Bridging the divide between academia and practitioners: Training coastal zone managers

This article describes how on the MSc Coastal Zone Management (CZM) course a range of teaching strategies have been used to bridge the gap between academia and practice in order to develop students who are well equipped for the workplace. The content and delivery of the course has been guided by practitioners in the field, including placement host and employers, to ensure that skills development is embedded into the curriculum. Examples of best practices are discussed with the view to providing recommendations for postgraduate level courses requiring a fine balance of academic content and vocational relevance.     

Educating for the governance of coastal ecosystems: the dimensions of the challenge

There is a fundamental shift in how the problems confronting a practicing coastal manager are being defined. Coastal zone management began as an expression of an environmental protection strategy and has evolved into a promising vehicle for progressing towards more sustainable forms of development. The contemporary practice of coastal management requires integrating within a curriculum a diverse mix of knowledge and skills that emphasize the two defining features of adaptive management. These are a governance process rooted in the principles of participatory democracy and the application of the scientific principles that can produce reliable knowledge.     

地理信息系统在海岸海洋地貌研究中的应用

随着现代海洋观测技术的发展,通过海岸海洋地貌调查获得的数据急剧增长。运用地理信息系统(GIS)将不同学科、不同来源、不同格式的数据进行集成管理、分析和表达已成为当前海岸海洋地貌研究的重点。系统介绍了GIS技术在海岸海洋地貌研究中新的方法体系,包括数据获取、数据处理、数据分析和数据表达四个部分,重点研究了GIS空间技术、海底地形建模和用三维可视化技术解译海洋地学,探索陆海交互作用中隐含信息的方法,并将其应用到沿海城市规划、海港选址、大陆架岛礁地貌环境研究的具体实例中,研究范围从陆到海涵盖整个海陆交互作用带,为海岸海洋社会发展、经济建设及外交权益提供科学基础和决策支持。通过上述方法体系与应用研究说明,以GIS为核心建立的多源地理空间信息平台使传统海岸海洋地貌研究的范围、内容及方法都发生了重大变化,但多源数据信息的精确解译和成功应用必须同时具有空间信息学和地貌学专家知识。     

Operational prediction of acoustic properties in the ocean using multi-model statistics

Super-ensemble (SE) multi-model forecasts optimize local combination of individual models which is superior to individual models because they allow for local correction and bias removal. Multi-model statistics are applied to optimize the forecast skills from ocean models with different resolution or configuration, run operationally during the MREA04 field experiment off the West coast of Portugal. The method, based on a training/forecast cycle uses linear regression optimization. The performance and the limitations of the different super-ensemble combinations and the individual models are discussed. The SE method is shown to reduce errors in sound velocity significantly for 24 h forecasts.     

What can flatfish ontogenies tell us about pelagic and benthic lifestyles?

Eye migration, asymmetrical pigmentation, and a 90° rotation in posture are developmental changes that unify all flatfishes and facilitate a transition from a pelagic to a benthic existence. Settlement places the fish in new environmental conditions which may require different types and levels of performance for survival compared to those needed in the water column. Since structure and performance vary as a consequence of ontogeny, it is likely that natural selection has acted on the ontogeny of flatfishes differently from fishes that do not settle (pelagic fishes) to provide different survival skills by the time flatfishes settle. This paper provides examples of quantitative methods for comparing fish ontogenies in the context of three predictions: (1) different flatfish species undergo settlement at a common ontogenetic state; (2) they have a common set of skills at settlement that differ from those of pelagic species of the same ontogenetic state; and (3) skills or features that appear earlier in the ontogenetic program of flatfishes than in pelagic fishes suggest attributes that are important to survival in a benthic habitat. Preliminary comparisons suggest that flatfishes may have accelerated development of their mechanosensory system relative to pelagic species. Firm conclusions about ecologically important differences between the pelagic and benthic habitats derived from analyses of ontogenetic events will require more kinds of data from a broader selection of species.     

广东沿海陆地地质灾害时空分布特征

根据新的野外实地调查和大量文献资料的综合分析，探讨了20世纪后半叶广东沿海陆地主要地质灾害（包括地震、崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面沉降、地面塌陷、地基下沉、地裂缝、水土流失、港口淤积等）的时－空分布特征和规律，为沿海防灾减灾战略和陆地经济建设规划提供了地质依据。     

Advancing knowledge: a key element of the World Bank's integrated coastal management strategic agenda in Sub-Saharan Africa

Advancing knowledge in integrated coastal management (ICM) is a key element of the ICM Strategic Agenda of the World Bank in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Advancing knowledge encompasses both the transfer of information and skills as well as the sharing of information and synthesis of local knowledge to support decision-making processes in client countries. Facilitating access to knowledge, generating new information and knowledge are key to empowerment. A key goal of development is empowering people to manage their own destinies. The World Bank is committed to this goal and makes concerted efforts to make information accessible and to promote knowledge in a variety of disciplines through a mix of modalities. The aim of this paper is to discuss select interventions supported by the Bank to promote ICM in SSA, the context within which they are implemented and emerging lessons from the experience.     

Public perception of development issues: Public awareness can contribute to sustainable development of a small island

Many development projects are undertaken in communities where the local inhabitants have little or no input to the planning and implementation of such projects. Encouraging the active participation of local communities in development projects, through capacity-building and environmental education, has become a major objective of sound development programmes. We have successfully included the local community of Holbox Island, Quintana Roo State, Mexico in our programme for long-term monitoring of coastal pollution in and around their Island. Here we report the progress made by different sectors of the Holbox community over a four-year period during which they have become increasingly responsible for the scientific and technical aspects of assessing water quality. A face-to-face, structured survey was used to evaluate attitudes and perceptions with regard to coastal water pollution and other development issues that concern the Holbox Island community. People in Holbox identified coastal pollution, coastal erosion and garbage dumping as major environmental concerns and have acquired a good level of awareness about the causes and consequences of these issues. Our results also indicate that the public has an improved understanding of the interrelationship between their own behaviour, and that of others, and these environmental issues. Our contribution in the Holbox Island has made a positive step towards providing the local community with essential knowledge regarding environmental, development and social issues, thereby enabling them to become actively involved in the environmental conservation of their island. Continuing efforts in capacity-building and environmental education aim to provide the local community with the knowledge and skills that are necessary for making appropriate choices for the preservation and development of Holbox and the surrounding ecosystems. In the long term, the local community will not only be able to contribute directly to on-going development projects, but will also be in a better position to participate with government agencies in the decision-making process.     

Three-dimensional hydrodynamic-eutrophication model (HEM-3D): application to Kwang-Yang Bay, Korea

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to describe the water quality model of Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic-Eutrophication Model (HEM-3D) and to present an application of HEM-3D to a coastal system in Korea. HEM-3D, listed as a tool for the development of Total Maximum Daily Load by US Environmental Protection Agency, is a general-purpose modeling package for simulation of the flow field, transport, and eutrophication processes throughout the water column and of diagenetic processes in the benthic sediment. This paper describes the water quality model of HEM-3D with emphasis on its unique features. Excessive loadings of organic wastes have significantly deteriorated water quality conditions of Korean coastal waters. This paper presents an application of HEM-3D to Kwang-Yang Bay, a coastal system in Korea, which is one of the first water quality modeling efforts for Korean coastal waters accompanied by a relatively comprehensive field program. The current status of data availability for water quality modeling in Korea is discussed.     

On the measurements and analysis of ocean waves and currents on the Norwegian continental shelf

Environmental data, particularly wave and current data, are of vital importance in offshore engineering. The needs for such data are discussed with reference to the influence of various environmental parameters on the loads of offshore structures. Data collected until now from the Norwegian continental shelf are reviewed. Furthermore, a planned data collection program is presented and discussed with respect to experience with instrumentation techniques, data recovery, and representativity, as well as interpretation and analysis gained from the present activity in this field.     

海上浮体系泊缆自动化设计方法研究

随着智能化研究成为当今科技发展的热点,结合智能优化算法的浮体系泊系统自动化设计成为一个将现代方法应用于传统工程领域并提高设计效率的研究对象。针对浮体的系泊系统,以悬链线式系泊方式为研究对象,分析得出了系泊缆与不同选材参数之间的规律,建立系泊系统自动化设计方法,选用遗传算法作为算法基础,实现方案的智能优选,进行了有效的探索研究;开发了系泊系统自动化设计的自主程序,完成了典型的单根系泊缆的单点系泊系统以及多段组成风分布式系泊系统的研究,验证了方法的可行性,为系泊系统的自动化设计这一技术问题提供了解决方法与工程的应用手段。     

滨海湿地生物地貌学进展及在生态修复中的应用展望

生物地貌学研究生物过程和地貌过程之间的双向交互作用,是一门新兴的交叉学科。早期的生物地貌学关注陆地生态系统,近期海岸带成为生物地貌学研究的热点地区,尤其是滨海湿地(如盐沼、红树林)成为研究生物地貌学过程和机理的重要区域。本文回顾了生物地貌学研究的概念、历史发展和方法,选取滨海湿地作为生物地貌学的主要研究对象,并就其研究方向、重要因素以及核心机制展开综述。最后对生物地貌学在海岸带生态系统修复工作中的应用进行梳理,分析了生物地貌学在红树林修复、滨海盐沼湿地修复和互花米草入侵防控上的应用展望。     

Project ELF electromagnetic compatibility assurance program--A status report

The U.S. Navy is presently planning an extremely low frequency (ELF) communications system to improve operational control and reduce the detection probability of its submarine fleet. An integral component of the shore-based ELF transmitting facility development activity is the Environmental Compatibility Assurance Program (ECAP) which was instituted by the Navy during the early stages of program concept development. The principal components of the ECAP include: electromagnetic compatibility, biological/ecological monitoring, and environmental documentation. The current activities being performed in association with each of these program elements are discussed. The necessary ECAP requirements for achieving a fully operational ELF facility are also reviewed.     

A World Bank framework for ICZM with special emphasis on Africa

This paper describes the World Bank's emerging program in Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), with a focus on Africa. The major elements and direction of this program are summarized, drawing especially on examples from Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean, where the Bank's program in ICZM was initiated and where significant opportunities exist to influence the course of development in coastal areas still not transformed by major growth. The challenges ahead in establishing a viable framework for ICZM in Africa are then discussed. The paper concludes with suggestions as to how the Bank and partners in the region can best focus their efforts in the future to meet these challenges.     

基于不同背景场条件的雷达资料同化在登陆台风“桑美”中的应用研究

本文针对2006年登陆我国的超强台风“桑美”,分别采用美国国家环境预报中心的全球预报系统(Global Forecasting System, GFS)再分析资料和日本气象厅(Japan Meteorological Agency, JMA)区域客观再分析资料作为背景场,利用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)及其三维变分同化系统进行多普勒雷达资料同化和数值模拟试验,考察不同的背景场条件下雷达资料同化对台风初始场、内部结构及其随后确定性预报的影响。结果表明:GFS试验和JMA试验在同化了雷达资料之后分析出的台风700 hPa风场和500 hPa高度场相比其初始场均有所增强,JMA试验在3 h同化窗内的均方根误差和最小海平面气压的改进效果均比GFS试验显著,同时对台风动力和热力结构的改进效果也优于GFS试验;JMA试验对台风降水、路径、强度的预报均优于GFS试验,且能预报出台风前沿的降水,更加接近观测实况。     

深海载人潜水器潜航员培养模式探究

为了加快建立深海载人潜水器潜航员体系,实现深海载人潜水器业务化运行,提高我国载人深潜科考作业水平,文章结合"深海进入、深海探测、深海开发"战略需要,分析研究了载人潜水器作业环境、作业需求和潜航员岗位要求。提出了能力、知识、技能三位一体化的培养模式和基于专家系统课程设置架构,实践表明该培养模式科学、严谨,极大地推动了"蛟龙"号载人潜水器潜航员队伍的培育,对未来我国深海载人潜水器潜航员培养具有重要的指导意义。结合培训的实际情况,让潜航员培养工作顺利开展,提出构建科学的管理体制、完善潜航员培养保障机制、建立系统的制度保障制度等建议。     

Advancements in the U.S. army corps of engineers hydrographic survey capabilities: The SHOALS system

In an effort to modernize its hydrographic survey capabilities, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has undertaken a joint development program with Canada to construct and field test an operational prototype airborne lidar bathymeter system. The construction and field verification effort of this program began March 1990 with field tests scheduled for winter 1993. The system will be built by Optech, Inc., based on their design of the LARSEN 500, the only commercial lidar system currently producing bathymetric surveys.

The Scanning Hydrographic Operational Airborne Lidar Survey (SHOALS) system will operate out of a medium‐sized helicopter such as the Bell 212 at approximately 200 meters altitude where the laser scanning system generates a swath width of just over 140 meters. System requirements dictate a laser operating at 200 Hz in both the blue‐green wave length for maximum water depth penetration and the infrared for surface interface recognition. Each laser shot strikes the water surface at a known location where its energy is partially reflected back to the receiver and partially transmitted through the water column. Transmitted energy undergoes scattering and absorption along its path to the bottom where the remaining energy is then reflected back to the receiver.

The Transceiver, Positioning, Acquisition, Control and Display, and Ground Based Data Processing subsystems make up the SHOALS system. These subsystems have been designed, constructed, and currently are being laboratory tested prior to total system integration and field testing. This article presents the system's design and discusses system use following development.     

Application of an Explicit Upstream FEM in Estuary Study

The Explicit Upstream FEM(EU-FEM)proposed in this paper not only possesses the advan-tages of saving memory and CPU time for FDM,but also fits boundary easily,arranges nodal points flexiblyand makes local grids fine down conveniently.The software package,which consists of EU-FEM models andpre/post-processing skills,has been widely used to estuary,near-shore,bay,lake and complex waters withmany islands and channels.In addition to flow field,this model can be used to calculate the distributionfields of pollutants,temperature,salinity,sediment,and oil spill,and can be used to case study of estuaryregulation projects.Some practical applications are presented and some problems discussed.     

Field and Theoretical Analysis on the Response of Destructive Pile Subjected to Tension Load

Most field tests are carried out using working piles for verification purposes in China, and loading tests are terminated before achieving true pile capacity. In this work, two full-scale destructive loading tests on tension piles instrumented with strain gauges were conducted to capture true pile capacity. The load-displacement response, load transfer, and threshold of the pile-soil relative displacement for fully mobilizing skin resistance in the uplift case were discussed. It was found that the shaft resistance degradation is observed to be along the pile depth with a reduction factor of 0.905 to 0.931, and the thresholds of pile-soil relative displacement for fully mobilizing skin resistance of the tension pile in different soils are found to be in the range 0.67% to 1.34% of the pile diameter. Based on the field test results, a simple softening model was proposed to describe the degradation behavior of skin friction along the pile-soil interface. Further study was conducted to assess the influence of the threshold of pile-soil relative displacement for fully mobilizing skin friction and the reduction factor on the skin friction. As to the analysis of the response of single pile subjected to tension load, a highly effective iterative computer program was developed using the proposed skin friction softening model. Comparisons of the load-settlement response for the well-instrumented tests were given to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed simple method.