一门新兴的边缘学科——风工程学

风对人类的活动有明显的影响,对于风力的利用已有上千年的历史.但对风真正的了解,却经过漫长的岁月.因为引起风变化的原因十分复杂,它是由于各种不同尺度的流体系统之间,以及由多种原因产生的力之间的非线性作用的结果.     

中纬度对流层上部的能量变化

能量在大气中是一个主要的因素,大气中一切的现象之所以能发生,都是因为大气有适当的能量的供给和变化。大气中能量的式样很多,不同式样的能力有不同的重要性,研究各种式样的能力的多寡和它的变化是很有意义的,因为大气环流     

城里的月光

百花园默默来到城市身旁不经意拔动人世间的忧伤流浪的人在痴痴仰望回家的路途那么漫长远方倚门回归的乡音一次次淋湿游子的胸膛谁在城市的街头独自彷徨憔悴挂满年轻的脸庞月下的爱情为何短暂匆忙遍地的清辉留不住远去的倩影只有任思念把一切埋葬深夜的月亮已经隐藏谁还在把城里的月光演唱窗外的霓虹装点不眠的夜色躲在城市后面的月光让人静静想起旧日的悲凉许多与月有关的往事在这孤独的夜里情不自禁地疯长......城里的月光@姜永育     

积云参数化和分辨率对MJO数值模拟的影响

用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的一个大气环流模式,使用不同的积云参数化方案和分辨率进行了6个模拟试验,考察了积云参数化方案和模式分辨率对热带大气季节内振荡（MJO）模拟的影响。结果显示：积云参数化方案和分辨率都会影响MJO的模拟。但积云参数化方案决定了模式对MJO模拟的基本能力,决定了模拟的MJO的基本特征。分辨率的变化并不能使模拟的MJO发生本质的改变,分辨率的作用更多的是对MJO的模拟起一定的调制作用,而这种调制作用又受到积云参数化方案的制约。在改进积云参数化方案的基础上提高模式的分辨率会在某些方面改善MJO的模拟。但是分辨率的提高需要同时提高水平分辨率和垂直分辨率,单独提高水平分辨率会降低模式模拟MJO的能力,引入更多的小尺度的高频扰动。非绝热加热垂直廓线对模式模拟MJO有重要的影响,而非绝热加热廓线很大程度上取决于所使用的积云参数化方案。模式水平分辨率的变化不会对加热廓线的结构产生明显的影响,而垂直分辨率的变化会对加热廓线的垂直结构产生一定的调制作用,进而对模拟的MJO起到调制作用。     

父亲

父亲的肩是厚厚的垫托起家庭的重担不曾有空闲父亲的臂是弯弯的镰在岁月的山坡上砍伐不曾有清闲父亲的脚是短短的尺丈量泥泞的道路不曾间断希望的伸延父亲的背是弯弯的弓搭上母亲的一支支箭竭力射向高高的蓝天父亲的眼是深深的堰盛着生活的辛酸也盛着幸福的甘甜     

有害蓝藻喜欢温暖

城市、农业和工业发展造成的富营养化的水促进了蓝藻的生长,就像促进有害的海藻生长一样。这些蓝藻的繁盛增加了水生生态系统的混乱状况。窒息了水生植物,抑制了无脊椎动物和鱼类的生活环境。一些蓝藻产生出能够引发严重的、偶然情况下致命的人类肝脏、消化系统、神经系统和皮肤疾病的毒素。蓝藻的繁盛威胁到水生生态系统,包括非洲的Victoria湖,北美洲的Erie湖,中国的太湖以及欧洲的波罗的海。     

为预报植物、群落和生态系统对二氧化碳浓度响应的模拟要求

大气CO_2升高的一个重要的直接效应是促进植物生长。为了了解和预报自然物种及生态系统对CO_2增加的响应,需要有新的或修正的模式方法。由于在未来100年内,大气中CO_2将增加1倍,有效的模式将成为预报响应(如生产率的变化,植物群落组成的变化及分离的碳含量的变化)的重要手段。作为研究CO_2对植被直接影响的综合计划的一部分,对模拟植物和生态系统响应的要求进行了讨讨,主要的要求是(a)一种模式的复杂程度要与一般的生态知识相适应,主要是CO_2响应函数的处理;(b)建立预报植物、群落和生态系统对CO_2响应的模式;(c)评价由CO_2决定的模式参数的敏感性和不确定性,次要的要求是建立评价模式所需的资料条件的框架。     

东亚的秋高气爽

作者利用现有的气候资料把我国秋高气爽的天气现象的出现地区、起迄日期和形成原因作一初步的分析,同时还把中国的秋高气爽现象跟北半球其他地区如北美印第安夏季,欧洲的老妇人天气或中欧的秋老虎天气作一粗略的比较;最后,还指出我国秋高气爽天气在8月底9月初的建立和地面层冬季风的来临是同时的,而它的结束则与亚洲南部高空西风急流的建立和夏季风影响的停止是同时的.     

关于中国季风性质的几个问题

在本文里讨论了下列四个问题:1.季风的分布。用季风指数的分布明说我国东南部分是季风最强的区域,华北季风较弱,东南沿海也有一条狹窄的季风较弱的地带,这说明了季风强度的分布是很复杂的.2.季风场.在中印之间发现有一条明显的季风界线存在,季风界线的产生是与西藏高原的影响分不开的.对中国和印度季风的物理性质的差异进行了分析,并从季风观点将中国分为三个不同的气候区域.3.季风变换.季风变换和南支西风急流的形成和消失有密切关系,对它们有決定性影响的不是西藏高原的动力作用,而是亚洲大陆的热平衡条件,后者还决定了整个东亚和太平洋区域大气环流的季节性突变过程.4.季风的振动.季风的强弱经常是在变化的,利用苏联王根敢(?)的环流型对照分析,发现远东的季风的世纪变程和环流型的世纪变程基本上是相同的.     

全球大气能量演变及其与太阳活动的关系

利用1979—2010年间的JRA-25再分析资料、太阳常数观测资料,重现了1979—2010年间的各能量的时间序列,并对整层大气、对流层大气和平流层大气这3个大气层能量的演变规律及其与太阳活动的关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)整层大气的总能量和对流层大气的总能量,两者都存在一个显著的3.7 a的周期;而平流层大气的总能量具有一个显著的11~22 a的振荡周期;平流层大气对太阳活动的响应,与对流层大气对太阳活动的响应有所不同:平流层大气的总能量的变化略落后于太阳常数的变化,但是整层大气和对流层大气的总能量的变化均是超前于太阳常数的变化。(2)整层大气、对流层大气和平流层大气这3个层次的总能量和太阳常数分别具有显著的4~11 a的共振周期、5.5~7.3 a的共振周期和3.7~11 a的共振周期。     

要重视指示性云的观测及编码

以一些易被忽略、简化的指示性云状及编码为依据,论述云天演变,对于观测、记录及编码具有重要意义。     

要重视指示性云的观测及编码

以一些易被忽略、简化的指示性云状及编码为依据，论述云天演变，对于观测、记录及编码具有重要意义。     

对百色工业立市气象信息服务的探讨

就百色工业立市的情况作简要概叙,并在工业立市进程中,除了决策和公益气象服务以外,气象信息服务的市场前景、营销人员队伍、服务中应注意的事项及气象信息服务的可能服务对象和内容作了较为详细的探讨。     

综合布线系统在气象核心网络升级中的应用

综合布线系统采用标准化的语音、数据、图像、监控设备,各线综合配置在一套标准的布线系统上,统一布线设计、安装施工和集中管理维护。综合布线系统在广东省气象局核心网络升级综合布线实际应用效果明显。     

综合布线系统在气象核心网络升级中的应用

综合布线系统采用标准化的语音、数据、图像、监控设备，各线综合配置在一套标准的布线系统上，统一布线设计、安装施工和集中管理维护。综合布线系统在广东省气象局核心网络升级综合布线实际应用效果明显。     

The Impact Of Air-Flow Separation On The Drag Of The Sea Surface

An approach that allows assessment ofthe impact of air-flow separation (AFS) fromwave breaking fronts on the sea-surface drag is presented. Wave breaking fronts are modelled by the discontinuities of the sea-surface slope. It is assumedthat the dynamics of the AFS from wave breaking crests is similar to thatfrom the backward facing step. The form drag supported by an individualbreaker is described by the action of the pressure drop distributed alongthe forward face of the breaking front. The total stress due to the AFS isobtained as a sum of contributions from breaking fronts of different scales.Outside the breaking fronts the drag of the sea surface is supported by theviscous surface stress and the wave-induced stress. To calculate the stressdue to the AFS and the wave-induced stress a physical model of the wind-wavespectrum is used. Together with the model of the air flow described in termsof surface stresses it forms a self-consistent dynamical system for the seasurface-atmosphere where the air flow and wind waves are strongly coupled.Model calculations of the drag coefficient agree with measurements. It is shownthat the dimensionless Charnock parameter (roughness length normalized onthe square of the friction velocity and the acceleration of gravity)increases with the increase of the wind speed in agreement with fieldmeasurements. The stress due to the AFS normalized on the square of thefriction velocity is proportional to the cube of wind speed. At low windsthe viscous surface stress dominates the drag. The role of the form drag,which is the sum of the stress due to the AFS and the wave-induced stress, isnegligible. At moderate and high winds the form drag dominates. At windspeeds higher than 10 m s^-1 the stress supported by the AFS becomescomparable to the wave-induced stress and supports up to 50% of the totalstress.     

黑潮OLR距平指数与华南西部主汛期降水的关系

OLR距平场与华南西部主汛期降水的相关分析场显示,在黑潮区域有强烈的高相关信号反映。黑潮区OLR距平指数与华南主汛期降水的遥相关分析显示,前期黑潮区OLR距平指数的异常,可以成为预测主汛期降水有一定指示意义的前兆信号。并在此基础上建立主成分降维分析方法,对1989~2000年主汛期降水作预测及回代检验,检验结果准确率达75%,说明用黑潮区OLR距平指数作为预报因子可以取得良好的预报成绩。     

对夜间云观测的体会

介绍夜间进行云观测的工作程序,对云的特征进行分析,提出了观测云的注意事项。     

The Role Of Halocarbons In The Climate Change Of The Troposphere And Stratosphere

Releases of halocarbons into the atmosphere over the last 50 years are among the factors that have contributed to changes in the Earth’s climate since pre-industrial times. Their individual and collective potential to contribute directly to surface climate change is usually gauged through calculation of their radiative efficiency, radiative forcing, and/or Global Warming Potential (GWP). For those halocarbons that contain chlorine and bromine, indirect effects on temperature via ozone layer depletion represent another way in which these gases affect climate. Further, halocarbons can also affect the temperature in the stratosphere. In this paper, we use a narrow-band radiative transfer model together with a range of climate models to examine the role of these gases on atmospheric temperatures in the stratosphere and troposphere. We evaluate in detail the halocarbon contributions to temperature changes at the tropical tropopause, and find that they have contributed a significant warming of ~0.4 K over the last 50 years, dominating the effect of the other well-mixed greenhouse gases at these levels. The fact that observed tropical temperatures have not warmed strongly suggests that other mechanisms may be countering this effect. In a climate model this warming of the tropopause layer is found to lead to a 6% smaller climate sensitivity for halocarbons on a globally averaged basis, compared to that for carbon dioxide changes. Using recent observations together with scenarios we also assess their past and predicted future direct and indirect roles on the evolution of surface temperature. We find that the indirect effect of stratospheric ozone depletion could have offset up to approximately half of the predicted past increases in surface temperature that would otherwise have occurred as a result of the direct effect of halocarbons. However, as ozone will likely recover in the next few decades, a slightly faster rate of warming should be expected from the net effect of halocarbons, and we find that together halocarbons could bring forward next century’s expected warming by ~20 years if future emissions projections are realized. In both the troposphere and stratosphere CFC-12 contributes most to the past temperature changes and the emissions projection considered suggest that HFC-134a could contribute most of the warming over the coming century.     

On The Influence Of The Eulerian Velocity PDF Closure On The Eddy Diffusion Coefficient

The flux-gradient model, often used to describe turbulent dispersion, implicitly defines an eddy diffusion coefficient K that is known to be related to the Eulerian probability density function (pdf) of the turbulent velocity field. In the strict limit of applicability of Fick's law, the relationship between K and the pdf is used to investigate the influence of non-Gaussianity on dispersion in homogeneous turbulence. A bi-Gaussian pdf is used as a closure model that allows for separate studies of skewness and kurtosis variations. The choice of model parameters can have a significant influence on K, especially when the pdf is bimodal. Both arbitrariness of the closure and bimodality are then reduced using the maximum entropy criterion for the selection of the free parameter of the closure scheme, together with the assumption that the model is valid only for those values of the parameters for which a unimodal pdf is possible. The variations of K are found to be sensitive to both skewness and kurtosis showing a more complex behaviour than that found in literature.