T₃-E₁）→以印度-欧亚板块陆-陆碰撞为主要动因、印度-欧亚-太平洋板块联合作用下的陆内造山体制（E₂-Q）等3种构造体制的转换；不同构造体制下的成矿作用分别构成了3个相对独立的成矿体系：岛弧成矿体系的成矿作用主要表现为接触交代型Cu矿化，并可能存在火山热液型Cu、Pb-Zn矿化；陆内裂谷成矿体系的成矿作用主要表现为接触交代型和热水喷流或火山热液型，最主要的成矿作用是因燕山期中酸性岩浆侵入而发生的接触交代型Fe、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Au、Ga成矿作用；陆内造山成矿体系的成矿作用主要表现为构造-岩浆-热液形成一系列Au、Ag多金属矿床和对先成矿床的叠加改造。     

羌塘中部高压变质带的形成过程

羌塘中部高压变质带由榴辉岩、石榴石白云母片岩和蓝片岩等组成,与蛇绿混杂岩、晚古生代浅变质地层岩片等共同构成了龙木错-双湖板块缝合带这一构造混杂岩带,是伴随古特提斯洋闭合的深俯冲作用及后期构造作用的产物。通过对其野外地质特征、不同岩石类型岩石学、矿物学以及同位素年代学等的研究,确认榴辉岩和石榴石白云母片岩在早期分别经历了各自的形成过程,在榴辉岩形成之后的折返过程中二者共同构成了高压变质带,并且在折返过程中榴辉岩发生蓝片岩相退变质作用,同时导致了带内蓝片岩的形成。同位素年代学研究结果表明,龙木错-双湖板块缝合带闭合过程中的榴辉岩相变质作用发生于240Ma左右,折返过程中的蓝片岩相退变质作用及蓝片岩的形成应在220～200Ma,高压变质带最终在214Ma之前抬升出露地表。     

西藏南部早白垩世雅鲁藏布江古蛇绿岩的识别与讨论

分布在雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带北部的早白垩世中晚期恰布林组（Ｋ１＾２－３）由一套含有大量基性－超基性岩和放射虫硅质岩砾石的杂色砂砾岩组成,其物源区主要为当时北缘一套现今未知的蛇绿质混杂岩,这套蛇绿岩极可能是晚株罗世至早白垩世特提斯洋壳早期俯冲的产物,可称为雅鲁藏布江古蛇绿岩,可能已剥蚀殆尽或其残余体尚未发现。现今被人们所熟知的雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩则为晚白垩世特提斯洋壳后期俯冲的产物。     

西藏冈底斯银多金属矿化带的基本特征与成矿远景分析

在冈底斯斑岩铜矿带的北侧,发育一条与之平行的银多金属矿化带。文章对该银多金属矿化带的成矿构造背景、矿床类型及矿化特点进行了初步分析与总结。研究结果表明,该矿化带受旁多—措勤逆冲系的控制,呈近EW向带状展布,带内矿床多位于EW向逆冲断裂与近NS向张性构造的交汇部位;主要矿化类型为矽卡岩型和热液脉型;据矿化特点差异,以念青唐古拉为界,可分为东、西2段,东段以矽卡岩型Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag矿化为主,西段以热液脉型Ag-Pb-Zn矿化为主,西段矿床的银含量明显高于东段。该矿化带是大陆碰撞造山晚期或后碰撞伸展早期(25～15Ma)热液活动的产物。综合对比分析显示,该矿化带具有良好的成矿条件及巨大的成矿潜力,有望发展成为一条规模巨大的银多金属成矿带。     

西藏班公湖—怒江构造带尼玛盆地构造性质

雅鲁藏布江洋俯冲及印度-欧亚陆陆碰撞导致了强烈的大陆岩石圈挤压变形与青藏高原的隆升。研究青藏高原内部破碎带构造-沉积演化,对理解相关变形如何向欧亚大陆腹地扩展传递至关重要。班公湖—怒江缝合带内发育一系列白垩纪—新生代陆相沉积盆地,保存了关于该时期高原内部构造-沉积演化的丰富信息。针对该类盆地的构造性质和形成机制有走滑拉分盆地、断陷盆地、前陆盆地3类不同观点。若要检定上述观点,需要开展如下工作:(1)查明盆地基底与充填建造变形特征;(2)结合构造背景探究其演化机制。鉴于此,本文对该带内尼玛盆地开展大比例尺地质填图与构造分析,结合前人成果,对盆地构造背景、构造性质和构造演化进行了探讨。主要取得了如下认识:(1)尼玛盆地基底为班公湖—怒江洋闭合形成的软碰撞缝合带内的变质岩与海相沉积岩。基底断裂为近东西走向,倾向或南或北的逆冲断裂。(2)盆地充填建造为上白垩统—新近系多旋回河湖相沉积。其变形样式主要为轴向近东西延伸的非对称褶皱,局部卷入基底断裂变形。多幕次变形自边缘向盆地中心前展式递进发展。(3)盆地可以划分为盆北掀斜隆起、南部推覆扇状隆起两处主要剥蚀物源区、中部基底断片掀斜隆起一处次要剥蚀物源区,以及北部叠瓦状压陷区与南部对冲压陷区两处主要构造沉积单元,其构造格架可以概括为“三隆夹两坳”。(4)尼玛盆地肇始于班公湖—怒江洋闭合导致的南北向地壳缩短。其后,雅鲁藏布江洋北向俯冲与印度-欧亚碰撞所致南北向挤压,导致盆地基底断裂发生周期性活动,伴有多旋回磨拉石建造与递进变形。简言之,尼玛盆地为软碰撞缝合带之上发育的山间压陷盆地。     

西藏冈底斯地区矽卡岩型矿床资源潜力初析

近年来，随着地质调查工作的进展，在位于雅鲁藏布结合带与班公湖一怒江结合带之间的冈底斯构造-岩浆带内，新发现了一批矽卡岩型铁、铜、金、铅锌矿床，构成规模宏大的矽卡岩型成矿带。矽卡岩型矿床的含矿地层岩石为石炭系-二叠系、侏罗系和白垩系的灰岩、白云质灰岩和砂岩；有关的侵入岩主要是燕山期-喜马拉雅期的花岗岩、花岗闪长岩及其浅成相侵入体，多数为小-中型的岩株，一般具斑状结构。冈底斯成矿带的矽卡岩型矿床与长江中下游的铁铜金矽卡岩型矿床在许多方面可以相比较。冈底斯地区具有巨大的找矿潜力，有望成为中国新的富铜富铁资源基地。     

Sense of overthrust shear in the Alpine nappes of Calabria (Southern Italy)

Southern Italy consists tectonically of ophiolite and basement nappes thrust over the Apenninic sedimentary nappes. Whilst all more recent authors agree that the sediments of the Apenninic nappes were deposited on Apulian basement (i.e. on African continental crust), and that the ophiolites were associated with the oceanic basement of the Mesozoic Tethys, the provenance of the basement nappes is still debated.New data based on microstructural criteria have shown that the main shear sense of the ophiolite nappes and of the overlying basement nappes in Northern Calabria is from west to east, in today's co-ordinate system. The basement nappes might not therefore be of Austroalpine (African) provenance, but could be of European origin.     

Detachment‐Accretion Formed the Xigaze Ophiolite along the Southern Margin of the Eurasian Plate in Southern Tibet

Mantle peridotites predominate over the 130–120 Ma mafic rocks, which have a limited temporal interval. This characteristic distinguishes the ophiolite outcrops along the Yarlung Zangbo Sutrue Zone (YZSZ) in southern Tibet from more typical ophiolites, such as the Oman ophiolite. Here we present new structural field observations and identify the low‐angle detachment faults of the Xigaze ophiolite. We demonstrate that the extension associated with the detachment system was accommodated by accretion of mafic magma rather than by thinning and dismemberment. U‐Pb zircon ages from three groups of mafic intrusives closely related to the detachment faults show that the detachment system was initiated at ～126 Ma and ceased at ～123 Ma. A detailed study of the entire Xigaze ophiolite assemblage reveals that the ophiolite formed in situ at the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate, instead of being formed from fragments of tectonic slices.     

藏南冈底斯岩浆带研究进展与展望

冈底斯岩浆岩带（以下简称冈底斯带）是新特提斯洋俯冲和印度—亚洲板块碰撞的产物,为典型的复合型大陆岩浆弧,是研究板块增生、大陆地壳生长再造和碰撞造山的天然实验室。大量研究揭示新特提斯洋主要经历了4个重要的演化时期：分别是早期俯冲（>152 Ma）、晚期俯冲（100~65 Ma）、主碰撞（55~40 Ma）和后碰撞伸展期（23 Ma至今）。前人对其开展了大量的工作,并取得了重要的认识和进展,然而关于新特提斯洋的形成和演化以及冈底斯带火成岩岩浆源区的属性、精细的成岩过程等方面仍然存在着激烈的争议。文章首先介绍了冈底斯带的研究历史和大地构造背景,对冈底斯带目前存在的主要科学问题和争议进行了初步梳理,从13个方面进行了论述和总结。初步的梳理给出的启示是：冈底斯带是一个典型的岩浆—构造—成矿—变形变质带,经历了长期、复杂和多阶段的演化过程,而不是简单地拼贴于古老拉萨地体之上的新生大陆岛弧体。主要认识包括：（1）冈底斯岛弧带是研究新特提斯洋俯冲最为理想的场所,记录了新特提斯洋演化的关键信息,是破解新特提斯洋板片初始俯冲时限和板片俯冲方式最佳的研究对象;（2）冈底斯带中不同时代的花岗岩基或岩株可能经历了一个多期次组装累积的过程,今后应运用晶粥体的模型去重新理解冈底斯带花岗质岩石的形成和动力学成岩过程;（3）冈底斯地区地幔的性质沿着走向表现出复杂性,具有地球化学上的不均一性;（4）冈底斯带的火成岩存在同位素上的倒转,这可能暗示冈底斯地区存在老的基底;（5）冈底斯岛弧带在构造上具有明显的掀斜性,表现出东段以下地壳组分为主,中西段以中上地壳组分为主,暗示了冈底斯带自新生代以来经历了一个不均衡的构造抬升和剥露过程; （6）冈底斯带的研究对象仍以火成岩为主,研究方法多限于传统的岩石学和放射性Sr-Nd-Hf同位素手段,而非传统的稳定性同位素（Mg-O-Li-B-Mo）的研究却鲜有报道,并且在研究内容上主要以岩石成因和地质年代学为主,而对火成岩侵位过程和成岩后的构造变形和抬升剥蚀等相关研究则相对薄弱;（7）目前,构造地质学手段在冈底斯带的研究中运用较少,常以岩浆演化来代替构造演化。最后,文章针对目前的研究现状,对冈底斯带未来的研究方向进行了展望。