夏季沿亚洲副热带西风急流Rossby波传播及其与我国降水异常的联系

利用1960—2015年夏季(6—8月)NCEP 2.5°×2.5°全球逐日再分析资料,采用涡度源方程和Eliassen-Palm通量,对夏季沿亚洲副热带西风急流Rossby波活动的波源、能量传播及其与我国降水异常的关系进行了分析和研究。结果表明:夏季200 hPa大气准静止行星波产生的源地主要集中在地中海地区,亚洲副热带西风急流(ASWJ)中的准静止Rossby波在此激发并沿急流向东传播,东传过程中在急流轴南侧波流相互作用相对活跃。波作用通量的辐合辐散中心沿副热带西风急流交替分布,波流相互作用是ASWJ上西风强弱交替变化的动力机制。沿ASWJ交替分布的五个波作用通量辐合辐散关键区散度具有较强的关联性,表现为同一Rossby波列的不同部分,其中波源处Rossby波动能量的传播对其下游ASWJ的强弱影响最大,而急流关键区内纬向风的大小也与波作用通量散度场的强弱和分布密切相关。波源处以及位于我国青藏高原东部至黄土高原上空的波作用通量散度指数WFD-Ⅰ和WFC-Ⅱ与我国南、北方降水相关性较为显著,在WFD-Ⅰ为正异常年时,对应南方关键区降水偏多年份占比为62.5%,在WFD-Ⅰ为负异常年时,对应北方关键区降水偏多年份占比为80%;在WFC-Ⅱ为正异常年时,对应南方关键区降水偏少年份占比为66.7%,在WFC-Ⅱ为负异常年时,对应北方关键区降水偏少年份占比为81.8%。研究夏季波源处WFD-Ⅰ异常年导致我国降水异常的环流成因发现,WFD-Ⅰ为正异常年时,由上游波源地区激发的Rossby波向下游地区的能量频散偏强,位置偏南,波流相互作用导致我国南方上空高空急流加强,高低空辐散辐合配置加强,垂直上升运动增强,易造成我国南方地区降水异常偏多。WFD-Ⅰ为负异常年时,Rossby波能量的经向传播较强而纬向传播较弱,北方降水关键区受波通量辐散控制,高空西风急流加强,高低空辐散辐合配置和垂直上升运动增强,有利于我国北方地区降水的发展。     

两种类型中尺度涡旋Rossby波的相速度及其物理机制

本文使用正压浅水方程组以及纬向切变基流下二维中尺度横波型扰动的Bouss-inesq近似方程组,分析了这种沿着基本气流方向传播的中尺度扰动的波动传播物理过程。研究结果表明,中尺度涡旋Rossby波划分为两种类型。由于纬向基本气流的方向的二阶水平切变或者基本气流的垂直涡度在南北方向的变化(β*因子)所导致的涡旋Rossby波称之为第一类涡旋Rossby波(正压涡旋Rossby波),它产生的根本原因是β*因子的作用。这种第一类涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流-U0是单向传播的,其传播方向则与β*因子的正负符号有关。基本气流在垂直方向上的风速切变对于中尺度横波型的扰动起着不稳定的作用。如果考虑基流的二次垂直切变时,可以得到第二类涡旋Rossby波(斜压涡旋Rossby波)的相速度表达式,第二类涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的风速-U的二次垂直切变或者基本流场y方向的平均涡度在空间z方向上的不均匀性(亦即β**因子)。第二类涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流-U0也是单向传播的,其相速度与纬向波数k有关,能量是频散的,在纬向x方向存在群速度。在基本流场的风速-U存在二次垂直切变时,横波型不稳定可能是混合的涡旋Rossby-重力波的不稳定;而当基本流场的风速-U仅仅存在线性切变,不存在二次垂直切变时,此时根本不存在涡旋Rossby波,横波型扰动的不稳定则仅仅是重力惯性波的不稳定。最后利用横波型扰动的总涡度守恒方程对第二类涡旋Rossby波形成的物理机制做出了解释。     

地形对涡量传播和台风切向风速变化的参数敏感性

设计了一个高分辨率的浅水模式，以研究地形参数和纬向基流在涡旋Rossby波传播和台风切向风速变化中的作用。结果表明，无纬向基流条件下，岛屿地形的水平尺度对涡旋Rossby波传播的影响表现在：随地形水平方向尺度的增大，扰动涡度场环绕地形顺时针方向旋转的趋势增强，局域风速增幅减小，增强了平均风速的减弱。纬向东风基流条件下，热带气旋的局域风速及其平均切向风速的演变受台风与地形间距的改变以及地形作用时间长短的影响：当台风逐渐靠近地形时，局域风速增幅增强，平均风速逐渐减小；当台风逐渐远离地形时，出现相反的变化。     

切变基流对赤道大气波动稳定性的作用

在赤道β平面近似条件下，使用纬向切变基流下线性化Boussinesq方程组，分析了在纬向切变基流下几种赤道大气波动的稳定性特征。研究结果表明，基本气流的水平切变对赤道大气波动起到不稳定的作用，但是对赤道大气Kelvin波的频率、稳定性以及传播的相速度并不起作用。基本气流的水平切变使得相对于基本气流向东传播的重力惯性内波相速度减慢，而使得相对于基本气流向西传播的重力惯性内波的相速度加快，却造成相对于基本气流向西传播的Rossby波相速度减慢。基本气流的水平切变对于对赤道混合Rossby-重力惯性内波的影响主要取决于纬向波数k值的范围大小。当纬向波数k值较小时，基流的水平切变使得相对于基本气流向西传播的混合Rossby-重力惯性内波相速度加快；而当纬向波数k值较大时，则使得相对于基本气流向西传播的混合Rossby-重力惯性内波相速度减慢。在半地转近似下，风速水平切变的存在，会使得波长较大（纬向波数k→0）的赤道Rossby波相对于基本气流向西传播的相速度减慢；而风速垂直切变的存在，必然会引起这种波长较大（k→0）的Rossby波出现不稳定增长，同样也会造成赤道Rossby波相对于基本气流向西传播的相速度减慢。最后通过扰动发展能量方程，说明了基本气流的水平切变和垂直切变可以为扰动的发展提供能量来源。     

论Rossby波在东、西风带中传播与频散Ⅱ——球面Rossby波方程与诊断分析

从球坐标(Spherical coordinate)非地转、正压水平无辐散大气运动微扰方程出发,推导出球面Rossby波方程,证明球面Rossby波的物理机制仍然是绝对涡度守恒与卢效应,但基本气流以涡度形式参与了卢效应。因球面Rossby波偏微分方程不存在经向-纬向传播的"双向简谐波(传统Rossby波)"解,则将它做经向-纬向求导分离,从而得到关于球面经向风扰动的二阶偏微分方程及与之相应的仅作纬向传播的简谐波解,但待解的二阶偏微分方程不归于数理方程中的任何特殊函数,即证明不存在以连带Legendre函数为通解的Haurwitz波。采用传统Rossby波两个通解,当作球面Rossby波两类特解,做诊断分析表明,传统Rossby波正确反映球面Rossby波的(β-平面近似)"线性部分",但球面Rossby波及其纬向波速和群速都带有地球曲率性,并且存在奇点,其中,球面谐波扰动Rossby波仍然保持槽与脊纬向对称性,但"正弦扰动"与"余弦扰动"Rossby波有一定差别,而球面指数扰动Rossby波槽与脊不具备纬向对称性,后者可以解释东、西风带槽与脊一般为纬向非对称,还可以解释台风的纬向非对称结构。     

夏季沿西亚急流Rossby波活动异常的波源和能量传播及转换特征

用1958-2003年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用涡度源方程、Eliassen-Palm通量(EP通量)和非绝热效应的波能方程,分析了夏季沿西亚急流Rossby波活动(WAJRA)异常的波源、能量传播和转换特征,从大气动力学内部机制上进一步认识WAJRA异常的成因,提高对中高纬大气环流异常机理的理解.研究表明,对流层高层位于地中海和北大西洋-斯堪的纳维亚半岛的负涡度源区和EP通量强辐散区为夏季WAJRA异常的波源区.当波源区位置和强度出现异常时,波源所激发东传的Rossby波活动也出现异常,从而导致WAJRA强弱变化.WAJRA强(弱)年冰岛-斯堪的那维亚半岛(斯堪的那维亚半岛以东)EP通量强辐散区激发Rossby波并沿2条路径向东传播,一支向东传播在乌拉尔山附近转向东南并在里海、咸海-新疆上空进入亚洲副热带西风急流传播增强(减弱),另一支直接向东南方向传播在地中海东部-黑海附近进入亚洲西风急流增强(减弱),此外,地中海上空EP通量辐散也增强(减弱),它们共同作用使得WAJRA增强(减弱).沿西亚地区副热带西风急流(简称西亚急流,指亚洲副热带西风急流的15°-60°E部分)非绝热加热产生扰动有效位能远大于基本气流动能向扰动动能的转换和基本气流有效位能向扰动有效位能的转换.西亚急流Rossby波活动强年(弱年)伊朗高原及其北侧的西亚地区非绝热加热产生的有效位能增强(减弱)显著,是WAJRA增强(减弱)的能量源.     

热带大气能量频散波射线的低频动力学特征

首先在非零频波条件下采用有、无辐散两类数学模型 ,讨论热带大气低频波传播动力特征 ,研究结果表明 ,非零频的波频率参数是热带大气低频振荡源能量频散波路径及其波振幅的关键影响因子 ,且热带地区低频振荡的经向传播与其伴随着的强对流云团有显著相关 ,并与热带低纬 β因子等相关。文中还进一步揭示了低纬大气低频振荡经向传播伴随的积云对流现象及向高中纬传播机理 ,描述了 WKB近似方法数学模型及其波射线方程解模态对大气低频动力特性及其水汽分布垂直结构、不稳定层结等因子的响应特征。     

β中尺度暴雨系统发生发展的一种可能物理机制I. 涡旋Rossby波的相速度

使用纬向基流下横波型扰动的Boussinesq近似方程组, 分析了这种沿着基本气流方向传播的中尺度扰动发生不稳定时, 大尺度背景流场在垂直方向上的各种分布特征.在大气层结比较稳定的情况下, 如果基本气流在低层和高层较大(有可能存在低空急流和高空急流), 此时产生的β中尺度不稳定扰动相对于基流向东传播, 甚至于快速向东传播.基本气流在垂直方向上的风速切变对于中尺度横波型的扰动起着不稳定的作用.如果考虑基流的二次切变, 可以得到涡旋Rossby波的相速度表达式, 涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流是单向传播的.涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的风速二次切变, 亦即基本流场y方向的平均涡度在空间z方向上的不均匀所致.涡旋Rossby波的相速度与纬向波数也有关, 它的能量是频散的, 其在纬向x方向也存在群速度.在基本流场的风速存在二次切变时, 横波型不稳定可能是混合的涡旋Rossby重力波的不稳定; 而在基本流场的风速仅仅存在线性切变, 不存在二次切变时, 横波型扰动的不稳定则是重力惯性波的不稳定.     

2010年华南前汛期持续性降水异常与准双周振荡

利用中国台站逐日降水资料以及NCEP-DOE逐日再分析资料,分析了2010年华南汛期降水异常的低频特征及大气环流的影响。结果表明,2010年华南汛期降水异常呈显著的低频振荡特征,其中前汛期以10~20天振荡（准双周振荡）为主,后汛期以20~50天振荡（季节内振荡）为主。重点讨论了准双周尺度上前汛期持续性降水异常与中高纬和热带地区大气低频振荡的关系。中高纬地区的低频环流可通过Rossby波能量沿着低频遥相关波列的频散影响华南低频环流的变化。波活动通量分析显示,西西伯利亚作为Rossby波源,其波能量沿着横跨欧亚大陆的低频遥相关波列向我国东部地区频散,引起该地扰动加强,从而引起华南低频环流及垂直运动的变化进而造成华南降水的异常。热带东印度洋的准双周振荡是影响华南前汛期降水的另一低频来源。当赤道东印度洋对流旺盛（抑制）,其上空为强上升（下沉）气流,低层辐合（辐散）高层辐散（辐合）,而华南上空盛行下沉（上升）运动,不利于（有利于）华南降水。来自中高纬和低纬的低频信号的叠加并配合低频水汽输送共同影响了华南环流异常的低频变化,从而引起华南的低频降水异常,有利于华南持续性降水异常的发生。      

论Rossby波在东、西风带中传播与频散I——谐波扰动Rossby波和指数扰动Rossby波

传统Rossby波最初求解于局地直角坐标系（Cartesian coordinate）准地转、准水平无辐散正压大气运动微扰方程,在所谓“β平面”近似下,归于求解一个关于经向风扰动的二阶常微分方程,它存在可在β-平面经向-纬向传播的简谐波解,其物理机制是,扰动气流在科氏参数随纬度变化（所谓“β效应”）作用下的绝对涡度守恒。本文先讨论传统Rossby波二阶常微分方程“经向谐波扰动-纬向简谐波”（谐波扰动Rossby波）通解,指出传统Rossby波只被描述为谐波扰动Rossby波,即在扰动区内形成谐波扰动可在扰动区外作经向-纬向简谐波的连续传播;又讨论数学上存在的“经向指数扰动-纬向简谐波”（指数扰动Rossby波）另一通解,并且分析与比较两个通解的纬向波速与群速诊断方程。认为,谐波扰动和指数扰动“传播”与“频散”可以在相邻边界上保持为分段“零阶”连续且为有界。从而Rossby波定义为：大气运动受到连续或分段“零阶”连续谐波扰动和/或指数扰动和/或其它函数扰动、在β效应与绝对涡度守恒作用下、可以在全球（东、西风带）传播与频散的波动,作“纬向简谐波”传播是Rossby波的唯一识别特征。最后,作为对传统Rossby波的补充,单纯用指数扰动Rossby波波速和群速方程,对西风带中的长-中-短波槽脊传播、阻塞高压建立与后退、大槽建立与寒潮,以及气候上的遥响应,做出新的解释,更对东风带中的东风波（倒槽）与台风传播、副热带高压西进与东退,做出传统Rossby波尚不能解释的初步解释。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.