东海陆架北部泥质区悬浮体的絮凝沉积作用

1997年2月在东海北部取得悬浮体和底质样品，通过粒度分析和扫描电镜及能谱分析，探讨了陆架北部泥质区悬浮体的絮凝沉积作用，结果表明，生物因素是泥区悬浮体的发生絮凝的机制之一，可影响悬浮体在海水中的行为，生物活动产生的软组织，分泌物和粘膜等有机中将矿物矿屑和生物骨屑结构，吸附和捕集在一起形成絮凝体而迅速沉积，在悬浮体含量较低，水化学环境相对稳定的东海陆架，絮凝作用是泥质区得以形成的关键过程之一。     

潮间带盐沼植物黏附悬浮颗粒物的差异性研究

为了研究潮间带盐沼植物黏附悬浮颗粒物的差异性,在长江口选择了三种盐沼植物群落对它们黏附的颗粒物质量进行测定,结果表明:(1)植物群落距潮沟或光滩越近,生长位置的滩面高程越低,则黏附颗粒物越多,而在盐沼前缘单位滩地面积上植物黏附颗粒物的质量以1%~3%/m(单位水平距离)的速率从水体悬浮颗粒物含量相对较高的盐沼外缘光滩或潮沟向盐沼内部减小;(2)植物黏附的颗粒物量在垂向上从上到下急剧增大,通常在靠近滩面5~10 cm的部分植物的黏附量占植物黏附总量的三分之一以上;(3)相邻群落单位滩地面积的互花米草[(220.6±172.7)g/m2]的总黏附量明显多于芦苇[(64.9±38.1)g/m2]和海三棱藨草[(45.2±31.7)g/m2],而按单位生物量来说单位滩地面积上三种盐沼植物黏附的颗粒物以海三棱藨草最多[(150.5±134.8)g/kg],芦苇最少[(28.8±22.8)g/kg],互花米草介于两者之间[(57.5±32.9)g/kg];(4)海三棱藨草的黏附量在季节上差异性明显,秋初(9月)是春末(5月)的6倍,在冬季该植物消失,其黏附颗粒物的功能也消失。造成盐沼植物黏附悬浮颗粒物差异的根本原因是生物量、悬浮颗粒物含量和淹没条件(淹没的深度、时间、频率)的不同。     

泉州湾泥沙运移特征的初步研究

泉州湾属于潮流、径流和波浪综合作用下的山地海湾,根据两次(1994年6月和2001年12月)水文泥沙实测资料,分析泉州湾悬浮泥沙和沉积物分布特征,研究其沉积物来源,并探讨北水道的沉积速率。悬浮泥沙含量自河口(湾顶)-湾口-外海逐渐降低。高值区出现在水道和河口,冬季高于夏季,大、中潮高于小潮。泉州湾沉积物分布与水动力强弱环境呈很好的对应关系。晋江携带入海的泥沙是研究区的主要物源：海岸侵蚀来沙与湾外来沙也提供了部分物源。南、北水道分别属于落潮槽与涨潮槽两种不同性质的水道。北水道沉积物较细,以沉积作用为主,其入口处淤积程度较轻,而在上游淤积程度相对较重;南水道流速较大,沉积物较粗,是泥沙输运主要通道,地形变化不明显。     

Geochemical characteristic of hydrocarbon compounds in the Hangzhou Bay

The source and distribution of the organic pollutants such as the oil , n-alkanes籥romatic,and the pesticide in the water column, suspended particulates and surface sediments in the Hangzhou Bay (HB) during winter 1987 and summer 1988 are studied with analytical method of fluorometry, GC, LC, GC-MS, etc.The influence of the tide and salinity on the distribution of dissolved and paniculate organic matter is investigated in this paper. The data show that the highest content of suspending silt, organic matter > and chemical oxygen demand (COD) occurs at salinity 15. This results from the fact that the water front limits the transfer and dispersion of the matter in different water mass, and enriches the suspending silt and organic matter in water column.The running direction of the oil-content equivalue lines is similar to that of the water front, and interrelated closely with the terrestrial materials from the Changjiang River.     

黄河入海泥沙对渤海和黄海沉积作用的影响

渤海平均水深18m，最大水深70m，是一个较浅的海湾。黄海平均水深38m，其中部为水深大于50m的盆地。它们的共同特征是陆地环绕。沿岸河流输沙特征对沉积作用过程有重大影响，特别是黄河入海泥沙的影响尤为显著。 关于黄河人海泥沙对渤海和黄海沉积作用的影响，前人已从不同角度进行过讨论。黄河是世界上著名的多沙性河流。由于黄河尾闾长期以来不断发生变迁，纵横摆动于华北平原之上，交替注入渤海和黄海，因此，在讨论黄河入海泥沙在中国近海沉积中的作用时，必须把渤海和黄海作为一个整体，甚至南涉东海。本文试图在以往工作的基础上，概括讨论黄河入海泥沙对渤海和黄海海底沉积作用的影响。     

The nutrient and trace metal geochemistry of a dredge plume

Field sampling of the dissolved and particulate material field downstream of a large volume bucket dredge operating in the lower Thames River estuary near New London, Connecticut, was conducted in order to examine the magnitude and character of the dredge-induced resuspension. These data indicate that large amounts of dissolved phosphate, ammonia, silica, manganese, copper and particulate materials are released into the water column, whereas cadmium concentrations were unaffected. Concentrations in the vicinity of the dredge exceed background levels by two to nine times for the dissolved materials and by two orders of magnitude for particulates. During the ebb cycle, downstream material concentrations decrease rapidly to background within approximately 180 m for dissolved materials and 700 m for particulates.Two mechanisms were found to control the distribution of materials downstream of the dredge: (a) physical transport, including advection, turbulent mixing and diffusion, and (b) geochemical processes (i.e. adsorption, desorption, precipitation, dissolution, etc.). The concentration of dissolved materials downstream of the dredge decrease at a first order exponential rate. The downstream distribution of the dissolved ammonia and silica was found to be consistent with the reactivity experiments (Figure 8) which predicted that PO₄ would undergo a decay in concentration in the presence of suspended sediments. Absorption of phosphate onto suspended sediments and gravitational settling of the suspended particulates were the processes. Manganese and copper underwent a dual transformation which involved an initial dissolution, followed by flocculation and possible coprecipitation as MnO₂. Cadmium concentrations in the water column were unaffected by the dredging process due to low pore water concentrations.The observed spatial distribution indicates that dredge-induced injection of dissolved and particulate materials is primarily a near field phenomenon producing relatively minor variations as compared to those caused by naturally occurring storm events. These latter systems have been shown (Tramontano, 1978; Bohlen et al., 1979) to produce estuary-wide variations in suspended materials, PO₄ and NH₄ concentrations increasing the mass of materials in suspension by at least a factor of two. This increase in total suspended load, PO₄ and NH₄, is nearly an order of magnitude larger than that produced by the dredge.     

某电厂煤码头煤尘对海洋环境影响的估算

以广东某电厂煤码头为例，探讨临海煤码头落海煤尘对海洋环境的影响。文中阐述了点源和面源起尘量的估算。根据风速、煤粒下降速度、落差高度等计算煤码头扬尘入海量。依据煤尘煤粒到达海区的量计算煤尘入海引起海水悬浮物的增量等。文中还讨论了落海煤尘煤粒对海洋环境水质、沉积物和海洋生物的影响，认为其主要是对海水水质悬浮物、海洋生物光合作用以及沉积物有机质、硫化物含量的影响等。     

长江口及邻近海域石油烃的地球化学特征

本文根据长江口及邻近海域的调查资料，分析研究了该海域石油烃和苯并芘的含量分布，并对其归宿作了初步探讨。结果认为，悬浮物质的吸附沉降作用是影响石油烃含量的主要因素，而长江冲淡水的稀释作用为次。长江口区及邻近海域具有较大环境容量和自净能力，故该调查区基本可视为未污染区。     

东海陆架北部泥质区沉积动力过程的季节性变化

利用东海陆架北部泥质区（济州岛西南）及其周围不同季节５个航次的悬浮体资料和相应的底质粒度资料,对该泥质区沉积动力过程的季节性变化规律进行了分析。结果表明：东海陆架北部悬浮体的高含量区并不与该区的沉积中心（泥质区）相吻合,泥质区的形成需有物源的充沛供应和涡旋的动力效应相结合。泥质区沉积作用时空变化具有强烈的季节性。冬季泥质区悬浮体供应充足,涡旋中心向泥质区东南扩展,是本区接受悬浮体沉积的关键季节。夏、秋二季泥质区的大部分区域缺少悬浮体物源,涡旋中心向北退缩,致使泥质区沉积作用强度降低,并且主要影响泥质区的西北区域。春季泥质区沉积作用强度和影响范围大于夏、秋两季,但小于冬季。     

The interaction of tidal currents on a disturbed intertidal bottom with a resulting change in particulate matter quantity,texture and food quality

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if clam digging had an effect on the suspended sediment texture and composition in the intertidal zone. Surface sediment and suspended particulate samples were collected prior to and after bottom perturbation similar to clam digging. The results indicated that the dug bottom sediments became coarser and contained lower amounts of organic matter. The coarser texture was due to increased winnowing on the ‘rough’ bottom created in the digging process.Suspended sediment concentrations also increased after perturbation, especially over finer-textured areas. The resuspended particulates were well sorted with relatively low organic content. Resuspended bottom sediments contributed virtually no protein to the particulates brought in by the estuarine waters. Recovery rate both of the bottom sediments and the suspended particulates was slow, and seemed dependent on the microtopographic relief which could take weeks to months to return to normal.     

北戴河海滩泥沙捕获实验及其初步结果分析

介绍了利用泥沙捕获器观测破波带泥沙垂直分布结构的现场实验方法和基本程序，以及利用实验结果计算泥沙通量的方法。研究表明，近岸带泥沙运移通量及其在垂向上的分布受破波带相对位置和海滩地形变化的影响。在破波点附近，波浪的搅动和流场作用强，泥沙运移通量增大，泥沙在波浪的作用下可以大量进入垂直水体以悬移和跃移的方式运移。在本实验中，破波点附近的泥沙在距海底100cm的垂直水体中运移，通量垂向向上逐渐减小。远离破波点，泥沙运移通量和进入垂直水体的高度明显下降。在地形变化复杂的有坝海滩，沙坝顶部的泥沙运移通量最大，泥沙进入垂直水体运移的机率增加，而在沙坝问的沟槽内，波浪和海流作用减弱，泥沙通量和垂向进入水体运移的比例下降。     

渤、黄、东海海流和潮汐共同作用下的悬浮物输运、沉积及其季节变化

渤、黄、东海是一个水动力状况相当复杂的半封闭宽陆架海，本海区悬浮颗粒物含量高，季节变化明显，影响范围广，是世界上悬浮物含量最高的海域之一。对于该海域悬浮物的输运沉积过程、分布规律以及底质分布等中外学者均进行过比较深入的研究(秦蕴珊，1963； Honjo et al.，1974；Milliman et al.，1985，1986；秦蕴珊等，1987，1989；杨作升等，1992；Li et al.，1997；孙效功等，2000；雷坤等，2001)。然而，以往的研究大都基于实际海洋调查资料，由于受实测资料在时间和空间覆盖范围上的限制，很难从整体上把握渤、黄、东海陆架区悬浮物输运的时间和空间变化规律。数值模拟的方法能很好地克服上述局限，已有学者从不同角度对渤、黄、东海的某些海域的悬浮物进行了模拟研究。 董礼先等(1989)首先模拟了在二维潮流场作用下，黄、渤海推移质和悬移质的输运状况，得出潮流作用下海底的冲淤状况。Graber等(1989)利用有限水深的风浪模型、模拟了风浪对悬浮物输运、沉积的作用。Yanagi等(1995)用拉格朗日粒子追踪方法对整个东中国海冬季悬浮物的输运、沉积过程进行了计算。江文胜等(2000，2001)考虑了风等气象要素、外海传入的潮波的作用、悬浮物的沉降及再悬浮机制，对渤海中悬浮物的浓度进行了数值模拟。 海洋环流、潮汐、潮流和波浪均对悬浮物的输运与沉积产生影响，尤其在中陆架和外陆架地区，环流对悬浮物的长期输运起决定性作用，因此以往仅针对潮流、风浪作用的模拟很不完整，其结果与实际情况的差别也会较大。其次，海水的流动处在不断变化之中，小到日变化、月变化，大到季节变化、年际变化，因此定常风场、定常温盐场的环流模拟，即诊断流场并不符合实际情形。本文将首先对渤、黄、东海月平均风场、温盐场作用下的环流场进行模拟，进而探讨环流以及潮汐、潮流共同作用下的悬浮物输运过程及其季节变化规律。     

Suspended matter regime in the Yellow Sea

Winter and summer oceanographic conditions in the Yellow Sea produce distinctly different distributions and compositions of suspended particles within the water column. During the winter, strong northwest winds cool and mix the local water column and generate surface waves which resuspend bottom sediment in the north Yellow Sea and in the shoal regions of the western Yellow Sea near Jiangsu Province, and transport it southwards. Wintertime suspended particle concentrations in nearbottom waters can exceed 500 mg/l in nearshore areas and 20 mg/l in offshore waters.During the summer, light southerly winds and a strongly stratified water column localize the distribution of resuspended sediments. Nearbottom concentrations of suspended particulates are generally less than 10 mg/l. Nearsurface concentrations generally are not dissimilar from those seen during the winter, but the particles are primarily biogenic rather than resuspended mineral grains.     

渤海辽东湾现代沉积速率和沉积通量

辽东湾是渤海的三大湾之一,进入该区的主要河流有辽河、大凌河、滦河和六股河等，水深一般在10.2-35m之间，沉积环境很复杂。测定、研究该区现代沉积速率和沉积通量对沉积动力学的研究和海洋油气开发工程都有意义。 近年来,国内外学者在利用210Pb法测定江河、湖泊和海洋陆架的沉积速率等方面取得了有价值的成果。到目前为止,除在渤海锦州湾测得两个岩芯的沉积速率外(夏明等，1983),关于辽东湾大面积海域的现代沉积速率和沉积通量还未见报道。本文介绍了该区现代沉积速率和沉积通量,利用210Pb的垂直剖面,探讨该区近百年来的沉积作用和沉积环境,划分了沉积强度区。     

Quantifying the influence of channel sinuosity on the depositional mechanics of channelized turbidity currents: A laboratory study

Here we present results from a suite of laboratory experiments that highlight the influence of channel sinuosity on the depositional mechanics of channelized turbidity currents. We released turbidity currents into three channels in an experimental basin filled with water and monitored current properties and the evolution of topography via sedimentation. The three channels were similar in cross-sectional geometry but varied in sinuosity. Results from these experiments are used to constrain the run-up of channelized turbidity currents on the outer banks of moderate to high curvature channel bends. We find that a current is unlikely to remain contained within a channel when the kinetic energy of a flow exceeds the potential energy associated with an elevation gain equal to the channel relief; setting an effective upper limit for current velocity. Next we show that flow through bends induces a vertical mixing that redistributes suspended sediment back into the interiors of depositional turbidity currents. This mixing counteracts the natural tendency for suspended sediment concentration and grain size to stratify vertically, thereby reducing the rate at which sediment is lost from a current via deposition. Finally, the laboratory experiments suggest that turbidity currents might commonly separate from channel sidewalls along the inner banks of bends. In some cases, sedimentation rates and patterns within the resulting separation zones are sufficient to construct bar forms that are attached to the channel sidewalls and represent an important mechanism of submarine channel filling. These bar forms have inclined strata that might be mistaken for the deposits of point bars and internal levees, even though the formation mechanism and its implications to channel history are different.     

长江河口悬浮泥沙向浙闽沿岸输运近期变化的遥感分析

利用2000~2015年Terra-MODIS(terra-moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer,中等分辨率成像光谱仪)数据和2014年洪枯季现场数据建立泥沙反演模型,分析入长江河口泥沙大幅减少后河口表层悬沙向浙闽沿岸输运的时空变化和扩散形态。结果表明:(1)利用MODIS数据的二次型模型能够揭示长江口及邻近海域悬沙分布及输运特征,入海输运的长江口悬浮泥沙是浙闽沿岸连续悬浮泥沙带存在的物源;(2)受季风和沿岸流动力驱动,长江口悬沙向浙闽沿岸输运具有明显的季节性:春季,悬浮泥沙从长江口向浙闽沿岸呈条带状输运,春夏之交,南下的悬沙至温岭近岸海域出现中断现象;夏季,长江口大量悬沙滞留在长江口杭州湾近岸,仅有少量悬沙向南输运,泥沙带中断;秋季,10月下旬—11月中旬逐渐形成连续的近岸泥沙带;历冬至春,循环复始;(3)受近年来长江流域进入河口的泥沙减少影响,浙闽沿岸秋冬季连续的输沙带在春季提前断开,在秋季有推迟恢复的现象。本研究对于探究浙闽沿岸泥沙减少新格局,分析近海生态环境新变化具有重要意义。     

胶州湾水域重金属铬的分布及迁移

根据1979年的胶州湾水域调查资料,分析了重金属铬在胶州湾水域的分布、迁移和季节变化。研究结果表明;春季,胶州湾水城铬污染较轻,大部分海域水质状况较好,而到夏季没有受到污染。在时空分布上,春季,铬污染形成了明显的梯度,由东北向西南方向递减,从112．3μg／L降低到0．2μg／L。夏季,铬的水平分布比较均匀,表层水体铬的含量较低,范围在0．10～1．40μg／L之间波动。因此认为,1979年整个胶州湾水域的重金属铬属于面污染源。而且,当铬进入胶州湾海域后,很快吸附在水体中的悬浮颗粒上,并被水流较快地带离胶州湾水城,几乎没有在胶州湾水域表、底层留下污染痕迹。     

南黄海悬浮体浓度的平面分布特征及其输运规律

重点分析和探讨了南黄海悬浮体浓度的平面分布及其水平输运,结果显示悬浮体浓度具有显著的空间区域化分布特征,其与该海域环流场的布局和季节转换存在良好的对应关系,南黄海环流是该海域悬浮体运移的主要动力和控制因素;江苏近岸海域在一年四季均为悬浮体浓度的最高值区,其悬浮体主要来源于潮流和海浪所引起的沉积物再悬浮以及苏北沿岸水的携带和输送,而且夏季悬浮体在该海域的累积还可为冬半年在黄海西部沿岸流作用下将其输运至东南海域提供很好的物源保证;长江口东北部海域在春、夏、秋三季出现东北向扩展的高值区,体现了长江冲淡水的影响;石岛外海在冬、春、秋三季也存在悬浮体浓度高值区,并具有向南黄海中部泥质区扩展的态势,这是鲁北沿岸流将现代黄河物质输运至此的结果。发现调查海域中部表底层在春秋季均存在云团状高值区,而且该海域悬浮体浓度自春季至秋季出现"双峰现象",这与春秋季水华期间浮游植物繁殖所产生的有机碎屑有关,并使作为悬浮体组成的海洋浮游生物有机质向沉积物转移,据此进一步指出这一物源可能对南黄海冷涡泥质区的形成、发育也具有一定的作用,该观点深化了对南黄海中部冷涡泥质区受上层生物活动影响以及泥质区物源的认识。     

庙岛海峡周边海域表层沉积物再悬浮及悬浮泥沙输运机制

根据实测水文泥沙资料,利用悬浮泥沙沉降公式、泥沙起动流速公式、再悬浮通量与沉降通量公式以及通量机制分解方法,分析了庙岛海峡周边海域的悬浮泥沙时空分布和变化特征,计算了再悬浮通量、沉降通量、单宽悬浮泥沙输运量,探讨了表层沉积物再悬浮和悬浮泥沙运移特征及动力机制。结果表明,悬浮泥沙浓度周期变化与潮流流速周期变化具有较好的相关性,底层悬沙浓度变化对高流速的响应比较明显,表层悬沙浓度变化对低流速响应比较明显;悬浮泥沙单颗粒沉降现象不明显,除庙岛海峡外其他海域较适合悬浮泥沙絮凝沉降,并以中、底层絮凝沉降为主,且表现出自表层至底层絮凝沉降作用逐渐加强趋势;表层沉积物再悬浮对近岸浅水区、庙岛群岛周边海域水体悬浮泥沙浓度的影响显著于其他海域;悬浮泥沙输运整体以平流输运为主,垂向净环流为辅,庙岛海峡南侧向黄海输沙、北侧向渤海输沙,二者同时进行,悬浮泥沙净输运主要由水道向两侧浅滩。     

Anthropogenic organic contaminants in the effluent of a combined sewer overflow: impact on Boston Harbor

Effluent from a large combined sewer overflow (CSO) in Boston and receiving waters near the CSO outfall were sampled during dry and wet weather conditions. Surficial sediments were also collected from the vicinity of the CSO and at nearby sites. The samples were analyzed for a variety of organic constituents including organic carbon and nitrogen, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), coprostanol and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). As judged by the presence of waste-specific markers (LABs, coprostanol), the CSO effluent contains sewage under both dry and wet weather conditions. When rainfall occurs, the concentration of suspended solids and all organic constituents in the particulate phase increase, ultimately approaching those characteristic of untreated sewage. The concentrations of LABs and PCBs in the effluent are strongly correlated, indicating that PCBs in the CSO are derived from sewage inputs. During heavy rainfall, the vast majority (> 90%) of the hydrophobic organic substances are associated with suspended particulate matter, whereas during dry weather, a significant fraction resides in the operationally defined 'dissolved' phase. Estimates of the mass emission rates of CSO constituents show that > 70% of the suspended particles and > 90% of the particulate organic carbon, hydrocarbons and trace organics are discharged during wet weather. Particles in the receiving water appear to be strongly influenced by the CSO effluent during wet weather. Concentrations of PCBs in surficial sediments near the CSO are correlated with those of coprostanol and the LABs, indicating that these compounds are derived from similar sources. Based on the observed correlations, approximately 60-80% of the sedimentary PCBs originate from sewage. Comparison of sigma LAB/coprostanol ratios of effluent particles, surficial sediments and sewage sludges suggest that the vast majority of the marker compounds and the PCBs in sediments are not from the CSO, but are derived from one of two sewage treatment plants that discharged sludge into the harbor until 1991. The sludge-derived contaminants were probably carried by tidal currents into Dorchester Bay and deposited in shallow, quiescent embayments where sedimentation is favored. These results illustrate the potential importance of long-range transport of waste-derived contaminants in urban harbors and their rapid accumulation in localized depocenters.