Determination of iron in seawater by flow injection analysis using in-line preconcentration and spectrophotometric detection

A highly sensitive flow injection analysis (FIA) method for determining the concentration of iron in seawater has been developed. The technique is a modification of the catalytic batch method previously reported by Hirayama and Unohara. By optimising the chemistry for FIA and incorporating in-line preconcentration of the iron from seawater onto a column of resin-immobilised 8-hydroxyquinoline, the detection limit of the method has been reduced to 0.025 nM. The typical precision of the method for a 0.35 nM Fe sample is 2.5% (n = 6). The method has been used at sea in its preconcentration mode to determine iron in open ocean water samples from the equatorial Pacific and the North Atlantic. It has also been used in a direct injection mode for hydrothermal plume samples from around Loihi Seamount in the Central Pacific.     

Heat flow and thermal evolution of the lithosphere of the Black Sea basin

In most of the studies devoted to the analysis of the thermal regime of the Black Sea basins, the high sedimentation rate is regarded to be the principal reason for the low values of the surface heat flow as compared to the deep flow. We used the basin modeling technique for a more detailed assessment of this issue with regard to the new geological and geophysical data on the age and structure of the sedimentary cover and basement of the Black Sea basins. The use of enhanced seismic data, together with a more accurate estimation of the age limits of the sedimentary sequences in the region, allowed us to refine the results of the previous studies. Based on the calculations performed for an actual cross section with actual properties of the sedimentary rocks under compaction and the basement rocks, it is shown that any version of the sedimentation and evolution of the basin compatible with the geological and geophysical data available lead to heat flow values that are significantly greater than those actually observed. Our analysis proves that the sedimentation alone, as was implied in the previous studies, cannot explain the decrease in the deep heat flow at the floor surface down to values of about 34 mW/m². It is shown that the temperature influence of the invasion of dense though heated waters of the Mediterranean Sea that occurred about 7000 years ago helps one to explain the low present-day heat flow values in the deep-water parts of the Western and Eastern basins of the Black Sea. The application of the basin modeling technique allowed us to pose a version of the thermal evolution of the lithosphere in the Western basin of the Black Sea compatible with the high heat flow at the end of the Cretaceous, with three stages of subsidence of the sea floor down to its present-day depths, and with the low heat flow values measured in the basin. According to the geophysical data, this version implies a relatively high-temperature present-day thermal regime in the basin’s lithosphere with a lithosphere thickness of about 60 km.     

Utilization of pneumatic flow tube mixing technique (PFTM) for processing and stabilization of contaminated soft sediments in the NY/NJ Harbor

A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the use of the pneumatic flow tube mixing method for stabilization and solidification of soft sediments dredged from the New York/New Jersey Harbor. The study included a comprehensive laboratory investigation aimed at determining the ideal mix for pneumatic flow tube mixing stabilization, and a pilot-scale demonstration of the pneumatic flow tube mixing technique in the field. Material stabilized during the demonstration was analyzed through unconfined compression tests, needle tests, laboratory vane shear tests, and flow tests in the laboratory and the cone penetration test in the field. Curing times for the samples were 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The three cement content mixes were 4, 8, and 12% by weight (wet weight). Pneumatic flow tube mixing was demonstrated to be an efficient and rapid method for soft sediment stabilization with the resulting material showing uniform quality of mix meeting, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection’s geotechnical and environmental fill placement criteria.     

Turbulent free-surface flow around a Wigley hull using the slightly compressible flow formulation

The slightly compressible flow formulation is applied to the free-surface, three-dimensional turbulent flow around a Wigley hull. Two turbulence models (large eddy simulation and Baldwin–Lomax) are used and compared. The simulation conditions are the ones for which experimental and numerical results exist. The computational grid is built using an algebraic grid generator with the model fixed in space. The codes use the interface-capturing technique for computing the free-surface displacements and the Beam and Warming scheme for marching in time the numerical model. The results compare well with the experimental data available.     

The initial stage of dam-break flow of two immiscible fluids. Linear analysis of global flow

Two-dimensional impulsive flow of two immiscible fluids is studied within the potential flow theory. Initially the fluids of different depths and different densities are at rest and separated with a thin vertical plate. The plate is withdrawn suddenly and gravity-driven flow of the fluids starts. During the early stage the flow is described by the linear potential theory. Attention is paid to the motion of the interface between the fluids and the singular behaviour of the velocity field at the triple point, where the free surfaces of the fluids and the interface meet each other. The linear problem is solved by the Fourier series method. Local analysis of the flow field close to the triple point reveals that the singularity of the flow depends on the ratio of the fluid densities with a coefficient dependent on both the density ratio and the shape of the flow region. The flow velocity is also log-singular at the point where the interface meets the bottom. The intensity of this singularity depends on the density ratio. The latter singularity disappears when the densities of the fluids are equal. The Fourier series solution supplemented by the singularity analysis at the corner points resolves these initial singularities. Comparisons with solutions obtained through the boundary element method are established for validation purposes. The numerical analysis of the problem by the boundary element method is carried out and it compares quite well with the Fourier series solution. The singular flow field which leads to the jet formation at the initial instant has been observed by both methods. The problem of dam-break flow for the wet-bed case corresponds to the present problem with equal densities of the fluids. Comparisons with data available in literature are established in the case of fluids with the same density.     

基于颗粒流理论的深海玄武岩破碎机理研究

针对深海玄武岩岩芯样品在高围压下难以破碎获得的问题,理论分析了金刚石与岩石的相互作用。采用单轴与三轴压缩实验,获得了模拟深海玄武岩的力学参数;基于颗粒流理论,建立了深海玄武岩线性平行黏结颗粒流数值模型,数值模拟高围压下金刚石颗粒破碎玄武岩的过程,获得了金刚石与玄武岩相互作用的动态力学响应规律,初步阐明金刚石破碎玄武岩机理。研究表明,玄武岩颗粒间黏接破坏主要为拉伸失效,玄武岩与金刚石接触力体现为周期应力,玄武岩产生间歇式裂隙扩散。理论分析与仿真结果基本吻合,表明建模与仿真的正确性,为深海便携式取芯钻机设计提供了理论基础与技术依据。     

Identification of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella by fluorescence in situ hybridization through epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry

Partial rDNA sequences of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella were amplified, cloned and sequenced, and these sequence data were deposited in the GenBank. Eight oligonucleotide probes (DNA probes) were designed based on the sequence analysis. The probes were employed to detect and identify P. minimum and T. pulchella in unialgal and mixed algal samples with a fluorescence in situ hybridization method using flow cytometry. Epifluorescence micrographs showed that these specific probes labeled with flu...     

Numerical flow analysis of single-stage ducted marine propulsor

The present work has solved 3D incompressible RANS equations on a rotating, non-orthogonal multi-blocked grid to efficiently analyze a ducted marine propulsor with rotor–stator interaction. To handle the interface boundary between a rotor and a stator, the sliding multi-block technique using the cubic spline interpolation and the bilinear interpolation was applied. To validate the present code, the flow of a single stage turbine flow was simulated. Time averaged pressure coefficients were compared with experiments and good agreements were obtained. After the code validation, the flowfield around a single-stage ducted marine propulsor having a single stage of rotor and stator was successfully simulated and the hydrodynamic performance coefficients were computed.     

Validation of volume continuity method for estimation of cross-shore swash flow velocity

The use of flow volume continuity to estimate depth-averaged cross-shore swash flow velocity is validated using appropriate field data. Swash surface and beach face elevation were measured by a network of ultrasonic altimeters mounted through the swash zone of a sandy beach. Estimates of cross-shore flow velocity derived from these data compare well with concurrent measurements obtained from a vertical array of four electromagnetic current meters (EMCMs). Significantly, the continuity technique allows swash velocity to be estimated throughout the full swash cycle. This is not possible using fixed current meters and the new measurements indicate that swash velocity is more negatively skewed than previously observed.     

Measurement of fluid flow in pipe and porous media by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging

The objective of this study is to understand the process of fluid flow in pipe and porous media with different pore structures.High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)technique was used to visualize the pore structure and measure fluid flow.The porous media was formed by packed bed of glass beads.Flow measurement was carried out by a modified spin echo sequence.The results show that the velocity distribution in pipe is annular and the linear relation between MRI velocity and actual velocity is found in pipe flow measurement.The flow distribution in porous media is rather heterogeneous,and it is consistent with heterogeneous pore structure.The flow through pores with the high volume flow rate is determined largely by geometrical effects such as pore size and cross-sectional area.     

On nonlinear sea waves and the induced mean flow

The nonlinear modulation of water wave groups is investigated and the interaction equations with induced flows are obtained. The analysis is performed up to the third order of the wave steepness a by treating it as a small parameter in the singular perturbation technique by means of the Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolski method. The equation which governs the development of the wave envelope is found by a modification of the ordinary nonlinear Schroedinger equation for the case of uniform depth. The equations governing the behavior of the induced mean flow are examined by deriving the second order flow when the form of the modulated wave train is prescribed. The present theory can describe the mean flow caused by the radiation stress. Some applications containing the monochromatic wave instability are given to confirm the theoretical results.An outline of this paper was presented at The Ocean Surface Symposium (Sendai, 1984).     

多功能水流时间谱测井技术在油田开发中的应用

运用多功能水流时间谱测井技术原理和测井方法,通过优化活化期与谱周期匹配,可以提高测井资料质量。应用实例表明该技术能准确地探测油管、套管内外的水流情况,判断油、水井窜漏部位,定量分析注水井的注入剖面,该技术在中原油田的实际应用取得了良好地质效果。     

Effects of fixation and storage on flow cytometric analysis of marine bacteria

Flow cytometry (FCM) is now becoming a routine tool for the enumeration and optical characterization of bacteria in marine environments. We investigated the effects of sample fixation and storage upon flow cytometric determination of marine bacteria. Fixed and unfixed seawater samples were analyzed by FCM immediately aboard ship and/or later in the laboratory, and the appearances of the fluorescence signals and bacterial counts of these samples were compared. Fixation and storage led to the formation of multiple peaks in fluorescence histograms; this was also seen in 22 out of 36 samples frozen in liquid nitrogen. Fixation did not, but storage did induce a decrease of bacterial counts: a rapid decrease during the first 3 days followed by a slower decline. The decline of cell numbers in stored samples was expressed by a regression model. Our studies indicate that precaution is necessary when interpreting the data from fixed and/or stored marine bacterial samples analyzed by FCM. The possibility that the procedure of fixation and storage leads to the appearance of high DNA and low DNA bacterial groups should be considered.     

Risk of dike failure due to flow slides

Flow slides may affect the stability of dikes. A flow slide is an instability of a submerged slope caused by liquefaction of loose, (medium) fine sand. Whether a flow slide will occur depends on the properties of the sand, which are a function of its density, and the geometry of the slope, as determined by wave and current induced scour and sedimentation. The influence of sand properties and the geometry parameters on the risk of flow slides are discussed. The application of a flow slide prediction method to an example and a risk analysis is briefly discussed.     

Influence of propeller wake sheet on rudder gap flow and gap cavitation

The characteristics of the flow over the rudder’s pintle gap are investigated by using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The propeller and rudder models are scaled down to 1/28.5. Highly accelerated leakage outflows are separated at the discontinuities of the gap and generate strong cavitation at the suction side of the rudder. In the rudder and propeller configuration, the propeller wake sheet ahead of the gap entrance region starts to induce leakage flow over the lower pintle gaps of the suction side. The gap flow has a velocity magnitude as high as 0.4U₀ in the high leakage flow condition, where the wake sheet locates over the gap entrance. The cross-flow of the propeller wake sheet interferes the gap entrance region and triggers gap cavitation. As the propeller wake sheet moves downstream and weakens, the gap flow velocity decreases over the gap entrance.     

海水流动对A3钢腐蚀速度的影响

为了定量考察海水的流动对钢铁材料在海水中的腐蚀速度的影响,通过室内和实海挂片失重测试比较了A3钢在静止和流动海水中的腐蚀速度差异,并在控制流速条件下使用动电位法测试了A3钢的腐蚀速度,同时测试了不同流速海水中的环境参量。室内和实海挂片失重测试比较结果表明,海水流动能够加快A3钢在海水中的腐蚀速度,腐蚀初期尤其明显。在控制流速条件下采用动电位极化方法测试了腐蚀初期A3钢的腐蚀速度,并且通过拟合处理得到了海水流动对其腐蚀速度影响因子的表达式。     

Heat flow and matter composition of the lithosphere of the World Ocean

An analysis of the geothermal data on the World Ocean, including those obtained by the author from research vessels of the Russian Academy of Sciences, shows that the heat flow depends on the petrological composition of the oceanic lithosphere. Mean heat flow values are observed in the regions with a lherzolite lithosphere (300–500 mW/m² depending on the age of the floor). The regions where the lithosphere contains harzburgite enriched with olivine are characterized by high heat flow values, while those with a lithosphere with an average mineral composition feature minimal heat flow values (～20–30% of the average heat flow). The intermediate contents of olivine correspond to intermediate heat flow values. Based on the calculations performed and on a combined analysis of the thermal and physical parameters of the mantle rocks of the ocean, we inferred that the dependence of the heat flow values on the petrological composition of the lithosphere is valid for marginal basins as well, including basins characterized by diffuse spreading. The results of the geothermal studies in the Tyrrhenian Sea, whose central part is formed due to diffuse spreading, indicate that, in the region of the Vavilov Seamount, the lithosphere is composed of rocks with a lherzolite composition, while the lithosphere in the region of the Marsili Seamount consists of harzburgites of an average mineral composition.     

Identification of Provocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella by fluorescence in situ hybridization through epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry

Partial rDNA sequences of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella were amplified,cloned and sequenced,and these sequence data were deposited in the GenBank.Eight oligonucleotide probes(DNA probes)were designed based on the sequence analysis.The probes were employed to detect and identify P.minimum and T. pulchella in unialgal and mixed algal samples with a fuorescence in situ hybridization method using flow cytometry.Epifluorescence micrographs showed that these specific probes labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate entered the algal cells and bound to target sequences,and the fluorescence signal resulting from whole-cell hybridization varied from probe to probe.These DNA probes and the hybridization protocol we developed were specific and effective for P.minimum and T. pulchella,without any specific binding to other algal species.The hyrbridization efficiency of difierent probes specific to P.minimum was in the order:PMl8S02＞PM28S02＞PM28S01＞PM18S01,and that of the probes specific to T. pulchella was TP18S02＞TP28S01＞TP28S02＞TP18S01.The djfferent hybridization efficiency of the DNA probes could also be shown in the fuorescent signals between the labeled and unlabeled cells demonstrated using flow cytometry.The DNA probes PM18S02,PM28S02,TPl8S02 and TP28S01,and the protocol,were also useful for the detection of algae in natural samples.     

下凹内孤立波致流场结构及其影响因素的实验研究

为进一步探究海洋内孤立波诱导流场对海洋工程结构物以及潜航器的影响,本文采用重力塌陷方法和粒子图像测速(Particle Image velocimetry,PIV)技术在大型分层流水槽中进行内孤立波造波以及内部流速场测量,定量分析了下凹型内孤立波诱导流场结构及其影响因素。研究表明:在密度分层流体中,PIV技术可实现对大幅面内孤立波诱导流场的精细测量以及波动结构特征的准确描述;水平流速在上下层方向相反且在跃层处最小,其剪切作用在波谷附近最强;垂向流动在波前和波后分别为上升和下沉流,两者流速值在距离波谷1/4~1/2波长位置达到最大;在相同内孤立波振幅条件下,上下层流体密度差越大、厚度比越小,则波致流场越强;随着振幅增大,流场结构与Kd V、e Kd V和MCC理论模型对应波幅适用范围的描述相吻合。     

海上退役石油平台造礁的流场效应研究

将海上石油平台改建为人工鱼礁是一种理想的退役平台处置方式,流场对人工鱼礁发挥功效起着重要作用,而目前对平台造礁的流场效应仍有待研究。基于埕岛油田退役平台造礁示范工程,构建了渤海埕岛油田海域三维水动力数值模型,在实际海况条件下定量研究不同规模平台造礁对流场影响效应。结果表明：当布设鱼礁山后,在鱼礁山两侧及上方沿水平来流方向均形成流速增大区域,而迎流面和背流面出现了流速减小区域;与无鱼礁山时相比,随着鱼礁山高度增加和来流速度增大,鱼礁山区域流速变化幅度和变化区域面积逐渐增大,且鱼礁山高度对流速影响范围更大,来流速度则决定流速变化幅度;在垂向上会产生明显的上升流与背涡流,随着水平来流速度增大,鱼礁山高度对垂向流场的影响程度逐渐减小。