Retrogressive Microstructures of the Eclogites from the Northern Dabie Mountains, Central China： Evidence for Rapid Exhumation

The ultrahigh-pressure eclogites from the northern Dabie Mountains in central China occurred as tectonic lens or blocks within granitic gneisses or meta-peridotites. Petrologic studies suggest that the studied eclogites experienced strongly retrogressive metamorphism and produced a series of characteristic retrogressive microstructures. The retrograde structures mainly include: (1) oriented needle mineral exsolution, e. g. , quartz needles in Na-clinopyroxene and rotile, clinopyroxene and apatite exsolution in garnet formed under decreasing pressure conditions during exhumation; (2) symplectite, especially, two generations of symplectites developed outside the garnet grains, which are called ““double symplectite““ here; (3) compositional zoning of minerals such as garnet and clinopyroxene; (4) minerals with a reaction rim or retrograde rim, e.g. , omphacite with a diopside rim, diopside with an amphibole rim and rutile with a rim of ilmenite. These retrograde textures, especially mineral zoning and symplectite, provide important petrologic evidence for the exhumation process and uplift of high-grade metamorphic rocks such as eclogite in the northern Dabie Mountains, indicating a rapid exhumation process.     

西南天山布隆金矿床成矿作用同位素地质年代学

位于新疆西南天山阿合奇县的布隆金矿是一个国内较少见的低温热液石英重晶石脉型金矿床,它赋存于上泥盆统细碎屑岩中,金矿体受层间缓倾斜破碎带控制.根据矿脉矿物组合及相互穿插关系,原生成矿期成矿作用可分为:①黄铁矿-石英阶段;②石英-黄铁矿-菱铁矿-重晶石阶段;③方解石-石英-重晶石阶段和④重晶石阶段.年代学研究表明,主成矿阶段(②阶段)含金石英脉Rb-Sr等时线年龄为258±15 Ma,表明成矿作用发生在晚二叠世末,与中亚南天山大规模的金成矿作用发生时期相一致.     

大别山碧溪岭石榴橄榄岩—榴辉岩体的原岩性质及同位素年代学的启示

碧溪岭橄榄岩一榴辉岩体的原岩为形成於岛弧环境并经受结晶分离作用的镁铁－超镁铁质侵入体。它们形成于２２１０±３９Ｍａ或更早,于８００～１０００Ｍａ时经受超高压变质之后上升于壳幔边界附近,并经受多期次高压退变质作用及韧性变形（６６０～４１０Ｍａ）,于２１０～２５０Ｍａ时折返上升至地壳并伴随发生石榴石的重结晶以及随后在地壳条件下榴辉岩的角闪岩化。     

大别山北部榴辉岩的退变质特征及其地质意义

研究了大别山北部榴辉岩的变质岩岩石学。结果表明，该区榴辉岩相变质作用可分为早期(超高压)和晚期(高压)两个阶段，并在折返过程中形成了一系列特征性的退变质显微构造。其中，退变质结构主要包括：(1)由于压力降低而出溶形成的一些定向针状或叶片状矿物包裹体，如钠质单斜辉石中石英及石榴子石中的金红石、单斜辉石和磷灰石等；(2)冠状体或后成合晶，特别是石榴子石外围发育两期(“双层”)后成合晶；(3)反应边或退变边，如绿辉石的透辉石退变边、透辉石的角闪石退变边和金红石的钛铁矿退变边等。这些退变质结构为本区榴辉岩高级变质岩的快速折返过程和抬升历史提供了强有力的岩石学依据；石榴子石中针状矿物出溶体进一步证明研究区榴辉岩早期经历了超高压变质作用，峰期变质压力应大干4．0GPa，甚至可能达到5～7GPa或更高。     

Transformation of garnet epidote amphibolite to eclogite, western Dabie Mountains, China

Omphacite and garnet coronas around amphibole occur in amphibolites in the Hong'an area, western Dabie Mountains, China. These amphibolites consist of an epidote–amphibolite facies assemblage of amphibole, garnet, albite, clinozoisite, paragonite, ilmenite and quartz, which is incompletely overprinted by an eclogite facies assemblage of garnet, omphacite and rutile. Coronas around amphibole can be divided into three types: an omphacite corona; a garnet–omphacite–rutile corona; and, a garnet–omphacite corona with less rutile. Chemographic analysis for local reaction domains in combination with petrographical observations show that reactions Amp + Ab + Pg = Omp +Czo + Qtz + H₂O, and Amp + Ab = Omp ± Czo + Qtz + H₂O may lead to the development of omphacite coronas. The garnet–omphacite–rutile corona was formed from the reaction Amp + Ab + Czo + Ilm ± Qtz = Omp + Grt + Rt + H₂O. In garnet–omphacite coronas, the garnet corona grew during an early stage of epidote amphibolite facies metamorphism, whereas omphacite probably formed by the reactions forming the omphacite corona during the eclogite facies stage. It is estimated that these reactions occurred at 0.8–1.4 GPa and 480–610 °C using the garnet–clinopyroxene thermometer and omphacite barometer in the presence of albite.     

北祁连干沙鄂博矿区碱性岩锆石U- Pb年龄、Hf同位素及岩石地球化学特征

干沙鄂博稀土矿床位于北祁连造山带中段,是祁连成矿带内最大的稀土矿床。矿体产于早泥盆世碱性岩体及其围岩接触带内。为了查明含矿碱性岩体侵位时代、岩石成因和源区性质,本文开展了岩石学、锆石U- Pb定年、锆石Hf同位素及岩石地球化学研究。结果表明碱性岩体由霓辉正长岩、霓辉正长斑岩、石英正长斑岩和花岗斑岩组成,侵入于毛藏寺花岗闪长岩中。该岩体LA- ICPMS锆石U- Pb年龄为409.7±5.8Ma,εHf(t)值变化于-0.15~+2.34之间,平均1.03,tDM2(Hf)为1.2~1.1 Ga。岩石主量元素SiO2介于59.1%~68.5%之间,具高钾（Na2O/K2O =0.35~0.85）,富碱质（K2O+Na2O=7.91%~11.09%）、贫CaO（2.90%~8.17%）、MgO（0.21%~1.30%）的特征,属钾玄质系列碱性岩;岩石强烈富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素（如Rb、Ba、Sr、U 和Pb等）,亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素（如Nb、Ta和Ti）,弱负Eu异常（δEu为0.7 ~ 0.8）,以及轻稀土富集的右倾型稀土元素配分模式,具A型花岗岩岩石地球化学特征。结合区域构造演化,认为干沙鄂博矿区碱性岩形成于造山后伸展环境,为晚奥陶世北祁连洋闭合后,于早泥盆世发生区域性拉张作用,诱发碱性岩浆侵入和与其共生稀土矿体的形成。     

Isotopic Geochronology of the Late Paleozoic Kanggur Gold Deposit of East Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, NW China

Abstract: The Kanggur gold deposit lies in East Tianshan mountains, eastern section of Central Asia orogenic belt. The gold mineralization occurs on the northern margin of the Aqishan‐Yamansu Paleozoic island arc in the Tarim Plate. It was hosted mainly in Middle‐Lower Carboniferous calc‐alkaline volcanic rocks, and controlled by the distributions of syn‐tectonic intrusions and ductile shear zones. In order to determine ore‐forming age of the Kanggur deposit, samples were collected from ores, wall rocks, altered rocks and intrusions. The dating methods include Rb‐Sr isochron and Sm‐Nd isochron, and secondly ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age spectrum, U‐Pb and Pb‐Pb methods. Based on the mineral assemblage and crosscutting relationship of ore veins, five mineralization stages are identified. This result is confirmed by isotope geochronologic data. The first stage featuring formation of pyrite‐bearing phyllic rock, is mineralogically represented by pyrite, sericite and quartz with poor native gold. The Rb‐Sr isochron age of this stage is 2905 Ma. The second stage represents the main ore‐forming stage and is characterized by native gold–quartz–pyrite–magnetite–chlorite assemblage. Magnetite and pyrite of this stage are dated by Sm‐Nd isochron at 290.47.2 Ma and fluid inclusion in quartz is dated by Rb‐Sr isochron at 282.35 Ma. The third mineralization stage features native gold–quartz–pyrite vein. In the fourth stage, Au‐bearing polymetallic sulfide‐quartz veins formed. Fluid inclusions in quartz are dated by Rb‐Sr isochron method at 25821 Ma. The fifth stage is composed of sulfide‐free quartz–carbonate veins with Rb‐Sr age of 2547 Ma. The first and second stages are related to ductile‐brittle deformation of shear zones, and are named dynamo‐metamorphic hydrothermal period. The third to fifth stages related to intrusive processes of tonalite and brittle fracturing of the shear zones, are called magmato‐hydrothermal mineralization period. The Rb‐Sr isochron age of 2905 Ma of the altered andesite in the Kanggur mine area may reflect timing of regional ductile shear zone. The Rb‐Sr isochron age of 28216 Ma of the quartz‐syenite porphyry and the zircon U‐Pb age of 2757 Ma of tonalite in the north of Kanggur gold mine area are consistent with the age of gold mineralization (290‐254 Ma). This correspondence indicates that the tonalite and subvolcanic rocks may have been related to gold mineralization. The Rb–Sr, Sm‐Nd and U‐Pb ages and regional geology support the hypothesis that the Kanggur gold deposit was formed during collisional orogenesis process in Late Variscan.     

天津蓟县孙各庄碱性杂岩体年代学和岩石地球化学特征

通过对天津蓟县孙各庄碱性杂岩体开展系统的主量、稀土和微量元素岩石地球化学研究和高精度的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年研究,厘定岩体的形成时代,全面认识该区碱性岩浆活动的性质、物质来源和构造背景,并探讨其重要的地质意义。研究表明:孙各庄碱性杂岩体中正长岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为(225.6±1.1)Ma,形成于晚三叠世,为印支期碱性岩浆活动的产物。岩体主要岩石类型为碱性正长岩和正长辉石岩:前者高Al,富碱,贫Ca、Mg和Fe,为铝过饱和岩石;后者富碱,高Ca、Mg、Fe;均属于碱性-强碱性岩石,且相对富K。稀土元素总量高,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,具极微弱的负Eu异常。微量元素富集大离子亲石元素Sr、Ba和轻稀土元素La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm,相对亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Hf和Th,正长辉石岩富集过渡族元素Cr、Ni和Co。由此表明:孙各庄碱性杂岩体形成于由挤压向伸展转变的引张型后碰撞构造环境,其岩浆物质来源与富集地幔相关,进而推测华北克拉通北缘早中生代岩石圈地幔具富集性。综合对比研究结果显示,华北克拉通北缘早中生代碱性岩浆活动的时间为238～220Ma。华北克拉通早中生代大规模的碱性岩浆活动可能与华北克拉通的破坏特别是岩石圈减薄具有相同的深部地球动力学背景。可以认为:华北克拉通北缘印支期碱性岩体的侵位时代238～220Ma可能代表华北克拉通岩石圈伸展减薄的起始时间,而且,岩石圈伸展减薄是从华北克拉通北缘西部开始的。     

桐柏-大别山南缘志留纪黄羊山碱性杂岩的暗色矿物

黄羊山碱性杂岩体位于桐柏-大别山南缘,其SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为(439±6) Ma.该杂岩体由石英正长岩和碱性花岗岩组成,其中以石英正长岩为主体,从中心到边缘粒度变化由粗到细.利用电子探针对该杂岩体中的特征暗色矿物的分析结果表明,角闪石和辉石的成分变化较小,角闪石显示出从铁钠透闪石到钠铁闪石的成分演化趋势,辉石主要为霓石,另外岩体中大量出现三斜闪石.根据矿物间的相互接触关系、环带结构、矿物组合的相平衡关系等识别了原生的岩浆矿物组合和次生的岩浆期-岩浆期后矿物组合,建立了矿物结晶顺序,重建了过碱性岩浆或流体的成分、温度、氧逸度的演化历史.从矿物组合的相平衡关系角度表明,黄羊山碱性杂岩体为大陆裂谷环境的产物.     

Role of Water in Deformed Omphacite in UHP Eclogite from the Dabie Mountains, Eastern China

Omphacite grains from UHP eclogite of the Dabie Mountains in eastern China are elongated and show strong lattice preferred orientations (LPOs). Observations by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identified not only structures of plastic deformation occurring as free dislocation, dislocation loops and dislocation walls, but also bubbles of water present in the deformed omphacite. The bubbles attach to the dislocation loops which are often connected to one another via a common bubble. Using infrared spectroscopy (IR), two types of hydrous components are identified as hydroxyl and free-water in the omphacite. An analysis of deformation mechanism of microstructure in omphacite suggests that the mineral deformed plastically under UHP metamorphic conditions by dislocation creep through hydrolitic weakening.     

大别山北部超高压变质大理岩及其地质意义

岩石学研究表明 ,大别山北部镁铁 超镁铁质岩带中白云质大理岩至少经历过三期变质阶段 :(1)榴辉岩相峰期变质阶段 ,矿物组合主要为方解石 +白云石 +金红石 +镁橄榄石 +钛 斜硅镁石 +富镁的钛铁矿±文石±石榴子石 ;(2 )麻粒岩相退变质阶段 ,矿物组合主要为方解石 +白云石 +金云母 +镁橄榄石 +透辉石 +钛铁矿 +尖晶石±斜方辉石等 ;(3)角闪岩相退变质阶段 ,主要矿物组合为方解石 +白云石 +磷灰石 +磁铁矿+榍石等。它的峰期变质矿物组合 ,类似于苏 鲁超高压大理岩 ,形成压力至少大于 2 .5GPa。这进一步证明 ,大别山北部大多数高级变质岩 (包括大理岩等 )都曾经过超高压变质作用 ,应属于印支期扬子俯冲陆壳的一部分。     

Well-preserved garnet growth zoning in granulite from the Dabie Mountains, central China

Ultra-high pressure eclogites and granulites both occur in the Dabie Mountains, central China. A garnet porphyroblast from felsic granulite in the Dabie Mountains has been analysed for compositional zoning by electron microprobe. Two segments of the porphyroblast have opposite compositional variations. Segment I (from centre outward 9  mm to analytical point 18) has decreasing X_Sps and increasing X_Pyr, while Segment II (from analytical point 18, 1  mm outward to the rim) has increasing X_Sps and X_Alm and decreasing X_Pyr and X_Grs. The compositional zoning in segment I is considered as growth zoning and that in Segment II as diffusive retrograde zoning. Garnet growth zoning records a P–T  path prior to the peak granulite metamorphism. The minimum P – T  conditions are estimated to be 1.35  GPa and 850  °C for peak metamorphism, based on the highest Mg/(Fe+Mg) composition in the garnet (analytical point 18) and matrix hypersthene, biotite and plagioclase. A symplectitic corona surrounds the porphyroblast and appears to have formed at 0.6  GPa and 700  °C. The well-preserved growth zoning in garnet suggests a short residence time for the granulite at peak metamorphism and thus rapid tectonic uplift history. The P–T  path is consistent with that of ultra-high-pressure eclogite in the area. Tectonic movements during a collisional event could have brought both the granulite and the eclogite to their present positions.     

大别山东部榴辉岩同位素体系和变质作用的关系

大别山东部榴辉岩同位素地质年代学研究反映出三方面的问题:(1)Sm-Nd两点等时线的不确定性;(2)部分高压-超高压变质年龄实际是片麻岩的分析结果;(3)首批发表的"C型榴辉岩"Sm-Nd年龄,测定岩石不是榴辉岩.大别山东部榴辉岩年龄反映的是加里东期高压-超高压变质的年代学信息.进一步研究应着重于榴辉岩锆石成因及Sm-Nd体系适用性.岩相学是研究榴辉岩锆石成因的重要方法.     

安徽省大别山南部宿松杂岩变质作用研究

宿松杂岩的变质作用可分为３个阶段：早期、主期和晚期阶段。主期阶段的矿物组合在云母片岩中为石榴石＋多硅白云母＋石英＋磁铁矿±钠云母±绿帘石／黝帘石;在白云母钠长（二长）片岩和片麻岩中为石榴石＋多硅白云母＋钠长石＋石英＋绿帘石／黝帘石±冻蓝闪石;在石榴石钠长角闪岩中为石榴石＋冻蓝闪石＋钠长石＋黝帘石＋石英±钠云母±金红石／磁铁矿。根据多种地质温压计和变质反应可以推测主期变质条件为：Ｔ＝５２０℃～５８０℃,Ｐ＝１．２～１．４ＧＰａ,地热梯度为１２℃／ｋｍ,相当于高压过渡型。晚期阶段变质条件为：Ｔ＝４６０℃～４８０℃,Ｐ＝０．６～０．７ＧＰａ,为中压绿帘角闪岩相。宿松杂岩的变质条件介于其南部的蓝闪绿片岩相和北部的榴辉岩相之间,三者是扬子板块向华北板块之下俯冲到不同深度的产物。     

Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism of carbonate rocks in the Dabie Mountains, central China

Abstract Widespread ultra-high-P assemblages including coesite, quartz pseudomorphs after coesite, aragonite, and calcite pseudomorphs after aragonite in marble, gneiss and phengite schist are present in the Dabie Mountains eclogite terrane. These assemblages indicate that the ultra-high-P metamorphic event occurred on a regional scale during Triassic collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons. Marble in the Dabie Mountains is interlayered with coesite-bearing eclogite and gneiss and as blocks of various size within gneiss. Discontinuous boudins of eclogite occur within marble layers. Marble contains an ultra-high-P assemblage of calcite/aragonite, dolomite, clinopyroxene, garnet, phengite, epidote, rutile and quartz/coesite. Coesite, quartz pseudomorphs after coesite, aragonite and calcite pseudomorphs after aragonite occur as fine-grained inclusions in garnet and omphacite. Phengites contain about 3.6 Si atoms per formula unit (based on 11 oxygens). Similar to the coesite-bearing eclogite, marble exhibits retrograde recrystallization under amphibolite–greenschist facies conditions generated during uplift of the ultra-high-P metamorphic terrane. Retrograde minerals are fine grained and replace coarse-grained peak metamorphic phases. The most typical replacements are: symplectic pargasitic hornblende + epidote after garnet, diopside + plagioclase (An₁₈) after omphacite, and fibrous phlogopite after phengite. Ferroan pargasite + plagioclase, and actinolite formed along grain boundaries between garnet and calcite, and calcite and quartz, respectively. The estimated peak P–T conditions for marble are comparable to those for eclogite: garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometry yields temperatures of 630–760°C; the garnet–phengite thermometer gives somewhat lower temperatures. The minimum pressure of peak metamorphism is 27 kbar based on the occurrence of coesite. Such estimates of ultra-high-P conditions are consistent with the coexistence of grossular-rich garnet + rutile, and the high jadeite content of omphacite in marble. The fluid for the peak metamorphism was calculated to have a very low X_CO2 (<0.03). The P–T conditions for retrograde metamorphism were estimated to be 475–550°C at <7 kbar.     

大别山金河桥榴辉岩的精细P-T轨迹与多阶段折返

大别山金河桥榴辉岩的岩石学和矿物学资料记录了5个阶段的变质作用,除第一阶段代表峰期变质作用外,其余变质阶段均属退变质过程。根据各变质阶段矿物组合的矿物成分分析,应用适当的温度压力计,估算出各变质阶段的变质温度和压力,第一阶段的变质温压条件为T=797℃和P=3．50GPa;第二阶段的变质温压条件为T=667℃和P=2．72GPa,第三阶段的变质温压条件为T=660℃,P=1．50GPa;第四阶段的变质温压条件为T=616℃和P=1．10GPa;第五阶段的温压条件为T=450—550℃。P=0．40～0．70GPa。根据岩石学P-T轨迹和最近发表的年代学数据,归纳出一条较精细的P-T-t轨迹,包括快速降温降压→极快速等温降压→相对快速降温降压→慢速降温降压等四段,代表了从地下115km折返出露地表的四阶段折返过程。     

大别山地区鸡公山岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

鸡公山花岗岩是桐柏-大别山造山带的一处重要岩基。为探讨鸡公山花岗岩的岩石成因和动力学背景,指导区域找矿,对鸡公山岩体开展了锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究。岩石地球化学分析结果显示,岩体具准铝质-弱过铝质花岗岩特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列;副矿物有少量角闪石,为分异I型花岗岩。锆石U-Pb定年测得岩体年龄值为141.8±0.8 Ma(n=26, MSWD=1.15),表明鸡公山岩体形成于早白垩世。全岩Sr同位素(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i为0.707 75～0.708 18,εNd(t)值为-19.21～ -17.63,两阶段模式年龄为2.49~2.36 Ga。锆石¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf值为0.281 845～0.282 083,εHf(t)为-29.67～-21.31,两阶段模式年龄为3.07～2.54 Ga。Sr-Nd-Hf同位素特征暗示形成鸡公山岩体的岩浆可能是扬子板块中下地壳新太古代大别表壳岩物质重熔形成。岩体具较高的(La/Yb)_N、Sr/Y值,铕负异常不明显,与大别山埃达克型花岗岩特征类似,形成于构造伸展机制下,为尚未发生拆沉的加厚下地壳部分熔融产物。鸡公山岩体可能是岩体内伟晶岩脉的母体花岗岩。     

Tectonic Affinity, T-t Path and Uplift Trajectory of Eclogites from Northern Dabie Mountains, Central-Eastern China

INTRODUCTIONTheDabieMountainsaretheeasternsectionoftheE WtrendingQinling DabieorogenicbeltbetweentheNorthChinablockandYangtzeblock ,andistransectedatitseasternendbyTan Lufault.Ultrahigh pressuremetamorphic (UHPM)rocksincludingcoesites (Okayetal.,1989;Wangetal.,1989)andmicrodiamonds (Xuetal.,1992b)bearingeclogitesareexposedintheDabieMountainsandSu Luorogen ,whichisthelargestUHPMbeltontheearthsurface .TheUHPMrocksarecomposedofdifferentkindsofmetamorphicrockssuchascoesite anddiamo…     

大别山地壳结构的Pb同位素地球化学示踪

研究了大别山东部北大别变质杂岩，南大别变质杂岩和白垩纪花岗岩的全岩Pb同位素组成，结果表明，北大别变质杂岩与南大别变质杂岩相比，前者以相对低放射成因Pb同位素组成为特征，按照Pb同位素组成在地壳垂向剖面上的变化模型，指出在大别山地壳垂向结构上，北大别变质杂岩应位于南大别变质杂岩之下，这一认识得到大别山不同构造岩石单元中产出的白垩纪花岗岩Pb同位素对岩浆源区示踪的有力支持，因此南大别超高压变质带是发育在北大别杂岩之上的一个构造岩片，这对进一步确定扬子克拉通向华北克拉通俯冲－碰撞的缝合线位置具有重要意义。