Identifying the boundaries of functionally homogeneous areas in space images from a calculation of the Jacobian determinant

We examine the characteristics of the method for identifying the boundaries of natural objects on space images, based on calculating the Jacobian determinant. The boundaries of areas are inferred not from the values of brightness characteristics of images in different channels but from the degree of their functional connection. A functional connection of the particular type is conserved within an area, whereas on the boundary of the areas there occurs a change-over from a connection of one type to another. A theoretical rationale is provided for the relationship between the regularities seen in images and the geographical properties of objects observed. The method works effectively in studying and mapping undisturbed natural territories and permits determination of the degree of disturbance for tracts of terrain.     

Ethnic minorities and marginality in the Pamirian Knot: survival of Wakhi and Kirghiz in a harsh environment and global contexts

This paper challenges the thesis that mountain areas are regions of refuge. The refuge concept attributes irrelevant exchange and limited communication to isolated mountain habitats which mainly depend on production for home consumption. In contrast, it is shown that exchange relations in all walks of life have been affected not only recently but for nearly two centuries in Central Asia, although the continued importance of subsistence strategies in the agricultural sector can be observed. The Pamirian Knot provides the mountainous interface between South and Central Asia for case studies of two ethnic communities – Wakhi mountain farmers and Kirghiz pastoralists – in order to exemplify socio-political developments in similar mountain environments. Examples are presented from Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China. The territories have been separated since the late nineteenth century by international boundaries conceived as the result of the imperial 'Great Game'. Emphasis is placed on developments in the livestock sector and it is shown that adaptation to changing socio-political frameworks has affected the livelihood strategies of nomads and mountain farmers alike.     

Morphological systematics of the relief and its implications for geography and geoecology

We examine the issue concerning the determination of the line of demarcation between geomorphology and the related Earth sciences which is associated with elementarization of continual topographic surface of the planet’s relief. We present our view of the progression along this direction that relies on the theory of the system-morphological foundation of Earth sciences. We established the existence of the synenergy effect in the use of the system-morphological approach in all particular geographical sciences: in microclimatology, it provides a means of referencing microclimates and “local climates” to topographic features; in soil science, it revitalizes the notion of an elementary soil area thus simplifying the process of soil mapping. In geobotany and biogeocenology, this approach helps to make results from studying phytocenose productivity and from dendroindication investigations more representative. We determined a direct practical importance of landscape geophysics and assessments of the significance of geotopes on land surface as well as on the bottom of the World Ocean and beneath mainland glaciers. It is suggested that the system-morphological approach be used in the interests of a further development not only of traditional analytical geomorphology but also its new, synthetic direction that relates geomorphology with social sciences. It is established that in such a case the symmetry tools can be sued to define the relief as the set of locations with anthropogenic objects, processes and phenomena.     

The Spaces of Conservation and Development around Lake Nakuru National Park,Kenya

Geographically or sociologically defined resource management units, such as buffer zones or community resource management territories, seek to harmonize local land–use practices with protected–area management objectives. The geographically restricted nature of these models often results in simplistic representations of society–nature relations over time and space. Conservation areas are misrepresented as ecologically and socially homogeneous, as well as politically neutral. This study examines the limits of a spatially defined conservation and development project designed around the physical geographical unit of the watershed at Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya. It argues that politically motivated violence that has plagued the area since the early 1990s has severely undermined the suitability of such narrowly defined conservation territories. Specifically, the case study points to the permeability of the Lake Nakuru watershed to national and regional political forces that ultimately constrain participation in conservation activities. The spaces of conservation and development must be enlarged to include these extralocal arenas and processes if environmental problems are to be effectively addressed.     

基于多源数据的中国地形海拔分级指标调整研究

使用SRTM DEM、土地覆被、冻融侵蚀、河流沟谷等多源数据,对区分海拔等级的指标地物作了具体分析,以指标地物的平均海拔为依据,通过分级指标对象(如冰川、林线)分布高程重合或贴近的多条等高线圈形成分级等高平面,对陆地地貌进行切割划分,用每组指标对象偏离等高平面的值作为控制量(控制点),插值重构分级参考曲面。该方案最大限度突出指标的地理意义,形成的海拔分级结果与中国地理系统分布特征更为贴近,可以为中国大尺度地貌基本形态的划分提供参考。     

论现代地理学对象、内容、结构和基本方法

本文从地理学对象及其性质的讨论出发,详细阐述了地理学内容、结构和它的基本方法。     

"核心-边缘"理论在南岳衡山区域旅游产品开发中的运用

文章从南岳衡山旅游区的现状与开发潜力分析入手,结合核心-边缘理论,进一步探讨南岳衡山核心旅游区域与边缘旅游区域及其产品的相关因素、相互关系,得出南岳衡山区域旅游产品开发的基本思路,即发展核心、带动边缘、平等竞争、优势互补、合作互赢。围绕这一基本思路,从5个方面具体阐述了旅游产品的开发战略。     

沟域经济的地域类型识别研究——以北京市门头沟区为例

以村庄为基本单元,结合实地调研和村庄级统计材料,收集门头沟区18条典型沟域的沟域经济发展数据。在对其沟域经济类型区进行研究的基础上,对地域类型进行了划分,并探讨了不同地域类型下的沟域经济空间结构。根据熵权一层次模型,结合实地调研数据、专家意见及村庄级资料,研究得出沟域平均海拔、区位条件等是沟域经济地域类型划分的主导要素...     

安西荒漠草原兽类资源分布的研究

安西地处甘肃河西走廊的西部。这里气候干旱少雨, 年雨量31.5-100毫米, 形成了荒漠植被, 是中亚荒漠的一部分。荒漠草原环境中分布着较丰富的动物资源, 甘肃省已建立安西戈壁荒漠草原自然保护区, 面积约8000平方公里, 保护区内已知兽类25种, 其中资源兽类14种, 分布在不同的自然地理区:(1)走廊绿洲荒漠(戈壁)区;(2)祁连山前山地区;(3)北山-低山、中山区。     

论壮族地区的水稻种植与环境适应的关系

水稻种植过程中,常具有浓厚的环境适应的特征。分布在不同地貌区的壮族是典型的稻作民族,已充分意识到所在地区气候、土壤等自然地理环境对水稻种植的深刻影响。为适应自然地理环境,发挥最大的生产效益,山居壮族多选择种植生长期较长、耐寒、耐肥的粳稻为主;在平原丘陵地区的壮族则以种植生长期短的籼稻居多;为适应岩溶山区干旱少水、不利于灌溉的环境,当地壮族则多种陆稻,但由于陆稻口感不佳以及所在地区人地关系由宽趋紧,导致陆稻在壮族种植结构中的地位不断下降。此外,壮族在生活中对水稻用途的定位,也影响到水稻品种的选择与种植。     

论山地开发与旅游

本文结合山地特殊的旅游资源与山地环境,分析了山地区旅游资源和旅游环境特征,将旅游开发的优势与传统产业进行了对比,提出山地区旅游发展程式、应该遵循的原则、开发以生态旅游为主的旅游活动,同时还应该强调旅游开发过程中的道德、科技等保障措施,以维护山地经济的持续发展。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠中麻扎塔格山的形成及其地理意义*

在实地考察基础上,讨论了沙漠腹地麻扎塔格山地质地貌的基本特征,并分析了其在地理上的意义。     

The tendencies in the development of the system of specially protected natural territories of Siberia

An analysis is made of 100 years of development of specially protected natural territories of Siberia. Attention is centered on the characteristic features of territorial nature conservation which are determined by the dependence on the political, economic and managerial factors. The analysis revealed the periods of formation, decline, opposite trends and negative dynamics in the establishment of new protected natural territories. Using the history of reserve management and studies of Russia as an example, it is shown that most innovations were tested in Siberia, starting from the establishment of Russia’s first state zapovedniks and zakazniks and ending with the setting up of joint directorates of specially protected natural territories in recent years. It is pointed out that the approaches in substantiating the system of protected natural areas were characterized by fundamental differences: from the organization of “pristine benchmarks” of nature with the ideology of total non-interference, to “farm zapovedniks” for breeding valuable game animals and active maintenance of the population of rare species accompanied by measures to eliminate “harmful” species. The rivalry between the geographical and biocentric approaches is described: in the former case, the preservation of typical natural systems was dominant; in the latter case, the preservation of rare and endangered species was paramount. It is concluded that the unevenness of distribution of zapovedniks, zakazniks and national and natural parks depends on the degree of development and exploration of a relevant territory, the likelihood of a total disappearance of the most valuable areas, and on the existence of lands of indigenous ethnic groups. It is demonstrated that the process of development of the system of territorial nature conservation is governed by the administrative initiative, consideration for the characteristics of a region’s economic development and changeable institutional conditions as well as by the factors of the country’s foreign and internal policy.     

Development of the geographical network of preservation territories

This paper is concerned with some issues related to the methodology of territorial nature conservation as the subject for geographical study and analysis of specially protected natural territories (SPNT) in the country’s territorial organization. It is shown how the evolution, spatial coverage and the rhythm of global raw-materials markets (furs, timber, grains, ecosystem services, etc.) could influence the spatial development of the SPNT system in Russia as well as the emergence of the asymmetry in their location, and the periodicity of their establishment. An outline is given to the humanitarian and raw-materials components of territorial nature conservation, the spatial vectors and a change of motivations at different stages (since the early 20^th century till the present) of the formation of the geographical network of SPNT in Russia. An analysis is made of the results from implementing the documents of national strategic planning in territorial nature conservation. The conclusion is drawn about a high degree of fulfillment of the first plans envisaging the deployment of the geographical network of SPNT (1917 and 1957) and a relatively low effectiveness of the programs of the establishment of SPNT in the last several decades.     

山区农业土地利用模式的设计

本文分析了市场经济条件下我国山区农业可持续发展所面临的问题 ,提出了山区农业土地利用模式的构想。指出影响我国山区农业土地利用模式的因素主要包括自然地理因素、市场因素和土地制度因素 ,特别是市场因素和土地制度因素对于农业土地利用模式设计的影响在新的历史时期尤为突出 ;强调山区农业土地利用模式设计必须遵循自然地带规律性、与农业经济多样化和规模经营相结合、与开拓产品市场相结合的原则 ;以河南省洛宁县为例具体说明了山区农业土地利用模式设计的技术路线。     

A proposed base for a geographical information system for India

Abstract

Attempts have been made by different organizations in India to organize data in order to develop a suitable information system. These attempts were oriented towards specific uses, such as natural resources, data management, thematic mapping and the like. In some attempts software has been developed for some specific purpose. It is not an easy task to develop an information system for a country such as India. Its extent in latitude and longitude is well above average. There are federal and state agencies for the collection of data and the preparation of maps. The geographical information concerning India is available from the following sources: the administrative areas of states, union territories, districts, sub-districts and villages; survey sheets; remote sensing images; aerial photographs; and thematic base maps of the National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation. There are other map series available which have been used for socio-economic mapping. By the end of 1987 the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite will be launched and then remotely-sensed data will be readily available. Considering the geographical bases available in the country, five levels can be identified for developing an information system for India. Some of the thematic maps at 1:1000 000 scale can be used for initiating such a geographical information system.     

基于多源信息的区域尺度山地植被带数字化提取

山地植被带的提取及分析是地学和生态学研究的基础问题之一.利用野外点/线调查和历史文献资料,可以对局域尺度山体的植被带进行归纳和描绘,而在区域乃至全球尺度上更多依赖于学者的经验和知识.利用内蒙古大青山地区1∶100万植被图、1∶10万土地利用图、1∶25万DEM等,设计逻辑判别规则,提取典型的山地植被带斑块;然后基于贝叶斯识别算法,利用地形、水热和太阳辐射等因子对区域尺度山地植被带进行空间分布模拟,最终提取的植被带具有较高的精度,总体精度为74.53％,Kappa系数为0.69.研究表明,利用多源数据可以提取和模拟区域尺度山地植被带连续分布格局,中小比例尺空间数据的集成应用使得该方法的推广具有较大的可行性,为进一步获取大陆及全球尺度的山地植被带数据奠定了基础.     

Abiotic conditions, neighbour interactions, and the distribution of Stipa tenacissima in a semiarid mountain range

Abiotic conditions and interactions among plants are important factors determining plant geographical distributions. With the aim of analyzing the distribution of a perennial grass species in a semiarid mountain range, we experimentally tested above- and belowground effects of shrubs on the grass along a gradient of aridity. We measured growth, physiology and reproductive output of Stipa tenacissima tussocks surrounded by intact or manipulated neighbour shrubs. Performance of Stipa improved under mesic conditions, but the net effect of shrubs on Stipa did not change along the gradient. Belowground, we did not find significant effects, suggesting belowground resource partitioning between tussocks and shrubs. Aboveground net effects of shrubs on Stipa were generally positive and independent from abiotic conditions. The improved performance of Stipa at the mesic end of gradient suggests that its absolute physiological optimum lies out of its realized range. Overall, the arid end of the geographical distribution of Stipa in this mountain range may be determined by environmental severity. The coincidence of the upper limit of Stipa with the lower tree limit suggests that the more mesic end of Stipa distribution may depend on other factors; most likely competition with trees, which, unlike shrubs, could be excluding Stipa tenacissima from forests.     

基于地理格网的新疆地貌区划方法与实现

利用遥感影像和Srtm-DEM等多源信息解译的新疆数字地貌图为基础数据源,运用地理格网方法对新疆地貌类型分布进行定性与定量分析,在此基础上,通过自下而上的合并与自上而下的划分相结合的系统聚类分析法,确定各级地貌区划单元及其区划界线,实现新疆地貌的智能化分区。将新疆地貌分为一级、二级和三级地貌区划。其中,一级为6个地貌区 ,二级为23个地貌区,三级为200个地貌区。研究结果表明,在所依据的地貌数据基础上,采用地理格网地貌区划方法,能够实现地貌区划的智能化分区。本研究中的地貌分区和区划等级合理,区划界线准确可靠,利用地理格网方法实现了区划的定量化和数字化。     

天山冰川与湖泊变化所示的气候趋势

天山山系深居亚洲大陆腹地，受中亚自然地理环境的制约，在变性西风气流的影响下，７０年代至今山地冰物质平衡负值，伴随着气温的变化而增大。湖泊则是随着山区降水量的增加，其面积渐增。气温与降水的相互作用，使得整修天山山系的水资源总量趋于正常略偏多。预期这种气候趋势将会延续到下世纪初期。