Variation in the shell of the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus (L.) from Sullom Voe and other parts of the Shetland islands

In most parts of southwestern Europe the shape of dog-whelk shells varies in a predictable manner with the exposure of the shore on which the animals are living. As the same relationship also applies on shores near Mongstad in Norway, it was thought that it might be true in Sullom Voe (Shetland) which is at about the same latitude. In fact the relationship only holds for some west coast samples. Exposed shores are indeed colonised by the short squat form expected of such places but the more elongated form, usually associated with very sheltered shores, is also found on all but the really exposed sites: there is accordingly very little difference in the shape of dog-whelk shells on Shetland shores. The species is consequently of little or no use in the assessment of exposure.     

The effect of tributyltin upon steroid titres in the female dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus, and the development of imposex

Exposure of female Nucella lapillus to tributyltin (TBT) in seawater at a concentration of 40 ng Sn/litre led to accumulation of TBT in the tissues, and an increase in penis length compared to control animals. Investigation of the steroid concentrations by radioimmunoassay revealed a significant increase in testosterone after 28 days exposure to TBT. No significant effect was noted upon the amounts of progesterone or estradiol-17β. When testosterone was injected into female N. lapillus in the absence of TBT, penis length was found to increase significantly. These observation suggest that there may be an association between the change in testosterone titre in response to exposure to TBT and the development of imposex in the dogwhelk.     

The impact of tributyltin from large vessels on dogwhelk (Nucella lapillus) populations around Scottish oil ports

Surveys of imposex in dogwhelk (Nucella lapillus) populations around oil terminals in Sullom Voe (Shetland) and Scapa Flow (Orkney) have confirmed that the effects of tributyltin (TBT) released from large vessels in coastal waters can be recognised. The impact of large vessels can be separated from the effects of other inputs of TBT in the areas studied. The intensity of the effects was greater in Shetland than in Orkney, reflecting the higher exposure to TBT resulting from the greater volume of traffic using the Shetland terminal, and the more restricted water exchange in that area. A large proportion of the female dogwhelks in Sullom Voe were unable to reproduce. Females in Scapa Flow were still able to reproduce, except for a small proportion close to two fish farm sites where TBT net-treatments were used prior to 1987.     

在流水系统中浒苔对营养盐吸收和转化的模拟实验

在实验室内选用不进行营养盐加富的流水系统模拟研究了浒苔（Ulva prolifera）对海水营养盐的吸收,测定了浒苔体内不同形态的碳、氮、磷的含量变化,探讨了浒苔对海水中碳、氮、磷3种生源要素的转化作用。结果显示,流动海水的实验体系是一个能给藻体创造稳定环境的模拟装置,可以不断地给藻体更新海水和补充营养盐。浒苔对海水中溶解无机氮（DIN）、溶解有机氮（DON）、溶解无机磷（DIP）和溶解有机磷（DOP）都有吸收作用,其平均吸收速率分别为10.87 μmol·g^-1·d^-1、2.41 μmol·g^-1·d^-1、0.183 μmol·g^-1·d^-1和0.023 μmol·g^-1·d^-1。光照时段的DTN和DTP的平均吸收速率与无光照时段的平均吸收速率没有显著差异（P>0.05）。浒苔对海水中无机形态的营养盐的吸收量高于对该元素的有机形态的吸收量;而浒苔的体内有机形态的成分均远高于无机形态的成分。浒苔对无机形态的氮、磷和碳转化为自身有机形态的转化效率分别为：97.33%,99.99%和96.84%。以上结果表明,浒苔能快速吸收无机形态的生源要素并转化为有机形态,能够加快生源物质进入生态系统的物质循环。     

Long-term effects of tributyltin compounds on the baltic amphipod, Gammarus oceanicus

Amphipod larvae, Gammarus oceanicus, were exposed for 8 weeks to bis(tributyltin) oxide (TBTO) or tributyltin fluoride (TBTF), or for 5 weeks to leachates from tributyltin-containing antibiofouling paints. No larvae survived 8 weeks' exposure to 3 μg/litre TBTO or TBTF. Differential larval survival occurred during exposure to 0·3 gmg/litre of these same compounds. Paint leachates were shown to cause similar toxicity responses at comparable aqueous tributyltin concentrations. An examination of sublethal responses showed slight decreases in growth for larvae exposed to TBTO and to paint leachates, although responses at tributyltin levels below 1 μg/litre were not marked. Whole-animal oxygen consumption rates were not affected by low tributyltin exposure levels. While these studies demonstrate low level toxicity of tributyltins, effects on oxygen consumption and growth do not indicate a mode of action for these compounds.     

Uptake of platinum group elements by the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca

Uptake of environmentally relevant platinum group elements (PGE) by the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca, has been studied. Removal of nM concentrations of Rh(III), Pd(II) and Pt(IV) added to filtered sea water appeared to proceed via pseudo-first-order kinetics, with respective forward rate constants of either 0.0039 or 0.0042 h^− 1, 0.0058 or 0.0096 h^− 1 and 0.0017 or 0.0032 h^− 1, depending on whether an irreversible or reversible reaction was invoked. The (quasi-) equilibrium distribution coefficients, derived from linear fits to uptake (sorption) isotherms, were about 1400, 900 and 350 mL g^− 1 on a dry mass basis for Rh, Pd and Pt, respectively. With increasing sea water pH, over the range 7.9 to 8.4, uptake of Rh by Ulva increased considerably, whereas a small increase in Pt removal was observed; in contrast, uptake of Pd exhibited no clear dependence on pH. The percentage of metal taken up that was internalised within cells, evaluated by washing selected algal samples in 3 mM EDTA, was about 40% for Rh, 80% for Pd and 95% for Pt. Results of this study were interpreted in terms of what is known about the aqueous speciation of PGE in sea water. Thus, Rh exists as cationic hydrated chloride complexes which are readily adsorbed at the algal surface. Palladium has an exceptional affinity for organic ligands, and uptake (and internalisation) appears to be governed by competition for Pd²⁺ from aqueous and algal binding sites. Platinum (IV) exists predominantly as a series of (mainly) negatively charged chloride and mixed hydroxychloride complexes that have little propensity to interact with the algal surface; however, its high degree of internalisation requires at least some interaction with specific and perhaps physiologically active sites.     

海洋浮游植物对硒的摄取和转化

本文研究海洋浮游植物考长过程对硒的摄取和转化。结果表明，在藻类生长初期，快速选择摄取，并积累于藻相。在指数生长期，以溶解有机物形式排出体内多余硒。在稳定生长期各形态基本趋于稳定。藻类混种培养能提高对Ｓｅ的摄取程度及溶解有机硒代谢速度。     

Uptake and metabolism of arsenate by anexic cultures of the microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Axenic cultures of the microalgae species, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were grown at arsenic (As) concentrations typically found in uncontaminated marine environments ( 2 µg L^− 1) under different phosphorus concentrations. D. tertiolecta accumulated higher arsenic concentrations (mean: 13.7 ± 0.7 µg g^− 1 dry mass) than P. tricornutum (mean: 1.9 ± 0.2 µg g−1 dry mass). Media phosphorus concentrations (0.6–3 mg/L) had little influence on microalgae growth rates or arsenic accumulation. Arsenic was present as lipid bound (29–38%; 4.2–9.5%), water-soluble (20–29%; 26–34%) and residue bound (41–45%; 57–69%) arsenic species in D. tertiolecta and P. tricornutum respectively. Hydrolysed lipids contained mostly glycerol arsenoribose (OH- ribose), dimethylarsinate (DMA) and inorganic arsenic (As(V)) moieties. Water-soluble species of microalgae were very different. D. tertiolecta contained inorganic arsenic (54–86%) with variable amounts of DMA (7.4–20%), arsenoriboses (5–25%) and traces of methylarsonate (MA) ( 1%). P. tricornutum contained mostly DMA (32–56%) and phosphate arsenoribose (PO₄-ribose, 23–49%) and small amounts of OH-ribose (3.8–6.5%) and As(V) (9–16%). Both microalgae contained an unknown cationic arsenic species. The residue fractions of both microalgae contained predominately inorganic arsenic (99–100%). These results show that at natural seawater arsenic concentrations, both algae take up substantial amounts of inorganic arsenic that is complexed with structural elements or sequestered in vacuoles as stable complexes. A significant portion is also incorporated into lipids. Arsenic is metabolised to simple methylated species and arsenoriboses.     

饲料中添加氯化钠对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长和能量收支的影响

研究了饲料中添加氯化钠(0,0.05%,0.10%,0.20%,0.40%,0.80%,1.60%,3.20%,6.40%和12.80%)对体湿质量为1.041~1.104g凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)的存活、生长和能量收支的影响。实验周期30d。结果表明:饲料中添加氯化钠显著地影响对虾的存活率、特定生长率和饲料转换效率,而对摄食量和吸收效率的影响不显著;在0.80%氯化钠水平,凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率显著高于0,3.20%,6.40%和12.80%氯化钠水平,但与其它处理差异不显著。     

藻类对硒的吸收、富集和转化的研究进展

硒是唯一种由基因调控且生物所必需的微量元素,它能够防治癌症[1-3]、延缓衰老[4]、提高免疫能力[5]。硒主要通过硒代半胱氨酸(Sec)的形式进入硒蛋白,而硒代半胱氨酸又是硒蛋白的关键组成成分,同时也是构成一系列硒酶,如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione Peroxidase, GSH-POX)等的活性中心。此外硒代半胱氨酸还是由 UGA 密码子引导的第21种氨基酸[6]。大量研究表明,硒的缺乏或过剩与人类的多种疾病息息相关[7]。在低质量浓度水平下,硒有助于细胞的生长与功能的发挥,对哺乳动物的发育起着重要作用[8];然而高质量浓度的硒会导致活性氧物质产生,促使DNA氧化, DNA双链断裂,细胞死亡[9]。硒多以无机形式存在,生物利用度低且易引起硒中毒,而有机硒的毒性低,生物活性高且容易被人类或其他生物吸收利用,所以有机硒常被视为高效且安全的补硒制剂[10]。     

Metabolism of tributyltin oxide by crabs, oysters and fish

Bis(tributyltin) oxide (TBTO) is widely used as an antifouling agent in various antifouling paints. Thus, some marinas have TBTO concentrations as high as 2 μg/liter.¹ These concentrations can be toxic to zooplankton.² The objectives of the present study were to determine the ability of a number of marine animals, including crabs, oysters and fish, to metabolize TBTO. Earlier work showed that extracts of rat liver were able to metabolize TBTO to a variety of metabolites, e.g. β-hydroxybutyldibutylin.³ The role of the cytochrome P-450 dependent mixed-function oxygenase system in oxidizing TBTO in marine animals was also of interest. Both in vivo (uptake of ¹⁴C-TBTO from food or water) and in vitro studies demonstrated that all the animals were able to metabolize TBTO. The oysters metabolized TBTO at a much slower rate than the other animals. The mixed-function oxygenase system from hepatic tissues of the various animals was able to metabolize TBTO by forming a number of hydroxylated metabolites.     

牙鲆的营养需求研究与饲料应用

20世纪90年代我国开始进行牙鲆（Paralichthys olicaceus）人工育苗和人工养殖,1992年以后牙鲆人工养殖发展迅速,目前山东、辽宁、河北、江苏、浙江、甚至福建沿海等地都开展了牙鲆的人工养殖。     

Effects of tributyltin (TBT) exposure on the reproduction and embryonic development of the bivalve Scrobicularia plana

Field and laboratory work was carried out during the summers of 1990 and 1991 on bivalves Scrobicularia plana from sites moderately-affected and relatively-unaffected by tributyltin (TBT) contamination (i.e. a mean concentration in clam tissues of 0.4 and 0.02 μg Sn g⁻¹ dry wt, respectively). Standard cultures after artificial fertilizations with broodstock of either site did not result in dissimilar survival of embryos nor in larvae of different quality at the time of hatching. Static 48 h toxicity tests on S. plana embryos showed that an EC₅₀ of less than the nominal 250 ng Sn litre⁻¹ (a range of 178–198 ng Sn litre⁻¹, as analysed) can be set for TBT independently of the origin of broodstock. The results are discussed in relation to the reported disappearance of S. plana throughout northern Europe and the simultaneous presence of toxic levels of butyltin. It is concluded that TBT has probably reduced the recruitment into some UK clam populations by preventing the successful development of a significant proportion of their embryos.     

温度和微藻饵料对强额孔雀水蚤摄食的影响

论文以强额孔雀水蚤(Parvocalanus carssirostris)为研究对象,研究了不同培养温度(18℃、22℃、26℃、30℃)、不同种类微藻(球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica...     

Ultrastructure study of the diatom——Ⅱ. Synedra, Cyclophora, Plagiogramma, Opephora, Fragilaria and Pseudostaurosira

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Investigation of the carrageenans extracted from Solieria filiformis and Agardhiella subulata from Mar Piccolo, Taranto

Dried samples of the red algae Solieria filiformis and Agardhiella subulata from Mar Piccolo, Taranto, were extracted by stirring in water at 25 (Cold), 85 (Hot) and 120 (pressure) °C. For each species, six successive cold, three hot and two pressure extractions were performed and analyzed separately. Water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated after treatment with amylase, alcohol precipitation, dialysis and freeze drying. The total, starch-free yields were 27 and 24% of the dry weight for S. filiformis (SF) and A. subulata (AS), respectively. FTIR and NMR spectroscopic analysis showed that the different cold and hot water extracts had a similar structural backbone, which can be characteristic of gelling type carrageenans with a dominant iota repeating structure (DA2S-G4S). However, some irregularities were detected by NMR, which may be attributed to 6-sulphated 4-linked precursor units. The occurrence of such and other irregularities was more frequent in the SF samples, giving a possible explanation for the enhanced extractability in cold water of carrageenan polymers from this species.     

钝顶螺旋藻对不同无机硒的吸收研究

硒是一种人体必需微量元素,国内外许多学者对其进行了广泛研究,证明硒具有保护生物膜、清除自由基、抗癌、防衰老、增进免疫等生物学功能。但无机硒为剧毒品,使用范围及剂量受到限制。只有当无机硒转化为有机硒后才有普遍的食用价值和保健价值。然而国内目前尚不能人工合成有机硒,因而一些学者进行了动植物对无机硒的吸收转化来获取有机硒[1～3]。     

水温、盐度和饵料密度对橄榄蚶滤水率的影响

用实验生态学的方法研究了不同水温(15、20、25、30℃)、盐度(16、21、26、31、36)和饵料密度(0.5×104、1.5×104、2.5×104、3.5×104、5×104个/m L)对橄榄蚶(Estellarca olivacea)滤水率的影响。实验结果表明,以金藻作为饵料,水温、盐度、饵料密度对橄榄蚶的滤水率有显著影响(P0.05)。水温15~30℃、盐度16~36、饵料密度为0.5~5×104个/m L时,橄榄蚶的滤水率都呈峰值变化。水温25℃、盐度26、饵料密度3.5×104个/m L时,其滤水率分别达到最大值。在所研究的范围内,水温、盐度、饵料密度与滤水率之间分别满足函数关系:FRT=–0.3396T2+1.8937T+0.2728(R2=0.9857,P0.05);FRS=–0.3424S2+1.9626S+0.7112(R2=0.9683,P0.05);FRC=1.7395 C 0.4607,(R2=0.9062,P0.05)。