Orientation of MOMS-02/D2 and MOMS-2P/PRIRODA imagery

This paper deals with the orientation of three-line imagery which has been taken during the MOMS-02/D2 experiment in spring 1993, and during the MOMS-2P/PRIRODA mission since April 1996. The reconstruction of the image orientation is based on a combined adjustment of the complete image, ground control, orbit and attitude information. The combined adjustment makes use of the orientation point approach or the orbital constraints approach. In the second case, the bundle adjustment algorithm is supplemented by a rigorous dynamical modeling of the spacecraft motion. The results of the combined adjustment using MOMS-02/D2 imagery and control information of orbit #75b are presented. Based on the orientation point approach an empirical height accuracy of up to 4 m (0.3 pixel) is obtained. In planimetry the empirical accuracy is limited to about 10 m (0.7 pixel), since the ground control points (GCP) and check points could not be identified in the imagery with the required accuracy. Computer simulations on MOMS-2P/PRIRODA image orientation based on realistic input information have shown that good accuracies of the estimated exterior orientation parameters and object point coordinates can be obtained either with a single strip and a few precise GCP or even without ground control information, if a block of several overlapping and crossing strips with high geometric strength (q≈60%) is adjusted.     

Geometric calibration of a terrestrial laser scanner with local additional parameters: An automatic strategy

Terrestrial laser scanning systems are steadily increasing in many fields of engineering, geoscience and architecture namely for fast data acquisition, 3-D modeling and mapping. Similarly to other precision instruments, these systems provide measurements with implicit systematic errors. Systematic errors are physically corrected by manufacturers before delivery and sporadically afterwards. The approach presented herein tackles the raw observables acquired by a laser scanner with additional parameters, a set of geometric calibration parameters that model the systematic error of the instrument to achieve the most accurate point cloud outputs, improving eventual workflow owing to less filtering, better registration and best 3D modeling. This paper presents a fully automatic strategy to calibrate geometrically terrestrial laser scanning datasets. The strategy is tested with multiple scans taken by a FARO FOCUS 3D, a phase-based terrestrial laser scanner. A calibration with local parameters for datasets is undertaken to improve the raw observables and a weighted mathematical index is proposed to select the most significant set of additional parameters. The improvements achieved are exposed, highlighting the necessity of correcting the terrestrial laser scanner before handling multiple data sets.     

SICK-LMS 291激光扫描仪单机检校方法研究

激光扫描仪测量是获取三维空间信息的最有效方法之一。本文通过设计针对性的试验分析了SICK-LMS291激光扫描仪的测角和测距精度,建立数学模型分别求解了其距离和角度改正参数,结果表明改正后的激光扫描仪距离和角度测量精确度都得到了明显的提高,验证了本文采用的检校方法的可行性。     

Geometric test field calibration of digital photogrammetric sensors

Test field system calibration will be a fundamental part of the future photogrammetric production line. Accurate calibration and performance evaluations are necessary for fully assessing the stability and accuracy of digital sensing techniques. In this paper, a method of comprehensive geometric calibration in a test field has been developed and empirically tested using eight image blocks collected with three UltraCamD digital large format photogrammetric cameras. Permanent photogrammetric test fields form the basis of the method. Important components of the method are determination of system parameters, evaluation of systematic errors, and assessment of geometric accuracy. The results showed that UltraCamD images contained systematic deformations that could not be modeled with single lens additional parameter models. Good point determination accuracy was obtained despite the systematic errors; the typical accuracy was 2–3 μm in image space in the horizontal coordinates and 0.05–0.09‰ of the object distance in height. One of the cameras had significantly poorer performance. In the worst cases, the horizontal accuracy was 5 μm in image space and the height accuracy was 0.18‰ of the object distance. The analog cameras gave better results than the UltraCamD, but the development of appropriate mathematical models for UltraCamD as well as improvements in digital sensors may change the situation in the near future.     

Geometric test field calibration of digital photogrammetric sensors

Test field system calibration will be a fundamental part of the future photogrammetric production line. Accurate calibration and performance evaluations are necessary for fully assessing the stability and accuracy of digital sensing techniques. In this paper, a method of comprehensive geometric calibration in a test field has been developed and empirically tested using eight image blocks collected with three UltraCamD digital large format photogrammetric cameras. Permanent photogrammetric test fields form the basis of the method. Important components of the method are determination of system parameters, evaluation of systematic errors, and assessment of geometric accuracy. The results showed that UltraCamD images contained systematic deformations that could not be modeled with single lens additional parameter models. Good point determination accuracy was obtained despite the systematic errors; the typical accuracy was 2–3 μm in image space in the horizontal coordinates and 0.05–0.09‰ of the object distance in height. One of the cameras had significantly poorer performance. In the worst cases, the horizontal accuracy was 5 μm in image space and the height accuracy was 0.18‰ of the object distance. The analog cameras gave better results than the UltraCamD, but the development of appropriate mathematical models for UltraCamD as well as improvements in digital sensors may change the situation in the near future.     

国产机载大视场三线阵CCD相机几何标定

发展和应用三线阵CCD（Charge-coupled Device）传感器是当前遥感测绘的一个重要方向，本文针对国内首台自主研制的机载三线阵CCD相机（以下简称GFXJ），开展了国产GFXJ相机几何标定技术研究。首先对比分析了GFXJ相机的成像特点和几何变形因素，在此基础上建立了基于CCD指向角的分段自检校标定模型；然后提出了循环两步法标定方案；最后在中国(嵩山)卫星遥感定标场和黑龙江鹤岗地区获得了多组飞行实验数据，采用循环二步法对GFXJ相机前、下及后视CCD每一像元指向角进行了准确标定，并生成可靠的CCD像点坐标文件。实验表明，本文提出的基于CCD指向角的分段自检校标定模型和循环两步法标定方案对于GFXJ相机具有良好的适用性和有效性，标定后可大幅提高影像无控定位精度；辅以少量控制点进行区域网平差，GFXJ影像定位精度可满足1:1000地形图测图的空中三角测量精度要求。同时本文建立的标定模型和标定方案可为其它机载线阵CCD相机的标定处理提供借鉴。     

辐射产品的卫星影像内部畸变几何标定

针对卫星发射以后,由于外部太空环境的变化和相机光学系统的径向畸变导致卫星成像影像的外部误差和内部畸变,须对光学遥感相机长期周期性地进行几何标定消除卫星影像系统误差和相机指向角误差提高卫星影像几何定位精度的问题,该文从简单易行的角度出发,基于相机的CCD固定偏差原理构建一种新型的模型或内标定算法消除影像的内部畸变,以经过畸变改正的卫星影像辐射产品为参考控制,采用亚像素匹配法构建内部畸变模型修正卫星遥感影像的内部畸变,并分别以不同侧摆角和影像行数的SJ9A和ZY3为实验和参考控制数据构建和验证新型标定模型的有效性和实用性。     

Error modelling,calibration and analysis of an AM–CW terrestrial laser scanner system

A rigorous method for terrestrial laser scanner self-calibration using a network of signalised points is presented. Exterior orientation, object point co-ordinates and additional parameters are estimated simultaneously by free network adjustment. Spherical co-ordinate observation equations are augmented with a set of additional parameters that model systematic errors in range, horizontal direction and elevation angle. The error models include both physically interpretable and empirically identified components. Though the focus is on one particular make and model of AM–CW scanner system, the Faro 880, the mathematical models are formulated in a general framework so their application to other instruments only requires selection of an appropriate set of additional parameters. Results from controlled testing show that significant improvement is achieved by using the proposed model in terms of both reducing the magnitude of observational residuals as well as the three-dimensional positioning accuracy of signalised points. Ten self-calibration datasets captured over the course of 13 months are used to examine short- and long-term additional parameter stability via standard hypothesis testing techniques. Detailed investigations into correlation mechanisms between model parameters accompany the self-calibration solution analyses. Other contributions include an observation model for incorporation of integrated inclinometer observations into the self-calibration solution and an effective a priori outlier removal method. The benefit of the former is demonstrated to be reduced correlation between exterior orientation and additional parameters, even if inclinometer precision is low. The latter is arrived at by detailed analysis of the influence of incidence angle on range.     

徕卡P50三维激光扫描仪在建筑地形图测绘中的应用

本文简要介绍了徕卡ScanStation P50全新长测程三维激光扫描仪的技术特点,结合徕卡后期Cyclone点云处理软件、CloudWorx插件等进行建筑地形图、竣工图等的制作。     

Testing the stereoscopic precision of a large-format digital camera

The use of large-format digital cameras in aerial photogrammetry is leading to great improvements in photogrammetric production. Since they were first introduced about 10 years ago, the technological community has been testing and investigating the conditions under which this major change can be consolidated. But a certain (and understandable) bias may be noticed in the efforts that developers, researchers and clients are undertaking. Almost all of the efforts aim at checking the quality of automated measurements and very little attention has been directed to stereoscopic measurements by human operators, which, nevertheless, still represent an important task that needs to be carried out in the production chain. This paper presents the results from a number of tests (13 operators from a variety of enterprises) performed to check the stereoscopic precision of Vexcel UltraCamD camera images compared with Leica RC30 film images. The main conclusion to be drawn from the empirical data is that stereoscopic precision does not depend on the type of camera.     

P2P技术在WebGIS应用中的探讨

针对目前限制WebGIS发展的最主要瓶颈,即WebGIS需要传输的数据量大,而网络带宽有限这一问题,提出将P2P技术应用于WebGIS系统。介绍了P2P的技术特点,分析了它在WebGIS中应用的方法,指出由于P2P采用了一种全新的体系构架方式,其可能给WebGIS领域带来一场“革命性的变革”,并对它今后的发展进行了展望。     

海洋立体观测网建设与发展综述

高精度全球海洋立体观测网是空天地海一体化观测网的重要组成部分,是陆基观测网和空基观测网向海洋的重要延伸.本文系统介绍了海洋立体观测网的组成,即海洋时空基准网和海洋环境监测与感知网;详细梳理了核心装备,包括水下导航与定位装备、海洋地球物理环境探测装备、极区导航定位装备与大数据中心.面向我国经略海洋和海洋强国战略,应紧跟海...     

海洋目标的HY-2A卫星微波散射计在轨辐射定标研究

HY-2A卫星微波散射计主要用于测量海表面的风速和风向,为了满足其风速和风向的测量精度要求,必须对其进行在轨辐射定标。本文基于散射计在开阔大洋的观测数据,利用经过定标的seawinds散射计后向散射系数数据,分析了海洋目标定标法的定标精度,结果表明定标精度可以达到0.15 dB,且模式函数对定标结果的影响为系统偏差,说明海洋目标定标法需要选用高精度的模式函数。然后,采用相同的海洋目标定标算法,实现了HY-2A卫星微波散射计的在轨辐射定标,获得HY-2A卫星微波散射计VV极化的定标系数为-1.79 dB,HH极化的定标系数为-1.73 dB。最后,利用NDBC浮标观测数据,检验HY-2A卫星微波散射计反演的风矢量精度,证明获得的定标系数可以明显提高HY-2A卫星微波散射计反演风矢量的精度。     

适应于分布式虚拟地理环境服务的对等网络模型研究

阐述了分布式虚拟地理环境系统体系结构的研究现状,对当前分布式虚拟地理环境系统建设所面临的技术难点和挑战进行了深入探讨,在此基础上将对等网络技术引入到分布式虚拟地理环境系统的建设中。对现有的对等网络路由结构的适应性进行了深入的比较和分析,进而设计了一个适应于分布式虚拟地理环境服务的大规模对等网络模型,并对该模型进行了模拟测试和分析,达到了预期的效果。     

利用最冷目标地物替代法计算Jason-2微波辐射计的年度漂移

本文研究最冷目标地物替代法计算Jason-2微波辐射计JMR年度漂移。针对Jason-2卫星微波辐射计(JMR),利用微波辐射计传输模型,建立JMR 3个通道的全球最低亮温观测值的理论计算模型,模拟其3通道全球地物观测最冷亮温;基于2008年—2012年Jason-2地球物理数据(GDR)产品中全球对地观测亮温序列和模型计算的最冷亮温,建立亮温序列的最小观测亮温统计模型,查找全球地物观测最冷亮温序列;根据地物年度变化特性,建立光谱分析模型,去除最冷亮温序列的年度谐波;去除年度谐波后,采用线性拟合的方法外推最冷亮温序列的理论最小值,并据此计算Jason-2微波辐射计仪器的年度漂移量。     

3-D Radargrammetric Modeling of RADARSAT-2 Ultrafine Mode: Preliminary Results of the Geometric Calibration

The geometry and the accuracy of the 3-D cartographic localization of RADARSAT-2 images are being evaluated as part of the Canadian Space Agency's Science and Operational Applications Research program. In a first step, the Toutin's 3-D physical model, previously developed for RADARSAT-1, was adapted to RADARSAT-2 sensor and applied to two ultrafine mode images (U2 and U25) acquired over an area in Beauport, Quebec. Both the 3-D modeling computed with only 12 ground control points and its geometric localization were evaluated with different check data: 1) independent check points; 2) the two quasi-epipolar images; 3) the two orthoimages; and 4) 1-m accurate orthophotos. All four results and validations are in agreement and confirm that the 3-D geometric localization and restitution accuracy are 1 m in planimetry and 2 m in elevation. The checked data error being included in these evaluations and the relative error computed from the quasi-epipolar comparison provided a high level of confidence that the precision of Toutin's 3-D radargrammetric model is better than 0.25 m.     

三维激光扫描仪在惠泉变电站三维模型构建中的应用

文中通过利用地面三维激光扫描仪获取的空间数据,进行了惠泉变电站三维空间地物建模研究。首先探讨点的密度对数据采集的影响;然后通过整体匹配纠正并对原始测量数据进行拼接配准;最后建立了三维表面模型。通过研究发现利用三维激光扫描技术可以快速建立三维空间的可视化模型,解决了传统的测量仪器与测量方法在变电站等特殊领域的不足。为能够实现变电站资源的数字化,提供了一个变电站三维模型构建的新方向。     

用小波分析反演星载SAR图像海面风向

为更好地利用合成孔径雷达SAR图像本身的风条纹信息来反演高精度的海面风向,采用不同模式、不同极化方式的星载ASAR图像,基于抽样小波变换结合快速傅里叶变换的方法反演海面风向,同时将该方法反演的结果与传统的傅里叶变换法和改进的局部梯度法反演的结果进行了对比。结果表明,抽样小波变换应用于海面风向的反演是可行的,反演的风向精度优于传统的傅里叶变换法和改进的局部梯度法。ASAR不同模式、不同极化方式的数据反演结果存在着一定的差异。