Design of tunnels in swelling rock

Summary Design and construction of tunnels in swelling rock may be considered to be a matter of choosing the right tunnel cross-sectional form and the appropriate excavation methods and sequences. Experience, i. e. empirical knowledge, no doubt plays a fundamental role in tunnelling and even more so in tunnelling in swelling rock formations. However, the design engineer needs some tools to analyze the forces which are transmitted from the swelling rock to the tunnel lining in a given case. These tools may provide approximations of the real behavior. However, approximate quantitative indications are very valuable in order to supplement the mentioned empirical knowledge. The analysis method given in the paper is meant to provide such a tool for circular tunnels in swelling rock of the reversible type (swelling of clay minerals). The main approximation of the method is the consequent use of the theory of elasticity as framework for the specific swelling calculations. Since the widely used oedometer swelling test until now is also interpreted using the theory of elasticity, the analysis method is compatible with the kind of assessment of the swelling parameters.The main advantage of the method, however, is its relative simplicity because it may be used quite similarly to the method of characteristic lines. In principle, the method could be transformed into an elasto-plastic approach. As long as the greatest uncertainty of the design methods, however, lies in the right choice of the swelling parameters, a too complicated analysis method is hardly beneficial. For complex cases, where the geometrical boundary conditions may not allow the use of a circular tunnel model, it is advisable to use finite element solutions which are available for swelling calculations in the elasto-plastic formulation straight away.     

关于TBM施工隧洞围岩分类方法的研究

本文针对TBM施工隧洞中的围岩分类问题,通过分析研究国内外大量TBM施工实例和一些现场及室内岩石力学试验结果,指出TBM施工条件下的隧洞围岩分类应针对围岩的可钻掘性,充分考虑影响TBM掘进效率的主要工程地质因素,提出了在《工程岩体分级标准》围岩稳定性基本分级的基础上,依据岩石的单轴抗压强度、岩石的耐磨性和岩体的完整性将TBM施工条件下的隧洞围岩分为A(好)、B(一般)、C(差)3个级别的围岩分类新方法,并将该方法应用于掌鸠河引水供水工程TBM施工段工程实践,取得了良好的效果.     

复合地层隧道围岩强度实时估算研究

隧道TBM开挖过程中经常会遇到复合岩层,在这种地质环境下,隧道掘进机（tunnel boring machine,简称TBM）开挖过程中的隧道围岩强度很难估计,隧道开挖掌子面和围岩容易发生坍塌。为了提高隧道掘进效率、预防事故发生,对开挖隧道围岩强度进行实时估算方面的研究很有必要。在重庆轨道九号线隧道TBM施工中,通过室内试验和现场实测数据发现,TBM推力F_N与岩石强度成正比、TBM扭矩推力比T/F_N（T为扭矩）与贯入度p^0.5成正比例关系。针对砂质泥岩、砂岩和灰岩组成的复合岩层,提出了一种利用现场实测推力F_N和扭矩T的值来快速估算开挖隧道围岩强度的方法,进一步对TBM实测数据进行线性拟合,从而得到估算公式中两个常数α₁、α₂的取值方法,并在10多个隧道实际工程中得到验证。结果表明,对于这种复合岩层地质环境,两个常数α₁、α₂的值与滚刀数量n和滚刀直径d相关。该研究成果为实时快速估算开挖隧道围岩强度提供了一种新的切实可行的思路,能提高隧道TBM施工的可靠性和安全性,具有重要的应用价值。     

软弱围岩中偏压隧道的剪胀特性研究

在偏压情况下对不同埋深的4车道和2车道偏压公路隧道建立其力学模型,研究其松动围岩力学特征。在考虑应力剪胀对隧道围岩的影响后,计算出洞周围岩位移、收敛比。研究结果表明：对于相同的条件,4车道偏压公路隧道的围岩剪切破坏带比2车道更容易与地面贯通;随着剪胀角的递增,围岩位移矢量和隧道拱顶下沉量逐渐减小,拱脚水平位移逐渐增大;大跨度隧道围岩位移受剪胀角的影响比小断面隧道显著。     

Progressive degradation of rock properties and time-dependent behavior of deep tunnels

Time-dependent response of deep tunnels is studied considering the progressive degradation of the mechanical properties of the rock mass. The constitutive model is based on a rock-aging law for the uniaxial strength of the rock and for the Young’s modulus. A semi-analytical solution is developed for the stresses and displacements around a deep circular tunnel taking into account the face advance. The evolution of the plastic and damage zones over time is determined. Numerical examples are presented for the case of Saint-Martin-La-Porte access adit in France of the Lyon–Turin Base Tunnel. The computed results which are compared with the field data in terms of the convergence of tunnel wall and of the displacements inside the rock mass monitored by multi-point extensometers show the efficiency of the approach to simulate the time-dependent deformation of a tunnel excavated in squeezing ground. Simple relationships are proposed to evaluate the parameters of the constitutive model directly from those of the empirical convergence law presented in previous work.     

深隧道围岩分区破裂的数学模拟

该研究为先前深隧道围岩分区破裂现象内变量梯度塑性模型的进一步发展。利用应变梯度模型研究了深隧道围岩的分区破裂现象。作为额外的状态变量,在此引入应变梯度这一新变量。利用虚功原理得到了深隧道围岩的平衡方程、边界条件和流动准则,利用Clausius-Duhem不等式获得了岩体的本构方程。对于圆形深隧道,由上述模型的一般方程得到了弹性变形情况下、具有下降段的弹塑性变形情况下和不考虑弹性变形的塑性变形情况下圆形深隧道围岩的支配方程,得到了解析解,并讨论了解析解的性质。这一模型不仅扩展了隧道围岩的经典弹塑性模型,也为下一步数值研究深隧道围岩的分区破裂现象奠定了理论基础。     

广东省某隧道区岩溶塌陷危险性评价

岩溶塌陷的产生会严重影响隧道的安全施工及运营,而隧道的开挖又加剧了岩溶塌陷发生的可能性,并使其发生机制变的更加复杂。本文选择隧道埋深、隧道涌水量及距离隧道的远近3个因素来衡量隧道开挖对岩溶塌陷的影响。并以长基岭隧道为例,运用模糊数学理论结合层次分析法,选择了包括隧道埋深、涌水量等在内的14个因素,建立研究区岩溶塌陷模糊综合评判模型,并通过程序与GIS集成实现了研究区岩溶塌陷危险性分区。评价结果对岩溶地区隧道的施工及运营提供依据。     

损伤条件下深部岩体巷道光面爆破参数研究

岩体条件复杂多变,为了提高光面爆破的适应性、改善光面爆破效果,对损伤条件下深部岩体巷道光面爆破参数进行研究。通过对深部岩体巷道光爆层原岩应力场、光面爆破机制和振动损伤特征进行分析,基于爆炸应力波和爆生气体综合作用理论,考虑高原岩应力和岩石损伤影响,提出了损伤条件下深部岩体巷道光面爆破参数确定的计算方法。研究表明, （1）高原岩应力相当于提高了岩石的抗拉强度,不利于炮孔初始裂纹的形成及贯通,宜减小周边眼间距;（2）岩石损伤后,其他条件不变,光面爆破的炮孔间距和抵抗线值可适当加大;（3）高原岩应力和损伤条件下,光面爆破的炮孔间距较小时,容易造成爆后围岩损伤,降低围岩的稳定性能,因此,提高爆破效果的同时应及时加强支护,以确保施工安全和围岩稳定;（4）本文提出的光面爆破参数计算公式,经现场爆破验证效果良好,适用于复杂多变的岩体环境。     

Analysis of potential cave-in from fault zones in hard rock subsea tunnels

Summary As a part of a research program on the rock engineering aspects of hard rock subsea tunnelling, analyses of potential cave-in from fault zones have been carried out at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. This is a topic of great importance for the planning of future subsea tunnels, and particularly for the selection of the minimum rock cover of such projects. The paper is divided into three main parts: a) review of cases of instability in Norwegian subsea tunnels, b) evaluation of theoretical maximum sliding, and c) discussion of cases of cave-in in tunnels under land. In theory, a cave-in during subsea tunnelling may propagate far higher than the normal minimum rock cover. Taking into consideration the comprehensive geo-investigations that are always carried out for subsea tunnel projects today, it would, however, be unrealistic to base the dimensioning of rock cover for future projects on worst-case scenarios. Consequently, the main result of this study is to emphasize the importance of comprehensive geo-investigations, detailed tunnel mapping, a high degree of readiness during tunnelling and a thorough quality control.     

Upper bound limit analysis of uplift failure in pressurized sealed rock tunnels

The rock around tunnels used for gas storage is subject to high pressures, reaching 30 MPa in the case of compressed air energy storage. Uplift failure of the overlaying rock mass up to the surface represents the main hazard scenario in such cases. The present paper investigates this problem by using the upper bound theorem of limit analysis assuming a continuum rock mass model obeying the Mohr Coulomb failure criterion with tension cut‐off. Tools of the calculus of variations are used to assess the geometry of the failure surface. The effects of geometrical and geotechnical parameters on uplift pressure are analyzed systematically. Charts are then provided, which enable a quick estimation of the upper bound of uplift pressure across a wide range of geotechnical and geometrical conditions.     

公路隧道局部塌方洞段的围岩稳定性评价

结合某公路隧道工程,以现场地质调查和监测资料为基础,在结构面发育且可能发生大规模塌方的围岩洞段,根据现场实际统计的优势结构面产状,采用关键块体理论、非连续变形方法（DDA）首先确定围岩主要的失稳破坏模式,然后运用连续介质分析程序FLAC,在DDA方法确定的围岩实际变形破坏塌方形态的基础上进行计算分析,评价围岩的整体稳定性及加固措施的有效性。分析表明,围岩破坏的主要模式为受结构面控制的局部块体的失稳,工程开挖后围岩不会发生大变形,这与实际情况基本一致,为安全施工提供了保证。采用非连续变形方法和连续介质计算相结合的分析方法对隧道工程塌方稳定性进行研究,取得了较好的效果,研究方法和经验可为类似工程参考并借鉴。     

山岭隧道堵水限排围岩力学特性分析

为了尽可能减少隧道长期大量排水带来的严重环境问题,高水位地区的深埋山岭隧道应采取“以堵为主,限量排放”即“堵水限排”的防排水设计准则。但在堵水限排情况下围岩的力学特性如何？是当前隧道衬砌结构设计急需解决的关键问题之一。首次建立了山岭隧道堵水限排情况下围岩力学特性分析的解析模型并进行了理论推导,分析了不同排水工况下围岩力学特性的变化并绘制了相应的围岩特征曲线,为堵水限排衬砌结构设计提供了理论依据。     

大断面小净距隧道围岩稳定性数值分析 大断面小净距隧道围岩稳定性数值分析

结合小净距隧道工程特点,分别建立不同跨度小净距隧道有限元计算模型,对隧道施工过程力学特征及围岩稳定性进行对比分析,以研究三车道大断面小净距隧道区别于两车道小净距隧道的基本力学特征。分析结果表明,对应不同隧道跨度、隧道净距和围岩级别对隧道施工过程中围岩稳定性的影响有显著差别,相同隧道净距条件下,三车道小净距隧道围岩应力状态比两车道隧道差,净距越小,差别越大,而围岩质量越低,差别也越显著;另外,在质量较差的围岩中,大断面小净距隧道围岩受力最薄弱部位主要集中在岩柱雁形部,而两车道小净距隧道则为岩柱中部。研究结果可为大断面小净距隧道的设计、施工提供有益的参考。     

Visualizing the effect of excavation rate on rock deformation and fracturing of tunnels using a transparent soft rock surrogate

One of the most important problems during tunneling in soft rock is deformation and fracturing of the rock during tunneling. The problem was successfully explored by using a transparent rock surrogate to simulate the behavior of soft rock, which permitted visualizing conditions within the rock. Synthetic soft rock was made using consolidated fused quartz saturated with a blend of two mineral oils that have the same refractive index as the quartz. The tunnel was simulated using a smooth aluminum tube and two tunneling methods representing machining and blasting were considered. Two observation planes made of seeding particles were pre-placed within the model and used to track soil movements and crack propagation. Images of both planes were captured simultaneously using two orthogonal cameras. Rock deformations were concentrated in the vicinity of the tunnel face, and deformation rates behind the tunnel face were significantly greater than those ahead of the face. However, deformation rates and patterns varied considerably depending on the excavation method/rate. Fracturing mechanisms exhibited similar differences, for machining deformations occurred higher above the crown and propagated toward the tunnel face. Conversely for blasting deformations sprang from the crown upwards. These observations can assist with numerical simulations and in planning tunnel support systems.

     

基于多因素评价的隧道围岩质量与超欠挖关系

围岩质量及施工方法是影响隧道超欠挖的本质原因,研究围岩质量与超欠挖的关系,对评价和预测超欠挖、判断隧道结构的稳定性具有重要意义。基于工程实测资料及数值试验,研究了跨度对隧道围岩质量的影响,进而建立了基于多因素评价的围岩质量修正指标。根据隧道开挖断面轮廓具有分形特征的特点,计算了鸳鸯会隧道20个典型断面轮廓分形维数,研究了围岩质量与超欠挖的关系,得出围岩质量多因素修正指标与超挖比及断面轮廓分形维数呈线性关系,随着围岩质量多因素修正指标的提高,超挖比和断面轮廓分形维数将降低,并根据复相关原理,建立了三者间的复相关关系,可为隧道围岩质量的正确评价及超欠挖分析提供有益参考。对比不同围岩分级方法与超欠挖的关系表明,基于多因素评价的BQ法在隧道工程中的适用性更好。     

非轴对称荷载下圆形隧洞围岩弹塑性分析解析解

考虑岩石材料的应变软化及扩容效应,采用岩石材料的弹性-塑性软化-塑性残余三线性应力-应变软化模型和莫尔-库仑屈服准则,推导了非轴对称荷载下圆形隧洞围岩弹性区、塑性软化区和塑性残余区的应力场、应变场、位移场和塑性区半径的近似解析解,适用于围岩塑性区较大且侧压力系数1≤λ<3的情况。该近似解析方法与有限元法的计算结果较为接近,可代替有限元方法进行简单的圆形隧洞围岩弹塑性分析。     

Evaluation of rock property variability

ABSTRACT

Rocks are natural geo-materials, whose properties are affected by many spatially-varying factors, such as the properties of their parent materials, weathering processes, and discontinuity conditions. Engineering properties of rocks therefore vary spatially and exhibit significant variability. To evaluate rock property variability, an extensive literature review is performed in this study to collect data reported in literature for igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks during the last several decades. The typical ranges of rock property data, mean values and coefficient of variations of rock properties are evaluated and summarized. These typical ranges of rock properties can be used as guidelines for approximation when rock property data are not available at a project site. Furthermore, they can be used as prior knowledge when developing Bayesian framework for quantifying the variability of rock properties at a specific project site.     

公路隧道岩质和土质围岩统一亚级分级标准研究

目前实施的《公路隧道设计规范》（JTG D70－2004）对土质围岩分级、围岩亚级分级方法都没有进行研究,因此,不能满足隧道设计和施工的要求。通过对岩质围岩和土质围岩自稳性的大量室内试验、数值计算和理论分析,建立了公路隧道岩质围岩和土质围岩统一的亚级分级标准。研究结果显示：围岩自稳跨度是围岩自稳性的综合反映,围岩自稳跨度可分为长期稳定跨度、基本稳定跨度、暂时稳定跨度和不稳定跨度。研究表明,规范中岩质围岩的Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级分别依据自稳跨度可分为2个、3个和2个亚级;土质围岩尽管分为黏质土围岩、砂质土围岩及碎石土围岩,但按照各自的自稳跨度可以分别进行亚级划分。可见,以自稳跨度可以建立岩质围岩和土质围岩统一的亚级分级标准。