SS—YD型断层观测伸缩仪

介绍了SS－YD型断层观测伸缩仪的系统组成及其基本原理,。该系统实行现场自动采集和自动储存并由“数据交换器”进行数据调用和回放，具备交直流电源自动转换及有效的避雷装置，实现了无人值守。仪器所得观测数据稳定，并记录到清晰的应变固体潮汐与台湾“9.21”大地震0．5μm的同震阶跃。     

SS—Y型短基线伸缩仪及其标定装置

介绍了SS－Y型基线伸缩仪总体设计思想、整体结构和主要部件的工作原理及台站试验情况，试验表明，，由于使用含饴特种因瓦棒、（为基线）和高灵敏度的换能器、精度超微量标定平台以及有效的操作系统，在缩短基线的条件下，保持了高精度与高稳定性，在NS分量不大于6m, EW分量不大于10m的基线上，能记录到清晰的应变固体潮汐、其观测精度优于现有台站的观测水平，并彻底地解决了石英管炸裂、汞泄漏污染现象，同时，智能化记录控制器提供了自动化程度。     

SSY-Ⅱ石英伸缩仪与SS-Y伸缩仪的对比分析

兰州十里店地震台于1985年安装了1台SSY-Ⅱ石英伸缩仪,于2006年又安装了1台SS-Y伸缩仪。对这两套仪器的主要构造部件——基线、换能系统、标定系统进行了对比分析,并从产出资料的趋势变化、调和分析、干扰、地震事件等方面进行了对比分析,总结了这两套仪器各自的优缺点。     

一种短基线伸缩仪的设计与实现

SS-Y伸缩仪在中国地壳形变观测中已安装使用多年,为了保证观测信噪比,伸缩仪基线长度一般在10～30 m之间,过长的基线导致仪器易受环境干扰的影响;同时,由于没有密封设计,长期使用会出现格值误差等问题。针对SS-Y伸缩仪所存在的不足,研制了一种新型短基线伸缩仪,仪器基线长度为1 m,采用具有较高精度的电容传感器进行位移测量,并设计了全新的整体密封结构,使仪器具备更好的抗干扰能力。线性度、灵敏度等参数测试及观测试验结果表明,该新型短基线伸缩仪具有良好的性能特性和观测信噪比,这为仪器的进一步优化打下了基础。     

SS-Y型伸缩仪环境干扰的异常研究

对易县地震台SS-Y型伸缩仪2014—2021年观测数据受环境干扰的5个典型事件进行异常分析,结合易县台形变山洞所处的构造应力背景场,并利用模型定量计算得出:①荷载干扰源对易县台伸缩仪观测数据造成的荷载应变量与干扰源的距离、荷载量有关并呈正相关;②易县台SS-Y型伸缩仪三分向中NS测项、NE测项受到荷载干扰曲线异常幅度...     

漳州地震台SSY型伸缩仪资料干扰因素分析

通过对漳州地震台SSY型伸缩仪观测资料的分析,总结日常观测过程中可能遇到的多种干扰因素.从自然、外界环境、人为干扰、仪器自身等干扰因素的典型表现,加深对非地震前兆因素干扰的识别,以便更好地排除此类干扰,提高仪器观测资料的质量.     

桥梁限位器抗震设计方法研究

本文建立了两跨简支梁桥和五跨多跨刚架桥两结构模型，针对限位器的种类、刚度、强度、安装位置，输入地震动等进行了大量工况下的数值模拟研究。研究表明限位器与柱（框架）的刚度比在0.5-2之间较优。将现有的限位器设计方法应用于两算例结构，对现有限位器设计方法进行了比较研究。     

SS-Y型伸缩仪典型故障图像特征分析及处理

利用地震前兆数据跟踪分析平台,搜集并梳理全国定点形变观测台SS-Y型伸缩仪2016—2018年数据跟踪分析观测系统事件记录、观测日志,按影响因素分类,归纳为前置放大器、传感器、主机、供电、传输线路、避雷器、标定装置等13种故障类型,分析各故障类型中发生的曲线特征与技术解决措施,为基层台站伸缩仪观测日常运维中快速锁定故障位置提供参考,进一步提高观测数据的完整性、连续性,提高数据跟踪分析工作的实际效能。     

Changes in sand fractions of Binggou section and the expansion and contraction of the Tengger desert during 50–30 ka

Signs of the evolutionary process are well preserved in the aeolian deposits of desert margins and enable reconstruction of desert expansion and contraction. The sand content (percentage >63 µm) of loess in the loess–desert transitional zone was used as a proxy indicator for determining the proximity of the desert margin. According to the dominant wind direction, generally NW–SE in the northwest Chinese Loess Plateau, a transect was projected to observe spatial changes in sedimentological characteristics of aeolian deposits during the Last Glacial Period. The transect consists of 12 loess sections, starting at Shapotou in the transitional region between the Loess Plateau and the Tengger Desert and ending at Tianshui, which is located at the north foot of the Western Qinling Mountains in the southernmost part of the Loess Plateau. It shows the properties of temporal and spatial distribution of the Malan loess, with reduced sand content from northwest to southeast. A linear correlation model of sand content and distance was obtained, which was similar to the east of the Chinese Loess Plateau. According to this model, and on the basis of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating from Binggou section, a detailed and quantificational expansion and contraction for the Tengger Desert was established. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Expansion and contraction of Chinese deserts during the Quaternary

Episodic dune formations during the Quaternary are found in many deserts of China.The causes of desert expansions on different time scales are not the same. Desert extension atabout 1.1 and 0.9 Ma ago were the response to the active tectonic movements, whereas the de-sert evolutions on the ten-thousand years time scale were the response to the orbital scale climaticchanges. Spatial scale studies on desert evolution indicate that desert margins shifted greatly dur-ing the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the Holocene optimum, its changing from 125°E of theLGM to 105°E of the climatic optimum. Historical desertification in the semiarid China is not a re-sponse to climate drought but largely associated with the human impacts (mainly over-cultivation)since about 2300 years ago, which leads to the reworking of the underlying LGM sands.     

光缆布设方式对DAS主、被动源记录的影响

近年来分布式光纤声波传感器在近地表结构的主、被动源地震成像中得到了广泛应用,前人研究发现不同布设方式光缆记录的数据质量差别较大,有可能影响成像结果.因此本文针对光缆布设方式对分布式光纤声波传感器记录的主、被动源数据的影响开展了观测实验,设计了水泥胶结、路面摆放、架空三种布设方式模拟实际情况中的光缆,开展了主、被动源信号观测.基于光缆记录的被动源信号计算噪声互相关函数,采用多道面波分析法测量不同光缆的相速度频散曲线,并对比三种布设方式的光缆记录的主动源信号波形与到时等信息.结果表明水泥胶结和路面摆放布设方式可以提供质量较好且一致的主、被动源数据,但是悬空光缆的信号质量与频谱受到光缆自振的影响. 利用滤波去除光缆自振影响后,其频散曲线与水泥胶结和地面摆放光缆提取的频散曲线误差在5 m·s^-1以内. 通过相应优化手段后,三种布设方式的光缆记录的主、被动源数据都可以用于面波和体波走时成像,而主动源信号波形信息差异较大,难以直接用于相关成像研究,有待开展进一步工作.

     

Non‐linear seismic response of arch dams with contraction joint opening and joint reinforcements

A comprehensive study of non‐linear seismic response of arch dams with contraction joint opening and joint reinforcements has been conducted. A numerical model of contraction joint reinforcements is presented for optimization control of the joint opening. The objective of this control is to reduce the joint opening and expectantly to balance the sustained loads between the horizontal and the vertical components of the dam, thus avoiding an overstress in the cantilever while retaining the release of arch tensile stresses to some extent. Several parameter studies such as critical element size and required number of joints to be simulated for convergence are also performed. As an engineering application, a 292‐m high arch dam (the Xiaowan arch dam) and the Big Tujunga dam are analysed in detail. The results demonstrate that the joint opening and the corresponding load transfer from the arch to cantilever components of the dam during strong earthquakes are substantial. It is also evident that by providing sufficient strength and reinforcement flexibility, the joint opening can be controlled to some extent. However, the stress redistribution due to reinforcement control is not sufficient to avoid the overstress in the cantilever for the Xiaowan arch dam. Thus, alternative measures are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑横缝影响的拱坝动力分析

本文在求解三维弹性静力摩擦接触问题的有效方法-非光滑方程组方法的基础上,通过能够近似满足动量、动能守恒条件的速度、加速度的修正方法,将该方法推广到动力接触问题的求解中,以考虑地震时拱坝中横缝的开合、错动对坝体动力响应的影响。同时文中采用由多次透射公式表示的人工边界条件来考虑坝-基动力相互作用的影响。数值算例中分析了横缝的数目和布置位置对拱坝动力响应的影响。     

高拱坝伸缩横缝间布设阻尼器对坝体地震反应影响的研究

对设置伸缩横缝的小湾高拱坝结构，应用子结构理论，分别就正常高水位与常遇低水位两种水位工况，考虑坝体伸缩横缝在地震交变荷载作用下反复开合引起的缝面间滑移、接触等效应的影响，坝体-库水的相互作用而产生的动水压力的影响，对坝体的抗震性能进行了地震反应分析。对伸缩缝间设置阻尼器这新的设计思想进行了可行性的研究，论证推导了阻尼器的计算模型，探讨了阻尼器对坝体抗震性能的影响。     

拱坝横缝影响及有效抗震措施的研究

大量研究结果和某些拱坝的地震震害表明，横缝对拱坝的地震响应有很大的影响。通过采用非光滑方程组方法以及考虑碰撞时刻动量、动能守恒来模拟横缝所引起的动接触问题，同时为了提高计算效率，采用隐-显式积分方法对坝-基系统的动力平衡方程进行求解。针对在拱坝中上部配筋这一抗震措施，也作了探讨。通过对小湾拱坝的分析，为高拱坝工程抗震措施的选择提供技术依据。     

Relaxation method for pounding action between adjacent buildings at expansion joint

Earthquake‐induced structural pounding frequently causes serious damage to buildings, particularly at the expansion joint (hereafter, EXPJ) between adjacent buildings. Because the EXPJ width in existing reinforced concrete buildings is usually very small, typically about 5 cm for school buildings in Japan, collision avoidance cannot be achieved by seismic retrofitting. This paper presents an experimental investigation into an effective method for reducing severe structural damage due to pounding at the EXPJ between narrowly separated buildings. The method involves inserting a shock‐absorbing material such as rubber into the EXPJ gap. The efficiency of the proposed method is evaluated by laboratory shaking tests using two model buildings. Furthermore, a lumped mass model is used to carry out a collision analysis in order to numerically investigate the influence of such a shock‐absorbing material. Both the numerical and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The validity of the proposed method is also demonstrated by numerical simulation of adjacent 10‐story steel buildings with an EXPJ width of 5 cm. The force, acceleration and velocity produced by earthquake‐induced structural pounding are found to be remarkably mitigated by inserting a soft shock‐absorbing material into the EXPJ gap. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of expansion ratio on the critical Reynolds number in single fracture flow with sudden expansion

Flow in a single fracture (SF) is an important research subject in groundwater hydrology, hydraulic engineering, radioactive nuclear waste repository and geotechnical engineering. An abruptly changing aperture is a unique type of SF. This study discusses the relation between the values of the critical Reynolds number (Re_c) for the onset of symmetry breaking of flow and the expansion ratio (E) of SF, which is defined as the ratio between the outlet (D) and inlet (d) apertures. This study also investigates the effect of inlet aperture d on Re_c for flow in an SF with abruptly changing apertures (SF‐ACA) using the finite volume method. Earlier numerical and experimental results showed that flow is symmetric in respect to the central plane of the SF‐ACA at small Reynolds number (Re) but becomes asymmetric when Re is sufficiently large. Our simulations show that the value of Re_c decreases with the increasing E, and the relationship between the logarithm of Re_c and E can be described accurately using either a quadratic polynomial function or a logarithmic function. However, the relationship of Re_c and d for a given E value is vague, and Re_c becomes even less sensitive to d when E increases. This study also reveals that the hydraulic gradient (J) and flow velocity (v) follow a super‐linear relationship that can be fitted almost perfectly by the Forchheimer equation. The inertial component (J_i) of J increases monotonically with Re, whereas the viscous component (J_v) of J decreases monotonically with Re. The Re value corresponding to equal inertial and viscous components of J (named as the transitional point Re) decreases when E increases, and such a transitional point Re should be closely related to the critical Reynolds number Re_c, although a rigorous theoretical proof is not yet available. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Short‐term rock surface expansion and contraction in the intertidal zone

Transverse micro‐erosion meter (TMEM) stations were installed in rock slabs from shore platforms in eastern Canada. The slabs were put into artificial sea water for 1, 6 or 11 hours, representing high, mid‐ and low tidal areas, respectively. The TMEMs were used to record changes in surface elevation as the rocks dried during the remainder of the 12 h of a semi‐diurnal tidal cycle. A similar technique was used on the same rock types at intertidal TMEM stations in the field, as the rocks dried during low tide. Argillite and basalt surface contraction was from 0 to 0·04 mm: there was little surface expansion. Sandstones contracted by up to 0·03 mm in the field, but there was almost no contraction in the laboratory. Argillite and basalt contraction tended to be greatest in the upper intertidal zone, and to increase with rates of longer‐term surface downwearing, but there was little relationship with rock hardness or air temperature and humidity. Changes in elevation at the same points at TMEM stations in the laboratory and field were quite consistent from one tidal cycle to the next, but there were considerable variations within single tidal cycles between different points within each station. The data suggest that contraction within the elevational zone that is normally submerged twice a day by the tides is by alternate wetting and drying. Short‐term changes in elevation are generally low compared with annual rates of downwearing owing to erosion, but they may generate stresses that contribute to rock breakdown. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.