磷矿重介质选矿试验及工业化问题探讨

<正> 磷矿的重介质选矿试验研究,为我国磷块岩的选矿开辟了一条新的工艺路线。探讨其适用条件等有关问题及其工业化问题,具有实际意义。适合重介质分选的磷矿工艺矿物学特征(1)磷酸盐矿物、碳酸盐矿物及硅铝酸盐矿物、氧化类矿物分别聚集成为磷块岩、白云岩及页岩条带,相间分布。(2)由于磷矿重介质分选比重较高,为保证良好的分选效果,磷矿粒度下限在1～2mm 较好,上限一般为6～15mm。这就要求磷块岩条带宽度大多数在1～2mm 以上。(3)磷块岩条带和脉石条带间力     

难选氧化锌矿硫化焙烧-浮选试验

针对氧化锌矿浮选分离困难、选矿指标低的问题,提出氧化锌矿硫化焙烧-浮选技术方案。以硫磺为硫化剂,通过硫化焙烧,将氧化锌矿物转化为硫化锌矿物,再使用传统的硫化矿浮选法分选。试验原矿含锌5.13%,氧化率达86.55%,主要脉石矿物为石英和方解石。通过焙烧试验,确定最佳焙烧条件为硫磺添加量3%,焙烧温度650℃,焙烧时间60 min,磨矿细度-74μm占85%;然后通过闭路浮选试验,获得锌品位38.96%、锌回收率86.33%的锌精矿。     

磷块岩选矿实验对磷块岩物理富集成矿理论的检验

磷块岩几十年选矿试验研究与选矿生产实践表明,组成磷块岩的两大主要组分磷酸盐矿物与碳酸盐矿物两者的可选性相近,成为磷块岩选矿试验研究的主要课题.选矿试验研究离不开矿石的矿物学研究,矿石是一种特殊的岩石,是由多种矿物(或元素)组成的,选矿是将有用矿物(或元素)分离出来并提取回收的过程.矿石的结构构造、矿石矿物与脉石矿物的自...     

LZ—2型高压静介电矿物分离仪及其应用

矿物静电分选早巳用于工业选矿,但在实验室少量样品的单矿物分选中尚未普遍应用。用介电法分选单矿物是七十年代发展起来的一种有效分选手段,但目前国内生产的介电分离仪为手工操作方式,效率较低,有毒介电液和高频幅射对人体有一     

我国单矿物分选技术的十大难题

1960年10月,涂光炽教授提出要建立地质与选矿相结合的边缘学科。23年来,单矿物分选从无到有,初具规模,现已形成独立的体系。1981年在广州召开了全国单矿物分选学术会议,1983年8月又在肇庆举行了全国重砂矿物会议,成立了专业委员会,把重砂矿物及单矿物分选工作正式纳入学科范畴。单矿物分选作为一门边缘学科正在得到迅     

自动磁力分离仪分选和提纯矿物的使用方法

在地质和选矿实验室中利用矿物具不同磁性进行矿物鉴定及矿物分选提纯是早已应用的方法之一。随着工业技术发展对矿产资源的要求越来越广泛,除常见的金属和非金属矿物外,某些铌、钽、稀土、铀钍、锂、镀等矿物也引起人们的注意。     

化学物相分析方法测定菱铁矿的单矿物化学组成

本文报告了用化学物相分析方法测定菱铁矿单矿物的化学组成。可用富菱铁矿矿石直接测得菱铁矿单矿物的化学组成,从而解决了难以挑选得到较纯的菱铁矿单矿物的困难。根据碳酸盐矿物中铁、镁、锰和钙等元素形成类质同象置换的几项主要参数,提出了菱铁矿应具有(Fe,Mg,Nn)CO_3的组成。对国内21个菱铁矿矿床产出的菱铁矿石进行研究,其中有三个应定名为锰菱铁矿,五个应定名为镁菱铁矿。方法对菱铁矿矿床的地质研究和菱铁矿石选矿试验中精矿品位的估算具有实用意义。     

LZ—2型高压静介电矿物分离仪及其应用

矿物静电分选早已用于工业选矿,但在实验室少量样品的单矿物分选中尚未普遍应用。用介电法分选单矿物是七十年代发展起来的一种有效分选手段,但目前国内生产的介电分离仪为手工操作方式,效率较低,有毒介电液和高频幅射对人体有一定危害,致使这一方法的普遍应用受到很大限制。为满足单矿物分离的需要,黑龙江省地质矿产局仪     

低品位碳酸锰矿工艺矿物学研究

采用XRF、XRD、AMICS、EPMA等多种测试手段,对贵州某地锰矿矿石进行了系统的工艺矿物学研究,包括化学成分分析、矿物组成及含量分析、主要元素的赋存状态研究、主要矿物的嵌布特征和嵌布粒度研究。矿物含量研究在XRD和AMICS半定量分析基础上,通过使用XRF和EPMA校正数据,提高数据的准确性。研究表明,该矿石为低品位中高铁高磷酸性锰矿石,矿石中有用矿物为钙菱锰矿,主要脉石矿物为锰白云石、锰菱铁矿、伊利石、石英、钠长石、黄铁矿及磷灰石。代表性样品w(Mn O)为18.74%,其主要赋存于钙菱锰矿中。钙菱锰矿的百分含量为38.71%,95.00%的Mn赋存其中。钙菱锰矿嵌布粒度主要集中在37.50～178.38μm区间,而脉石矿物的嵌布粒度主要集中在0.83～37.50μm区间。     

高含盐水对浮选的影响与应对措施研究进展

采用高盐分、高硬度的海水、苦卤水、高循环选矿回水等高含盐水进行浮选将是未来沿海缺水地区选矿行业发展的必经之路,这些高含盐水中高浓度离子对矿物浮选的影响机理一直是选矿研究的热点之一。本文回顾了国内外学者在海水、苦卤水、高循环选矿回水等对矿物浮选影响及其作用机制方面的研究工作,系统分析了高含盐水中离子对浮选气泡、矿物表面性质以及浮选药剂的影响。高含盐水给矿物浮选带来众多积极影响,包括降低气泡表面张力产生数量更多、稳定性更强的气泡,提高矿化泡沫形成几率;压缩矿物表面双电层,减弱矿物颗粒之间的静电力,减小细粒脉石矿物浮选过程中的夹带等。同时,高含盐水中的离子也会消耗浮选药剂,且强碱性条件下高价碱金属离子在矿物表面形成亲水沉淀降低矿物可浮性,影响选矿指标。针对高含盐水的负面影响,认为主要应对措施包括研发消除高钙镁离子影响和高耐受性药剂以及淡化、软化高盐水,这也是未来使用高含盐水浮选必然关注的重点。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.