遥感尺度内涵及遥感像元尺度效应分析的改进分形方法

本文首先分析了遥感影像尺度的三层次内涵。重点针对遥感像元尺度,分析了遥感像元尺度效应及其分形机理,由于现有分形方法没有考虑影像本身尺度(空间分辨率),造成尺度间分形维数的比较时像元尺度效应变化难以有效反映,本文针对此问题提出了基于表面积的加窗分形布朗运动和加窗双层地毯两种改进分形方法。为验证改进分形方法的可靠性,采用了不同像元尺度下系列监督分类进行验证。试验结果表明,每种地物的分维数都随着空间分辨率的降低或像元尺度的缩小,呈总体下降趋势,在某些特征尺度上会出现预示着某些地物结构的拐点,这些拐点对观测该区域地物具有一定指示意义。系列监督分类精度也一定程度上证明了以上两种改进分形方法在分析尺度效应中的可行性。因此本文的方法对于分析遥感像元尺度效应和探索地物尺度聚合规律具有一定的理论意义。     

Ontology‐based Qualitative Feature Analysis: Bays as a Case Study

A methodology for analyzing geographic data using the techniques of: (1) qualitative geometric abstraction; and (2) ontological analysis of geographic features is described. The first technique is a bottom‐up approach to extract qualitative spatial relations from geographic representations (raster or vector) while the second technique is a top‐down approach to determine which qualitative relations can possibly hold between the parts of the geographic features. The process of analyzing geographic data includes the extraction of both the features and the qualitative relations among features. These qualitative relations are then used to classify the geographic features within the “space” of ontological possibilities. In this article bays in Wisconsin and their cartographic representation are used as a running example and the subject of a case study.     

Chain-based polyline tessellation algorithm for cartographic rendering

ABSTRACT

Although the extrusion of 1D polylines into a 2D polygon and the tessellation of the polygon into primitives has been performed in the field of computer graphics, the efficient, robust, and high-quality tessellation of thick polylines that supports various cartographic styles for polyline rendering remains a practical challenge. We examined and compared existing vertex-, segment-, and polygon-based algorithms, and present a chain-based tessellation algorithm for cartographic rendering: points in the polyline are classified into abrupt and smooth points according to their point spacing, angle and thickness. The polylines are then divided into abrupt and smooth chains by clustering points that are adjacent and of the same type. An optimal algorithm is also presented to continuously tessellate the smooth chains into minimum geometric primitives and efficiently tessellate the abrupt chains into geometric primitives. We implemented the proposed algorithm and present the results of robustness, efficiency, quality, and cartographic styling tests conducted on real-world polylines. The results indicate that this approach has substantial advantages when considering all four requirements (robustness, efficiency, quality, and the support for various cartographic styles).     

Homological relations: A methodology for the certification of irregular tessellations

In GIS, spatial analysis is based on the use of spatial operations such as testing the spatial relations between features. Often, such tests are invalidated by errors in datasets. It is a very common experience that two bordering regions which should obey the topological relation “meet” fall instead in the “overlap” category. The situation is exacerbated when applying topological operators to regions that come from different datasets, where resolution and error sources are different. Despite the problem being quite common, up to now no standard approach has been defined to deal with spatial relations affected by errors of various origins. Referring to topological relations, we define a model to extend the eight Egenhofer relations between two simple regions: we call them homological relations (H‐relations). We discuss how exact topological relations can be extracted from observed relations and discuss the case of irregular tessellations, where errors have the most impact on vector data. In the proposed case study within the domain of geographic crowdsourced data, we propose algorithms for identifying homological regions and obtaining a corrected tessellation. This methodology can be considered as a step for quality control and the certification of irregular tessellations.     

The CNSDTF topological vector model and structure

Geo-Spatial Data Transfer Standard is an important part of “National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)”, as well as a necessary means for data sharing. “Chinese National Geo-Spatial Data Transfer Format (CNSDTF)” was approved by National Quality Technology Supervise Bureau in 1999 with the standard serial number of 17798-1999. It is designed to support vector and raster spatial data. This paper describes the vector part of CNSDTF, including design ideas, main characters, conceptual model, definition of spatial object, and file structure.     

Tessellations in GIS: Part II–making changes

Abstract

We attempt to describe the role of tessellated models of space within the discipline of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – a speciality coming largely out of Geography and Land Surveying, where there was a strong need to represent information about the land’s surface within a computer system rather than on the original paper maps. We look at some of the basic operations in GIS, including dynamic and kinetic applications. We examine issues of topology and data structures, and produced a tessellation model that may be widely applied both to traditional “object” and “field” data types. The Part I of this study examined object and field spatial models, the Voronoi extension of objects, and the graphs that express the resulting adjacencies. The required data structures were also briefly described, along with 2D and 3D structures and hierarchical indexing. The importance of graph duality was emphasized. Here, this second paper builds on the structures described in the first, and examines how these may be modified: change may often be associated with either viewpoint or time. Incremental algorithms permit additional point insertion, and applications involving the addition of skeleton points, for map scanning, contour enrichment or watershed delineation and simulation. Dynamic algorithms permit skeleton smoothing, and higher order Voronoi diagram applications, including Sibson interpolation. Kinetic algorithms allow collision detection applications, free-Lagrange flow modeling, and pen movement simulation for map drawing. If desired these methods may be extended to 3D. Based on this framework, it can be argued that tessellation models are fundamental to our understanding and processing of geographical space, and provide a coherent framework for understanding the “space” in which we exist.     

网络空间向量剖分法识别城市路网网格模式

将道路网络空间视为嵌在2D空间中的独立子空间,利用形态单一的线性单元剖分图结构的边,实现网络空间的栅格化;提取网格模式的典型特征,包括几何和拓扑特征,以栅格单元邻域为目标计算特征值,构建特征向量描述栅格单元,实现对象空间到特征空间的映射,构建空间向量场;基于支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）实现网格模式分类;结合格式塔原则完善实验结果。将此方法应用于深圳市路网数据,实验结果表明能有效地识别网格模式。     

GIS中面状要素矢量栅格化的面积误差分析

在探讨矢量栅格化的几种形式和产生误差原因的基础上,系统分析在面状要素矢量栅格化的误差分析方法研究方面所取得的进展,指出当前分析方法存在的主要问题,并提出利用结构性栅格数据进行面状要素矢量栅格化的误差分析方法,然后以土地利用数据的栅格化为例进行实证研究。研究表明,常规分析方法很大程度上低估了栅格化的误差,因为没有充分考虑栅格化误差存在空间上的"此消彼长"现象。建议采用结构性栅格数据来改善栅格化误差分析,对误差作基于格网的量化计算,并标记在单元格上。它能有效地区分"此消"与"彼长"导致的误差,使面状要素栅格化的误差分析更加全面、客观、准确,且容易进行误差的量化分析与表示。     

Tessellations in GIS: Part I—putting it all together

This article attempts to describe the role of tessellated models of space within the discipline of geographic information systems (GIS)—a speciality coming largely out of geography and land surveying, where there was a strong need to represent information about the land’s surface within a computer system rather than on the original paper maps. We look at some of the basic operations in GIS, including dynamic and kinetic applications. We examine issues of topology and data structures and produce a tessellation model that may be widely applied both to traditional “object” and “field” data types. Based on this framework, it can be argued that tessellation models are fundamental to our understanding and processing of geographical space, and provide a coherent framework for understanding the “space” in which we exist. This first article examines static structures, and a subsequent article looks at “change”—what happens when things move.     

地学栅格格网数据质量评价指标与方法

栅格格网数据在GIS空间分析中具有巨大优势,但是其质量优劣很大程度上影响着这些基础数据的应用能力。本文结合地球系统科学数据共享网(科学数据共享工程试点)中栅格格网数据现状,提出该数据质量评价的指标和方法。具体指标包括图形、属性、时间和元数据四个大的要素集,通过与精度、逻辑一致性与完整性的匹配,组成一个的评价指标矩阵。基于缺陷扣分法和加权平均法设计了数据质量评价技术路线,并以地球系统科学数据共享试点中的栅格格网数据为实例,验证了本技术方法。     

基于形状特征的矢量数据与影像数据配准方法研究

本文提出将矢量空间数据与影像数据间配准转换到矢量空间数据间匹配的思路,并开展了相关研究。本文主要思路是通过对影像数据进行基于形状特征的提取及矢量化,然后利用矢量空间数据间匹配方法对矢量化后数据和现有矢量空间数据进行匹配,获取匹配实体对;在获取的匹配实体对中选取控制点对,在矢量化后数据中选取控制点,将所选取的控制点反馈到原始遥感影像上进而获得控制点相应的像元坐标;最后应用矢量化后数据中控制点的像元坐标数据和现有矢量空间数据中对应的同名点坐标数据对原始影像进行几何纠正,从而实现矢量空间数据和影像数据的配准。     

A design of three-dimensional spatial data model and its data structure in geological exploration engineering

The key to develop 3-D GISs is the study on 3-D data model and data structure. Some of the data models and data structures have been presented by scholars. Because of the complexity of 3-D spatial phenomenon, there are no perfect data structures that can describe all spatial entities. Every data structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is difficult to design a single data structure to meet different needs. The important subject in the 3-D data models is developing a data model that has integrated vector and raster data structures. A special 3-D spatial data model based on distributing features of spatial entities should be designed. We took the geological exploration engineering as the research background and designed an integrated data model whose data structures integrats vector and raster data by adopting object-oriented technique. Research achievements are presented in this paper.     

A design of three-dimensional spatial data model and its data structure in geological exploration engineering

The key to develop 3-D GISs is the study on 3-D data model and data structure. Some of the data models and data structures have been presented by scholars. Because of the complexity of 3-D spatial phenomenon, there are no perfect data structures that can describe all spatial entities. Every data structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is difficult to design a single data structure to meet different needs. The important subject in the3-D data models is developing a data model that has integrated vector and raster data structures. A special 3-D spatial data model based on distributing features of spatial entities should be designed. We took the geological exploration engineering as the research background and designed an integrated data model whose data structures integrats vector and raster data byadopting object-oriented technique. Research achievements are presented in this paper.     

Developing a Raster Profile for the Spatial Data Transfer Standard

The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) was designed to transfer both vector and raster data sets. In the early development of the SDTS, the designers recognized that there was a need to transfer raster data in addition to the more challenging vector data. As a result, the SDTS includes a “raster module” that accommodates a variety of raster data structures and formats. A raster profile is being developed that will exercise a selected subset of SDTS capabilities in order to provide a simple-to-use transfer of complete raster data sets.     

基于栅格数据的面状目标空间方向相似性研究

提出了基于栅格数据的面状目标之间的两种空间方向相似性的计算方法：利用栅格数据的特征和方向关系矩阵计算空间方向相似性；基于单个栅格单元与参考目标之间角度的变化计算面状目标之间空间方向相似性。这两种方法简化了由Goyal提出的基于方向关系矩阵模型计算空间方向相似性的方法，克服了方向产生某些细微变化时的限制，在计算面状目标空间方向相似性时具有更广泛的适用性。     

Definitions of natural-language spatial relations: Combining topology and directions

Because SQL for querying data from spatial databases is ineffective, the query based on natural or visual language becomes an attractive research field gradually. However, how to define and represent natural languages related to spatial data are still gigantic problems. Because existing models of direction relations can't describe by use of some common concepts. First of all, detailed direction relations are proposed to describe the directions related to the interior of spatial objects, such as “east part of a region”, “east boundary of a region”, and so on. Secondly, by integrating the detailed directions with exterior direction relations and topological relations, several NLSRs are defined, such as “a road goes across the east part of a lake”, “a river goes along the east boundary of a province”, etc. Finally, based on the NLSRs abovementioned, a natural spatial query language (NSQL) is formed to retrieve data from spatial databases.     

综合聚类和上下文特征的高光谱影像分类

常规高光谱影像逐像素分类往往没有考虑空间相关性,分类结果未体现地物的空间关联和分布特征。为了在分类中充分利用空间特征,利用聚类信息并结合隐马尔可夫随机场模型讨论了高光谱遥感影像光谱-空间分类方法。首先,在不同特征提取方法（最小噪声分离、独立成分分析和主成分分析）下,使用不同聚类方法（k-均值、迭代自组织分析算法和模糊c-均值算法）借助隐马尔可夫随机场获取优化的分割图;然后,采用4连通区域标记法对分割区域标记生成图像对象,并根据支持向量机的逐像素分类结果采用多数投票法对图像对象进行分类;最后,借助凹槽窗口邻域滤波技术改进分类结果,削弱“椒盐”现象。该方法综合了监督分类和非监督分类的优势,通过聚类引入地物空间相关性信息,通过隐马尔可夫随机场引入上下文特征,较好地弥补了单纯基于光谱信息分类的不足。     

Measurement of similarity for spatial directions between areal objects

Similarity for spatial directions plays an important role in GIS. In this paper, the conventional approaches are analyzed. Based on raster data areal objects, the authors propose two new methods for measuring similarity among spatial directions. One is to measure the similarity among spatial directions based on the features of raster data and the changes of distances between spatial objects, the other is to measure the similarity among spatial directions according to the variation of each raster cell centroid angle. The two methods overcome the complexity of measuring similarity among spatial directions with direction matrix model and solve the limitation of small changes in direction. The two methods are simple and have broader applicability.