水脉泽寄主星系的倾角分析

迄今已经在104个河外星系中检测到水脉泽辐射.同其它没有检测到水脉泽的星系相比,水脉泽星系可能隐含着某种或某些特殊性质.收集了到当前为止(截止2008.09)发表的所有水脉泽星系以及相关的观测资料.计算得到了这些源的星系盘的倾角,并分析讨论了这些水脉泽源星系盘和脉泽盘的倾角可能存在的相关.统计发现只有大约10%的盘脉泽源的星系盘侧面对着我们的视线.然而VLBI对6个盘脉泽源高空间分辨率的成图观测显示那些旋转脉泽盘都是近似侧向的,脉泽盘的倾角都大于80°.对大多数水盘脉泽星系而言,他们的星系盘和脉泽盘方向不一致,这可能间接支持盘脉泽仅仅同星系核相关.为了探讨遮蔽物质的由来和水脉泽辐射的放大机制,对整个水脉泽样本的脉泽光度,X射线吸收气体柱密度和寄主星系倾角的可能相关进行了分析.结果显示高密度的遮蔽物质主要来自于星系核区,而水脉泽辐射的放大更可能发生在围绕核的尘埃盘(～100Pc)或更小尺度的核盘上.     

窄线赛弗特Ⅰ型星系中可能具有吸积盘热辐射起源的软X射线超

理论上,低质量高吸积率活动星系核的标准吸积盘黑体热辐射有可能形成软X射线波段的超出。然而,活动星系核的软X射线超温度为0.1 keV左右,显著高于标准吸积盘理论预言的最高有效温度。只有Yuan等人在2010年报道的RX J1633+4718是一个例外,其软超温度为32.5_-6.0^+8.0 eV,显著小于0.1 keV,并与吸积盘理论预言的温度相符;此外,其光度也符合吸积盘的理论预期。因此该软X射线超很可能起源于吸积盘的热辐射。这一类源对于吸积盘理论和软X射线超的研究都有重要意义。文中使用ROSATPSPC数据,在所有已知的窄线赛弗特Ⅰ型星系（Narrow Line SeyfertⅠgalaxies,NLSIs）中寻找类似于RX J1633+4718的源,即软X射线超可能起源于吸积盘热辐射的源。分析了150个源的245条光谱,其中58个源的90条光谱具有显著的软X射线超。样本中软X射线超温度分布的平均值T_soft为0.10keV,标准偏差为0.03 keV。除了RX J1633+4718外,只有3个源的软X射线超温度小于60 eV,而且温度接近吸积盘最高温度。这个结果表明,类似于RX J1633+4718的具有低温软X射线超的源很稀少。最后,在具有黑洞质量估计的26个源中,软超温度与黑洞质量M_BH、爱丁顿比L/LEdd及预期吸积盘最高温度T_max都没有明显的关联性,与前人的结果一致。     

河外水脉泽的研究进展

人们对河外水脉泽的观测与研究已经30年了。目前已经在约70个河外星系中检测到水脉泽辐射（已公开发表64个）。近年来，河外水脉泽的观测及理论研究十分活跃。重点介绍了目前河外水脉泽的检测及研究进展，包括水脉泽源的分类、水脉泽对研究活动星系核的重要科学价值、水脉泽源的X射线观测研究及其各物理量之间的统计分析结果等。     

活动星系核X射线本征谱指数与爱丁顿比关系的研究进展

活动星系核是中央核区有剧烈活动的(河外)星系总称。随着观测技术不断进步,人们对活动星系核的研究越来越多,对其理解也越来越深刻。总结整理了近年来对活动星系核X射线本征谱指数与爱丁顿比关系的观测结果,揭示出如下V形关系图像:随着爱丁顿比由大变小,X射线本征谱指数与爱丁顿比由存在正相关关系,转变为存在负相关关系。一般认为,这一观测现象反映了随着吸积率的降低,黑洞吸积模式发生了变化,由高吸积率时的标准薄盘吸积变为低吸积率时的辐射无效吸积流。这表明,基于标准薄盘的最基本的活动星系核统一模型虽然能够成功地解释较高光度活动星系核的很多观测现象,但却需要做一定的修正,以解释低光度活动星系核的一些观测性质。同时,将来有希望利用这一相关关系估算活动星系核一些重要参数,如中央超大黑洞质量、吸积率等,从而帮助人们更好地理解活动星系核的辐射机制和演化过程。最后对这一领域的研究进行了总结与展望。     

河外H2O超脉泽辐射

介绍了近年来河外H2O超脉泽的主要观测结果。H2O超脉泽通常起源于活动星系核中央的拱核盘。它们主要寄生在Serfert2星系或低电离核区。至今为止，已有20个星系探测到H2O超脉泽。脉泽辐射的各向同性光度为10－6000L。所有超脉泽星系显示出核的活动，显然，脉泽是由核活动所产生的射电和X射线光子或激波来抽运的。H2O超脉泽倾向存在于高倾斜度的星系，这使得沿视线上的分子柱密度增高，产生足够大的放大光深。最有可能产生H2O超脉泽辐射的星系应有一个包含着射电源的侧向的分子盘以及一个适当的抽运机制。     

水脉泽辐射的探测和时变考察

用中科院射电联合实验室上海天文台２５米望远镜,对１９个已知水脉泽源和２０个ＨＩＩ区候选源进行了水脉泽观测和搜寻,共测到水脉泽辐射２１个,包括２个首次测到Ｓ／Ｎ≥３σ的源．结合已知脉泽资料求出了脉泽时变,发现峰值流量的变化比较普遍,包括同一峰强度变化及不同成分置换引起的变化两种情况,峰值速度变化多数由不同成分置换所造成．证认了对应的ＩＲＡＳ源并探讨了脉泽辐射与红外参量的关系,表明红外辐射的强度对脉泽产生率的影响比颜色分布的影响大．     

Ⅰ型塞佛特星系核的光度和质量

利用50个Ⅰ型Seyfert星系的L(H_β)、H_β谱线的零强度宽(FWZI),以及假设吸积物质流模型,求出它们核的质量、热光度和临界光度(Eddington 光度)。发现这样会构成低红移QSO-Ⅰ型Seyfert-Ⅱ型Seyfert的星系核质量分布的序列(图1),Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型Seyfert星系的热光度与临界光度的比值的直方图,也有一个较大的重叠(图2)。再用讫今有的38个Ⅰ型Seyfert星系的X射线光度资料进行统计分析,得到 L_(x(2-10keV))∝M,L_(x(2-10keV))∝(FWZI)~2,利用球吸积模型对结果进行简单的讨论。     

河外H_2O超脉泽辐射

介绍了近年来河外Ｈ２Ｏ超脉泽的主要观测结果。Ｈ２Ｏ超脉泽通常起源于活动星系核中央的拱核盘。它们主要寄生在 Ｓｅｒｆｅｒｔ ２星系或低电离核区。至今为止，已有２０个星系探测到Ｈ２Ｏ超脉泽。脉泽辐射的各向同性光度为１０～６０００Ｌ⊙。所有超脉泽星系显示出核的活动，显然，脉泽是由核活动所产生的射电和Ｘ射线光子或激波来抽运的。Ｈ２Ｏ超脉泽倾向存在于高倾斜度的星系，这使得沿视线上的分子柱密度增高，产生足够大的放大光深。最有可能产生Ｈ２Ｏ超脉泽辐射的星系应有一个包含着射电源的侧向的分子盘以及一个适当的抽运机制。     

水脉泽辐射的探测和时变考察

用中科院射电联合实验室上海天台２５米望远镜,对１９个已知水脉泽源和２０个ＨＩＩ区候选源进行了水脉泽观测和搜寻,共测到水脉泽辐射２１个,包括２个首次测到Ｓ／Ｎ≥３σ的源。结合已知脉泽资料求出了脉泽时变,发现峰值流量的变化比较普遍,包括同一峰强度变化及不同成分置换引起的变化两种情况,峰值速度变化多数由不同成分置换所造成。证认了对应的ＩＲＡＳ源并探讨了脉泽辐射与红外参量的关系,表明红外辐射的强度对脉泽     

黑洞吸积理论及其天体物理学应用的近期发展(Ⅱ)

黑洞吸积理论是天体物理学的一个基础理论,是认识许多高能天体系统如活动星系核、黑洞X射线双星,以及伽马暴等的重要物理基础.该文评述近年来黑洞吸积理论尤其是径移主导吸积流模型(advection-dominated accretion flow)及其变种的主要发展,并介绍该理论在银河系中心、低光度活动星系核、黑洞X射线双星等方面的应用.共分为两篇,该文是第2篇,内容是关于黑洞热吸积流理论在低光度活动星系核以及黑洞X射线双星方面的应用.     

A survey of orbits of co-orbitals of Mars

Many asteroids with a semimajor axis close to that of Mars have been discovered in the last several years. Potentially some of these could be in 1:1 resonance with Mars, much as are the classic Trojan asteroids with Jupiter, and its lesser-known horseshoe companions with Earth. In the 1990s, two Trojan companions of Mars, 5261 Eureka and 1998 VF₃₁, were discovered, librating about the L₅ Lagrange point, 60° behind Mars in its orbit. Although several other potential Mars Trojans have been identified, our orbital calculations show only one other known asteroid, 1999 UJ₇, to be a Trojan, associated with the L₄ Lagrange point, 60° ahead of Mars in its orbit. We further find that asteroid 36017 (1999 ND₄₃) is a horseshoe librator, alternating with periods of Trojan motion. This asteroid makes repeated close approaches to Earth and has a chaotic orbit whose behavior can be confidently predicted for less than 3000 years. We identify two objects, 2001 HW₁₅ and 2000 TG₂, within the resonant region capable of undergoing what we designate “circulation transition”, in which objects can pass between circulation outside the orbit of Mars and circulation inside it, or vice versa. The eccentricity of the orbit of Mars appears to play an important role in circulation transition and in horseshoe motion. Based on the orbits and on spectroscopic data, the Trojan asteroids of Mars may be primordial bodies, while some co-orbital bodies may be in a temporary state of motion.     

Equation of state and anisotropy of pressure of magnetars

Magnetars are the neutron stars with the highest magnetic fields up to 10¹⁵–10¹⁶ G. It has been proposed that they are also responsible for a variety of extra-galactic phenomena, ranging from giant flares in nearby galaxies to fast radio bursts. Utilizing a relativistic mean field model and a variable magnetic field configuration, we investigate the effects of strong magnetic fields on the equation of state and anisotropy of pressure of magnetars. It is found that the mass and radius of low-mass magnetars are weakly enhanced under the action of the strong magnetic field, and the anisotropy of pressure can be ignored. Unlike other previous investigations, the magnetic field is unable to violate the mass limit of the neutron stars.     

Estimation of the Time Scale of Merging of the Components of Contact Binaries of the W UMa Type

Time scales of the transition from contact binary systems of the W UMa type to single stars of the blue straggler type are estimated. A model of one-way mass transfer from the primary component to the companion inside a common envelope (Eggen et al.) and a model of a contact binary lying on the zero-age main sequence with a companion that is losing mass (F. van't Veer) are used to calculate these scales. The merging times of components were calculated for 304 contact systems of the W UMa type from the Catalog of Approximate Photometric and Absolute Elements of Eclipsing Variable Stars on a scale of loss of mass and orbital angular momentum due to magnetic braking, under the assumption of synchronization of the axial rotation and orbital revolution. On the basis of the resulting statistics, the characteristic merging scales are 0.4-0.6 and 0.5-0.7 Gyr, respectively, for the above two models. The results of a comparison with the work of other authors are discussed.     

淮河洪水的可公度性分析

分析了上两个世纪发生在淮河的洪水事件的可公度性，根据其可公度值及其黄金分割点指出1991年与2003年淮河洪水的不可避免，最后讨论了可公度性的局限及淮河洪水可公度值的可能机制。     

Flattening of galaxies of different morphological types in subclusters of Coma

This paper deals with the observed variation in the flattening of galaxies with the density of galaxies in the subclusters of Coma surrounding NGC 4889, NGC 4874, and NGC 4839 based on data from the Abastumani Combined Catalog of Galaxies. The mean values of the observed ratios of the diameters of the galaxies, as well as histograms of their distributions, indicate that in the central, dense regions of the subclusters within a volume of 0.5h ₇₅ ⁻¹ Mpc³, E and S0 type galaxies are close to spheroidal. A significant reduction in the mean values of the diameters of the galaxies in the subclusters is noted, regardless of their morphology relative to the galaxies in the halo of the Coma cluster. In the subclusters, spiral galaxies are found with a hydrogen deficit that is more than 5 times the hydrogen deficit in spirals within the halo of the cluster. According to their 3-D coordinates, most of the galaxies with a hydrogen deficit are located closer to the south-east edge of the subcluster surrounding NGC 4874 near an extended gas filament in the x-ray region. This may indicate that the subcluster is moving toward a central condensation of faint galaxies in the Coma cluster and a possible merger with it. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 355–368 (August 2007).     

基于STK的寿命末期GEO卫星轨道演化分析

地球同步轨道上的GEO卫星接近寿命末期时,星上的有效载荷和电子元器件等仍能正常应用,此时如果只做东西方向的位置保持,可以大幅度延长卫星的在轨工作寿命。简要介绍了引起GEO卫星轨道变化的主要摄动力,利用STK软件分析寿命末期GEO卫星的运动规律,并给出这类GEO卫星轨道演化的仿真分析流程,用以指导寿命末期GEO卫星的开发应用工作。     

The discovery of Segue 2: a prototype of the population of satellites of satellites

We announce the discovery of a new Milky Way satellite Segue 2 found in the data of the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE). We followed this up with deeper imaging and spectroscopy on the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). From this, we derive a luminosity of   M _v =−2.5  , a half-light radius of 34 pc and a systemic velocity of  ∼−40 km s⁻¹  . Our data also provide evidence for a stream around Segue 2 at a similar heliocentric velocity, and the SEGUE data show that it is also present in neighbouring fields. We resolve the velocity dispersion of Segue 2 as 3.4 km s⁻¹ and the possible stream as  ∼7 km s⁻¹  . This object shows points of comparison with other recent discoveries, Segue 1, Boo II and Coma. We speculate that all four objects may be representatives of a population of satellites of satellites – survivors of accretion events that destroyed their larger but less dense parents. They are likely to have formed at redshifts   z > 10  and are good candidates for fossils of the reionization epoch.     

Investigation of Times of Minima of Selected Early-Type Eclipsing Binaries

New precise times of minimum light for several early-type eclipsing binaries were obtained at three observatories. The changes of period of the following measured binaries are discussed: V1182 Aql, LY Aur, SZ Cam, FZ CMa, QZ Car, LZ Cen, V606 Cen, AH Cep and TU~Mus.     

Application of KS-transformation in the problem of investigation of the motion of unusual minor planets and comets

A review is presented of the author's results on application of regularizing and stabilizing KS- transformation in the problem of investigation of the motion of unusual minor planets and comets. Two models of the motion of a minor body are considered, viz. the perturbed two body problem and the perturbed restricted three body problem. The variational equations in KS-variables and transformations for obtaining the matrix of partial derivatives of the instantaneous physical parameters of motion with respect to their initial values are presented. The peculiarities of the implementation of the algorithms developed as programs on a computer are described. The original results of the investigation of the efficiency of the developed algorithms and programs are discussed using as an example the motion of unusual minor planets Icarus and Geographos as well as comets Halley, Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova and Gehrels 3.