基于SBAS InSAR的鲜水河断裂带蠕滑型滑坡特征研究

鲜水河断裂带是青藏高原东部川滇地块的一条重要边界断裂,全新世以来活动强烈,断裂带沿线岩土体结构破碎强烈,在断裂活动诱发地震、断裂蠕滑和强降雨等因素作用下,断裂带沿线滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害发育密度大,危害严重。在前人研究的基础上,采用短基线集(SBAS InSAR)的方法,基于日本对地观测卫星(ALOS 1)所获得的2007—2011年期间15景PALSAR数据,对鲜水河断裂带道孚至炉霍段的活动速率进行分析计算,获取了该段断裂带内蠕滑型滑坡5年间的时间序列形变特征。研究结果表明：鲜水河断裂带道孚至炉霍段近年来以蠕滑滑动为主,蠕滑速率为(94±078) mm/a,断裂的蠕滑作用对区域构造应力场和断裂带内滑坡具有重要的控制作用,表现为距离鲜水河断裂带越近,影像间相干性越强,稳定的相干点越多,干涉效果越好,滑坡滑动累计位移越大。沿鲜水河断裂道孚至炉霍段,共识别出98个蠕滑型滑坡,沿鲜水河断裂带两侧呈线性展布,并分析了典型蠕滑型滑坡的地表形变特征。基于SBAS InSAR的雷达数据处理方法,可以有效地分析地表的缓慢变形以及区域性蠕滑型滑坡的发育发展变化规律,研究结果对于鲜水河断裂带沿线防灾减灾及类似构造活动地区的地质灾害研究具有一定的指导作用。     

甘孜- 理塘洋可能存在北向俯冲：来自松潘- 甘孜道孚- 炉霍岩浆岩的证据

松潘- 甘孜造山带巨厚的三叠系复理石沉积盖层给探讨其基底性质、俯冲- 碰撞过程和深部岩浆作用增添了难度，使得带内广泛出露的花岗质岩体和少量镁铁质岩体成为解开松潘- 甘孜造山带构造演化谜团的重要研究对象。锆石U- Pb定年结果表明道孚花岗闪长岩形成于223. 5~217. 4 Ma，炉霍二长岩结晶年龄为219. 4 Ma，辉长岩为218. 9 Ma，均属于晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物。化学成分研究结果表明，花岗质岩石都表现出I型花岗岩特征，其中炉霍二长岩具有较高的Ba、Sr含量，相对较高且均一的εHf(t)值（-3. 69~-1. 65），表明其可能来源于富集玄武质新生下地壳的熔融。道孚花岗闪长岩具有分散的εHf(t)值（-13. 51~0. 41），野外和地球化学特征指示其形成于幔源熔体与古老壳源熔体的混合。辉长岩在微量元素蜘蛛图上具有类似的模式，不同程度富集Ba、Sr、Pb、Th和U元素，出现Nb、Ta、Ti元素亏损，具有岛弧玄武岩的特征，来源于流/熔体交代的地幔楔部分熔融。综合区域已有资料，我们对甘孜- 理塘洋的演化历史提出新的认识，认为甘孜- 理塘洋不仅仅存在向南俯冲的可能性，同时也具有北向俯冲的历史，晚三叠世道孚- 炉霍岩浆岩的形成受控于甘孜- 理塘洋向北边松潘- 甘孜地块俯冲的背景之下。     

关于如年各组的新认识

分布于炉霍-道孚断裂带的如年各组为一套深海环境形成的构造变形强烈的含硅质岩复理石沉积,与大量的蛇绿岩残片和古生界灰岩等外来岩块共存,具有基质、原地岩块和外来岩块共存的沉积-构造混杂特征,时代可限制在中三叠世拉丁期-晚三叠世诺利期.为了与理塘蛇绿岩群及金沙江蛇绿岩群相对比,将其更名为如年各岩群.     

炉霍县幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

对如年各组进行了重新厘定,并根据其中的放射虫硅质岩及辉长岩U—Pb测试结果,将其时代限制在中三叠世拉丁期至晚三叠世诺利期。如年各组中蛇绿岩残片的首次发现,表明炉霍-道孚构造带曾经有初始洋盆的形成。     

炉霍-道孚蛇绿岩的发现及其意义

在1:25万炉霍幅区域地质调查中,于川西高原炉霍-道孚一带发现了大量的蚀变单辉橄榄岩、蛇纹石化辉石岩、辉长岩、蚀变玄武岩及放射虫硅质岩,它们多呈构造残片状散布于中上三叠统如年各岩组变质砂板岩复理石地层中.通过对这些残片的深入研究,笔者认为它属蛇绿岩组合,并可以重塑较完整的蛇绿岩层序,暂以道孚蛇绿岩称之,道孚蛇绿岩的发现为重新认识炉霍-道孚一带的大地构造属性、区域构造格架及地层区划具有极其重要的意义.     

甘蒙北山—东疆天山元古代古陆壳特征及其早古生代地壳类型

本文研究了甘蒙北山及东疆天山早古生代地壳类型,划分为元古代的古陆壳、早古生代洋壳、拉张型过渡壳、汇聚型过渡壳。早古生代沿着库米什—卡瓦布拉克—星星峡—小黄山一线自震旦世晚期由东向西逐渐开裂,于晚寒武世至早奥陶世全面打开,形成库米什—小黄山洋盆。其北侧由塔里木古板块北缘分离出中天山微大陆。且末断裂带斜贯全区,起了控制东西两侧构造发展的转换断层作用。甘蒙北山较东疆天山的地壳类型更为复杂,先后发育有奥陶纪拉张型过渡壳—裂谷带和志留纪汇聚型过渡壳—沟弧盆体系。晚古生代全区构造演化进入开合交替时期,其开时形成拉张过渡壳,早古生代洋区在库鲁克塔格北缘哈孜布拉克塔格地区延续到泥盆—石炭纪。     

甘蒙北山—东疆天山元古代古陆壳特征及其早古生代地壳类型

本文研究了甘蒙北山及东疆天山早古生代地壳类型,划分为元古代的古陆壳、早古生代洋壳、拉张型过渡壳、汇聚型过渡壳。早古生代沿着库米什—卡瓦布拉克—星星峡—小黄山一线自震旦世晚期由东向西逐渐开裂,于晚寒武世至早奥陶世全面打开,形成库米什—小黄山洋盆。其北侧由塔里木古板块北缘分离出中天山微大陆。且末断裂带斜贯全区,起了控制东西两侧构造发展的转换断层作用。甘蒙北山较东疆天山的地壳类型更为复杂,先后发育有奥陶纪拉张型过渡壳—裂谷带和志留纪汇聚型过渡壳—沟弧盆体系。晚古生代全区构造演化进入开合交替时期,其开时形成拉张过渡壳,早古生代洋区在库鲁克塔格北缘哈孜布拉克塔格地区延续到泥盆—石炭纪。     

鲜水河—安宁河—则木河断裂带上可能存在的凹凸体:来自背景地震活动性的证据

基于1992—2002年小震双差重新定位结果,沿鲜水河—安宁河—则木河断裂带走向的震源剖面作b值及局部复发时间TL值的空间扫描,以确定断裂带上可能存在的凹凸体。结果显示,b值沿断裂带走向具明显的空间非均匀性,与地表几何结构的分段变异是相应的。异常短的TL值及低b值出现在鲜水河断裂带的炉霍—道孚间、安宁河断裂带的石棉—冕宁段以及则木河断裂带的西昌—普格段,表明在间震期这些段落破裂产生的小震平均震级大于其他段落上的小震,是断裂带中相对活跃的段落。由b值与应力成反比的关系,推测这些段落可能为断裂带上凹凸体所在地,成为现今应力积累的闭锁段,是未来主震初始破裂最有可能形成的段落,其中石棉—冕宁段的地震危险性最大。而在鲜水河断裂带南东段的乾宁—康定—石棉一带,尽管历史地震与现今小震都异常活跃,但具有异常高的b值及TL值估计,表明现今应力水平较低,目前可能成为以小震活动为主的蠕滑段,不具大震危险性。     

四川道孚蛇绿岩地球化学特征及形成环境

道孚蛇绿岩位于甘孜-理塘蛇绿岩带北东侧的炉霍-道孚构造带内,呈北北西-北西向断续分布,并严格受控于炉霍-道孚构造混杂岩带。通过不同岩石类型的蛇绿岩残片可以重塑蛇绿岩组合层序,恢复后的蛇绿岩层序由下至上为蚀变超基性岩、蛇纹石化辉石岩、蚀变辉长岩、基性熔岩及放射虫硅质岩。空间分布特征和岩石地球化学特征表明,蛇绿岩形成于有限扩张背景下的初始洋盆环境。     

昆中断裂东段不同时代蛇绿岩特征及形成环境

沿昆中断裂带分布的两套不同类型的蛇绿混杂岩,均属非典型的蛇绿岩套残块（片）,是昆中断裂带在漫长的地质演化过程中残留在陆块边缘的洋壳物质。它们在空间上分布于不同的构造部位,时间上分属于元古代和晚古生代。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.