南海东北部中生代海相地层的分布及其地质地球物理特征

南海东北部的珠江口盆地珠一坳陷、东沙隆起、潮汕坳陷和台西南盆地等4个地质构造单元中,除发育巨厚新生代地层外,还发育并保留较厚的早白垩世和早侏罗世海相地层.这些地层的地震反射特征表现为大角度倾斜、可连续追踪和中低频的反射层序.由叠加速度推算的层速度为4.3-5.0km·s-1.这些中生代地层具坳陷型沉积特征而与新生代断陷型充填式沉积明显不同,残存厚度约4 000-5 000m.东沙-澎湖-北港隆起带是中生代华南地块与南海地块的缝合拼接带.该拼接带显示为地壳增厚和高磁异常,古特提斯在此消亡.     

南海东北部陆缘地壳结构特征及下地壳高速层成因

南海东北部陆缘构造演化信息丰富,对于理解南海的演化过程至关重要。本文收集了南海东北部的深反射地震和海底广角地震成果剖面,提取地壳和下地壳高速层的厚度结果,并结合水深、重磁异常和岩石圈的流变学等地质地球物理资料,对南海东北部的地壳减薄特征、吕宋-琉球转换板块边界的性质和下地壳高速层的分布及成因进行了分析和讨论。南海东北部的地壳减薄在横向和垂向上都存在不均匀性,以下地壳减薄为主,在台西南盆地存在极端减薄地壳;南海北缘的白云凹陷、西沙海槽和西缘的中建南盆地也存在类似的极端减薄地壳,且都与刚性地块共轭或邻近,推测刚性地块的存在导致地壳初始破裂时下地壳流动和地幔上隆是局部出现地壳极端减薄的主要原因。吕宋-琉球转换板块边界两侧在海底地形、新生代反射和重磁异常等方面均存在差异,与中生代岛弧引起的高磁异常大角度相交,其可能是中生代古特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域转换的边界断裂。下地壳高速层在南海东北部广泛发育,结合其分布特征和波速比V_p/V_s的分布区间,认为其是多期次岩浆底侵形成的铁镁质基性岩。     

南海北部磁场特征及其构造意义

根据南海北部的地磁场数据及其化极异常特征,该区由北向南可分为复杂异常区、高磁异常区、陆坡磁异常平静区(磁静区)和海盆磁条带区四大构造特征区.其中,磁静区可为内磁静区1、内磁静区2和外磁静区三部分.该区磁性基底反演结果表明,外磁静区磁性基底深度为6-7km,介于内磁静区(8-10km)和海盆区(4-5km)之间,可能是前新生代残留古洋壳.外磁静区和下地壳高速层相对应,指示其可能是在裂前或裂间由底侵作用形成的.陆架坡折带附近的F2断裂是内磁静区的北侧边界,指示了南海北部陆壳向过渡壳的转变分界;位于下陆坡与海盆的交界处的F4断裂为外磁静区的南侧边界,F3断裂可能指示了洋陆分界线的位置.     

菲律宾蛇绿岩及其大地构造意义

菲律宾出露有20余套规模各异的俯冲带上板块(SSZ)型蛇绿岩,它们的时代以晚中生代为主,仅少数为新生代。大多数菲律宾蛇绿岩出露相对完整,包括由二辉橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩等组成的变质地幔岩,和堆晶辉石岩、辉长辉绿岩等深成岩,以及枕状玄武岩、熔岩等喷出岩,甚至燧石岩等上覆沉积物,部分发育席状岩墙群和与蛇绿岩相关的构造混杂岩及变质基底。其中喷出岩在地球化学特征上整体表现出类似MORB和IAT的REE配分模式,具LILE富集和HFSE(如Nb、Ta相对La、Th)弱到中等程度亏损的特征。通过对菲律宾蛇绿岩的形成年代、岩石组合、地球化学特征及构造环境的分析,并与东南亚地区其他同时代蛇绿岩和周缘边缘海进行对比,将菲律宾蛇绿岩分为两部分。(1)菲律宾活动带蛇绿岩,该蛇绿岩带自西向东出露晚中生代弧前、新生代弧前扩张盆地和晚中生代岛弧、弧后盆地的残留,推测晚中生代蛇绿岩来自中特提斯洋向古太平洋板块俯冲所形成的沟-弧-盆体系,是菲律宾新生代岛弧岩浆活动的基底,而夹于晚中生代蛇绿岩之间的始新世蛇绿岩来自老的岛弧基底之上由于新特提斯洋俯冲形成的弧前扩张盆地。(2)菲律宾陆块蛇绿岩,其中巴拉望微陆块晚中生代蛇绿岩来源于古南海,而构造叠置于它们之上的新生代蛇绿岩则来源于古南海俯冲对应形成的边缘海,如苏禄海和南海;三宝颜微陆块或可能是古南海的南部被动大陆边缘,其蛇绿岩可能是古南海的残片,抑或三宝颜微陆块可能是婆罗洲南部东爪哇-西苏拉威西地体的延续,故该蛇绿岩又可能是新特提斯洋的残片。     

南海东北部大陆坡地震反射异常体的属性分析与岩性识别*

南海北缘属于非火山型大陆边缘。过去的研究在洋陆转换带北部的地震剖面上曾观测到一些疑似岩席和火山体的高振幅异常体, 但对这些高振幅异常体的属性却缺乏进一步的研究。本文在南海东北部大陆坡上的两个多道地震剖面(SO1E和SOY)中也发现了一个长度超过15km、厚度约为1.2km的巨大高振幅异常体, 它为研究者提供了一个探究洋陆转换带北部是否存在岩浆活动的机会。本研究对该高振幅异常体进行了速度分析与AVO(amplitude variation with offset)分析。结果表明, 与周围岩层相比, 该高振幅异常体内部有较高的P波速度和泊松比。结合区域地质背景和异常体内部的反射特征及大小形状, 推测该高振幅异常体为火成侵入岩, 并将其进一步归类为岩盖, 揭示了中新世以后南海北部洋陆转换带北部曾发生过多期次的岩浆活动。     

东海南海交接带重磁场特征及新生代盆地成因

东海南海构造交接带及其邻近海区(简称交接带)位于中国东部大陆边缘,东邻俯冲板块边界。台湾以北是琉球海沟俯冲带,台湾以南为马尼拉海沟俯冲构造带。区域重磁资料分析结果表明,该东海陆架区存在3条重力高和2条重力低,重力高分别对应于闽浙隆起带、渔山低凸起和陆架外缘隆起,最大值高达50×10-5m·s-2;重力低对应于沉积盆地,最低值在台西南盆地,约为-20×10-5m·s-2。重磁特征表明东海盆地外缘台湾 钓鱼岛构造带具有明显的自由空间异常,磁场为平缓负异常,由古近系、白垩系或更老的变质岩及中新世的侵入岩组成,向南延伸至澎湖隆起。因为澎湖隆起具有高重力异常,放射性年龄表明这些碱性玄武岩形成于17 8～8MaBP,其特征同现在的琉球岛弧一样,可能是残留的古琉球岛弧。台西南盆地南侧(上陆坡)的凸起具有类似的幅度异常,呈ENE—WSW向,并消失在台西南盆地南段。新生代以来,盆地张裂活动具有不同时性,并向陆架边缘变得年轻。东海大陆边缘盆地属弧后残留盆地成因,多因岛弧的迁移而新生,但珠江口盆地则是被动大陆边缘裂陷作用所致。     

西太平洋若干沟-弧-盆体系及板内岩浆成因研究进展

板块俯冲和板内岩浆作用都是导致地表和地球内部物质大规模循环的重要地质过程。但是,两个地质过程的岩浆成因机制,以及成因上的内在联系都存在很大争议。西太平洋是全球沟-弧-盆体系最发育的地区,也是全球板内火山作用(海山和洋底高原)分布最集中的场所。为阐明西太平洋海盆的上地幔软流圈性质、岛弧岩浆形成的控制机制、以及板块内部火山作用(碱性火山岩)的成因机制,在中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)"热带西太平洋海洋系统物质能量交换及其影响"项目的资助下,本文对西太平洋马里亚纳-雅浦俯冲系统、汤加-科玛迪克俯冲带及其俯冲前缘海盆的成因机制、南中国海扩张期海盆玄武岩和板内火山作用、西太平洋海盆上地幔的Dupal异常分布和成因机制等展开了系统的岩石学和地球化学研究,并取得了新的科学认识和成果。主要认识包括:(1)雅浦岛弧主要由变质岩-角闪岩组成,其形成于3—6Kbar温压条件下,代表岛弧下部来自帕里西维拉海盆的变质基底;(2)加洛林洋脊主要由玄武岩组成,其不是一个岛弧,而可能是一个地幔柱形成的洋底高原;(3)汤加-科玛迪克岛弧岩浆组成体现了西南太平洋俯冲板片俯冲速率的直接影响;(4)厘定了汤加-科玛迪克俯冲前缘板块的年龄(103.7Ma),并认识到其代表古太平洋扩张中心并消耗了Ontong Java超级地幔柱的组分;(5)首次在南海发现了碳酸盐化的硅酸岩岩浆向碱性玄武岩转化的现象,提出了板内碱性玄武岩成因的新链条;(6)西太平洋海盆的地幔广泛存在Dupal异常,该异常从西太平洋岛弧俯冲带一直延伸至南海海盆,其中南海海盆的Dupal异常主要受到大陆裂解和海南地幔柱作用的双重影响。通过以上认识,进一步揭示了西太平洋沟-弧-盆体系和板内岩浆体系作用机制,以及俯冲板片物质与板内火山活动之间的成因关联,这对于深刻理解板块构造导致的地球内外物质循环规律有一定的推动作用。     

南海北部磁静区重磁特征及成因

南海磁静区位于南海北部的洋陆结合带上,在磁异常图上位于陆架高值正磁异常带以南,海盆磁异常条带区以北。收集了南海北部的地质和地球物理相关资料,总结了南海北部磁静区的研究现状,对ΔT磁异常数据进行了低纬度化极处理,参考磁静区周围的自由空间重力异常分布,结合区域地质背景划分了南海磁静区的分布;采用小波多尺度分解方法讨论了南海北部磁静区及周围区域的重磁场特征,对主要界面的反演发现磁静区内存在磁性基底深度增加、居里等温面隆升、磁性层厚度减薄和莫霍面抬升的现象,认为南海磁静区形成的直接原因是区域内磁性层厚度的减薄,包括中生代末期地壳的拉张沉降使区域老地层断陷,磁性基底深度增加,磁异常减弱;拉张减薄促使深部地幔热物质向上运移,莫霍面抬升,磁性层发生热退磁,居里等温面抬升,磁性层厚度减薄,磁异常减弱;南海扩张期和张裂以后磁静区的热活动剧烈,深部高温物质底侵,形成高速层,进一步减弱了区域磁异常。     

以日本海沟为例探讨我国东部大陆边缘中生代褶皱造山带的存在与消失

大洋板块俯冲有俯冲加积和俯冲侵蚀两种不同的构造作用,它可在不同的时间-空间相互转化。70年代以来,日本海沟与中美海沟的深海钻探资料证实俯冲侵蚀作用及其特征。它导致大陆边缘外侧的下沉、消失与后退。安第斯山在中生代受块断构造背景作用控制,以大量钙-碱性岩浆活动为特征,推测含有蛇绿岩碎块的褶皱造山带因俯冲侵蚀而下沉、消失。对比我国中生代的大陆边缘也与安第斯山地质特征相似,也未发现中生代相应的褶皱造山带。现根据俯冲侵蚀作用与上述典型实例的对比,推测在我国台湾以东的海域内,中生代早期或许以俯冲加积为主曾经出现褶皱造山带;中生代后期—新生代早期,以俯冲侵蚀为主,导致褶皱造山带的下沉、消失,大陆边缘后退到台湾大南澳群(晚古生代)变质岩带。     

南海南部造山运动及其与古南海俯冲的成因联系

古南海的展布范围以及俯冲消亡过程等一直是地质学家们争论的焦点问题。这不仅与南海扩张诱因密切相关,而且对南海地球动力学研究有重大的指导意义。在研究前人文献的基础上,对南海南部造山运动以及古南海俯冲过程之间的关系进行详细的论述。结果表明,南海南部构造活动主要分为两期:第一期运动从早白垩纪到晚白垩纪,古太平洋的洋壳俯冲到婆罗洲岛下方,俯冲带位于现今卢帕尔线一带,引起了曾母-南沙地块不断向西南婆罗洲靠近,并于晚白垩纪引发了碰撞造山运动。由于婆罗洲自身是由众多地块拼合而成,所以在始新世期间发生了多期碰撞之后的地块变形重组事件。最终在晚始新世(37 Ma)完成最后一期变形(沙捞越运动)。第二阶段是晚始新世(35 Ma)到中中新世(15.5 Ma),位于西巴拉姆线以东至菲律宾卡加延一带的古南海从西巴拉姆线以东,向婆罗洲岛下方俯冲,随后扩散到沙巴以及巴拉望岛以南的地区,直至菲律宾的民都洛岛一带停止俯冲。由此产生的拖曳力是南海扩张的主要诱因。与古太平洋板块俯冲产生的效果相似,古南海的俯冲使得婆罗洲岛与南沙地块不断靠近。在中中新世(15.5 Ma),引起南沙地块与婆罗洲岛在沙巴地区的碰撞(沙巴造山)以及巴拉望北部陆壳与菲律宾岛弧的碰撞而停止。由此带来的不整合面在南海南部普遍可见,甚至到达了巴拉望岛一带。而现今南沙海槽与巴拉望海槽并非是俯冲带的前渊,前者是对沙巴新近纪增生楔重力驱动变形的响应,后者是巴拉望岛北侧伸展背景下产生的半地堑盆地,在后期增生楔的作用下发生强烈沉降所形成。真正的俯冲带则分别位于南沙海槽东南部以及巴拉望海槽东南部。据现有证据推测,最少在10 Ma之前古南海就在菲律宾民都洛一带停止俯冲,从而完成了整个古南海的封闭。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。