大气衰减以及毫米波与亚毫米波观测的强度校准

在标准的斩波轮校准法的基础上，讨论毫米波与亚毫米波天观测的校准过程，用一个常温温标可以为单边带和双边带接收模式建立强度标准。在毫米波和亚毫米波段，地面观测受到多变的大气不透明度的普遍影响。这一效应对双边带接收机尤为严重。中讨论了大气效应在不同中频下带来的误差，并计算了有关的误差范围。章指出了大气不透明度显时，单边带校准是能够将误差降低在１０％以内的有效方法。提出一种双边带观测，单边带校准是     

羊八井460GHz大气不透明度的测量

为了解羊八井观测站的亚毫米波观测条件,使用移动式亚毫米波望远镜(Portable Submillimeter Telescope,POST)测量了羊八井观测站460 GHz波段天顶方向大气不透明度.观测结果表明,羊八井观测站的460 GHz波段天顶方向大气不透明度的四分位数为1.25、1.42、1.63,观测时间段内大气不透明度τ_0≤1.0的时间比例约占3.4%.将此次观测结果与国际现有优秀亚毫米波台址比较,分析了影响亚毫米波不透明度的可能原因.     

大气492 GHz亚毫米波不透明度的测量

使用移动式亚毫米波望远镜(POST)在位于青藏高原海拔3200米的紫金山天文台德令哈射电天文观测站址测量地球大气492GHz频率处天顶方向的不透明度(τ0)的结果．在1999—2000年冬季和2000—2001年冬季的两个观测季节内累计共进行了约870个小时的测量，取得了25842组τ0的有效数据．对数据的统计表明，观测季节内τ0值主要分布在1．5—3．0之间．观测时段内大气不透明度τ0≤1．0的时间比例约占3％．在给出实测资料的基础上，将所测量的亚毫米波不透明度与国际现有亚毫米波台址的不透明度进行了初步比较．     

毫米波、亚毫米波射电天文观测设备的发展

本文概述了二十多年来毫米波、亚毫米波射电天文观测设备发展的历程,包括初期的毫米波观测设备发展的概况。较详细地列表介绍了国际上近期已完成或正在建设中以及计划中的各项毫米波、亚毫米波观测设备的发展现状,以及其他较大型射电望远镜项目。最后指出了射电天文方法向短波端延拓的趋势。     

在97.8GHz处测量地球大气的不透明度

用研制的全自动辐射计在97．8GHz上测量南京市内大气的不透明度以及这种不透明度随时间的变化．辐射计记录大气在不同天顶高度的辐射温度,由此测出天顶方向的大气不透明度。在56小时的测量时间内,取得了1400多组数据,拟合得到了在观测时段内天顶方向的大气不透明度在0．2至0．7之间,典型值为0．4,表明测试地点的大气条件允许进行3mm波段的射电天文观测．由于在工作频段内大气不透明度的主要来源是对流层水汽的吸收,测量的不透明度可用来直接反映大气内水汽的含量,并实时校准大气吸收．     

毫米波,亚毫米波天文学的现状和进展

简要介绍了毫米、亚毫米波学科领域的发展动向，及其在解决一系列天文学前沿课题中面临的挑战，在文献［６］的基础上概述国际上毫米波，亚毫米波射电观测设备运转和改进的状况，分析了在学科发展的强力推动下毫米、亚毫米波技术迅锰发展，以及在现有设备成功运行的条件下，筹划和发展大型毫米波，亚毫米波技术迅猛发展，以及在现有设备成功运行的条件下，筹划和发展大型毫米波，亚毫米波综合孔径及毫米波ＶＬＢＩ的充分性和必然趋势     

射电天文毫米波接收机强度校准

射电天文强度校准的目的是将接收设备对天文观测源的响应转换为天文意义上的流量.在常用的射电天文强度校准方法中,厘米波校准主要使用噪声注入模式,就是将1个标准噪声信号在馈源和极化器之后注入到接收机内部进行校准.由于毫米波微波器件的小型化导致噪声注入模式不易实现,加之注入模式可能引入噪声,因此BTL (Bell Telephone Laboratory)最早提出使用斩波轮技术进行毫米波校准,就是在馈源口面交替放置或者移除常温黑体进行校准;之后BIMA (Berkeley Illinois Maryland Association Array)又提出使用常温、热负载进行校准; ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter Array)对单、双负载校准方式的精度进行计算后,认为双温度负载校准方式有潜力实现1%的校准精度,并最终设计出机械臂式双温度负载校准机构;此后, GBT (Green Bank Telescope) 4 mm波段制冷接收机设计出旋转盘式双温度校准机构; OSO (Onsala Space Observatory)最新研制的3 mm波段制冷接收机设计出波束切换式双温度校准机构.中国科学院新疆天文台QTT(Qi Tai Telescope)项目的启动推动了毫米波接收机研制进程,为提高毫米波强度校准精度,相关的技术预研已经开始.     

射电干涉仪中的边带设置

在射电干涉仪中，单边带系统和双边带系统都有广泛的作用。本主要讨论了单、双边带系统中相关器输出中的条纹相位与本振相位、延迟、仪器相位的关系。特别对多资频率变换系统的相位关系作了论述。并指出了它们的优缺点。     

亚毫米波天文述评

本文主要从天文角度对亚毫米波天文观测和技术的目前进展作简要述评,介绍亚毫米波段大气的吸收与发射,观测站址情况,仪器现状和发展计划,地面、飞机、气球和空间观测,以及天文研究课题等,说明亚毫米波天文的重大科学意义。     

红外背景辐射

本文评述了红外背景辐射的近代观测发展和理论。第一节简述了红外背景辐射的宇宙学含义。第二节分析了近几年来红外背景观测的发展,着重讨论了近红外背景和亚毫米波背景的观测及其宇宙学含义。在第三节中,综述了近红外背景产生的各种星系前的源。在第四节中讨论了各种尘埃模型及其宇宙学效应。     

Solar Impulsive Hard X-Ray Emission and Two-Stage Electron Acceleration

Heating and acceleration of electrons in solar impulsive hard X-ray (HXR) flares are studied according to the two-stage acceleration model developed by Zhang for solar 3He-rich events. It is shown that electrostatic H-cyclotron waves can be excited at a parallel phase velocity less than about the electron thermal velocity and thus can significantly heat the electrons (up to 40 MK) through Landau resonance. The preheated electrons with velocities above a threshold are further accelerated to high energies in the flare-acceleration process. The flare-produced electron spectrum is obtained and shown to be thermal at low energies and power law at high energies. In the non-thermal energy range, the spectrum can be double power law if the spectral power index is energy dependent or related. The electron energy spectrum obtained by this study agrees quantitatively with the result derived from the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) HXR observations in the flare of 2002 July 23. The total flux and energy flux of electrons accelerated in the solar flare also agree with the measurements.     

在CepheusE中C~(18)O(J=1-0)分子外流的不准直性和速度成分

分析ＣｅｐｈｅｕｓＥ中Ｃ１８Ｏ（Ｊ＝１－０）的速度位置图,发现相对于峰速度的红移速度成分主要分布在中心位置附近的核区,而相对于峰速度的蓝移速度成分除了分布在中心位置附近的核区外,还可以在向东和向西北方向的外流中找到。这说明强度分布图中的分子外流的不准直分布是由相对于峰速度的蓝移速度成分的不准直分布所引起的。     

Distribution of SiO and OH Maser Stars in the Galactic Plane

The observational results of the Nobeyama 45-m SiO maser survey and the Arecibo 305-m OH maser survey are assembled for an analysis of the distribution and kinematics of late-type stars in the Galactic plane.It is found that neither SiO maser stars nor OH maser stars show any concentration to the spiral arms,which imply that they do not belong to the arm population and quite possibly they are low-mass stars in late stage of evolution.A rotational curve is also derived for these objects and a few features which may be real are discussed and compared with those derived from planetary nebulae and AGB stars.     

Superluminal Motion and Polarization in Blazars

A relativistic beaming model has been successfully used to explain the observed properties of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). In this model there are two emission components, a boosted one and an unbeamed one, shown up in the radio band as the core and lobe components. The luminosity ratio of the core to the lobe is denned as the core-dominance parameter (R = LCore/LLobe). The de-beamed radio luminosity (Ldbjet) in the jet is assumed to be proportional to the unbeamedluminosity (Lub) in the co-moving frame, i.e., f = Ldbjet/Lub, and f is determined in ourprevious paper. We further discuss the relationship between BL Lacertae objects (BLs) and flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), which are subclasses of blazars with different degrees of polarization, using the calculated values of the ratio f for a sample of superluminal blazars. We found 1) that the BLs show smaller averaged Doppler factors and Lorentz factors, larger viewing angles and higher core-dominance parameters than do the FSRQs, and 2) that in th     

The Origin and Acceleration of ~3He and Heavy Ions in the 2000 July 14 Event

1INTRODUCTIONEnrichment of3He and heavy ions(i.e.,Ne,Mg,Si and Fe),characteristic of impulsive?ares,have beenstudied for more than three decades.It is found that they are generally associated with nonthermal energeticelectron-rich events(Reames et al.1988;Reames1999and references therein;Ho et al.2001;Wang et al.2006)and are related to the peculiar ratio of charge to mass(Mazur et al.1996;Reames1999).Althoughthe abundance of3He ions is not correlated with the abundance of heavy ions,s…     

Magnetohydrodynamic instabilities and turbulence in accretion disks

In this paper we review the possibilities for magnetohydrodynamic processes to handle the angular momentum transport in accretion disks. Traditionally the angular momentum transport has been considered to be the result of turbulent viscosity in the disk, although the Keplerian flow in accretion disks is linearly stable towards hydrodynamic perturbations. It is on the other hand linearly unstable to some magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities. The most important instabilities are the Parker and Balbus-Hawley instabilities that are related to the magnetic buoyancy and the shear flow, respectively. We discuss these instabilities not only in the traditional MHD framework, but also in the context of slender flux tubes, that reduce the complexity of the problem while keeping most of the stability properties of the complete problem. In the non-linear regime the instabilities produce turbulence. Recent numerical simulations describe the generation of magnetic fields by a dynamo in the resulting turbulent flow. Eventually such a dynamo may generate a global magnetic field in the disk. The relation of the MHD-turbulence to observations of accretion disks is still obscure. It is commonly believed that magnetic fields can be highly efficient in transporting the angular momentum, but emission lines, short-time scale variability and non-thermal radiation, which a stellar astronomer would take as signs of magnetic variability, are more commonly observed during periods of low accretion rates. Received October 12, 1995 / Accepted November 16, 1995     

Periodic Orbits in Rotating Second Degree and Order Gravity Fields

Periodic orbits in an arbitrary 2nd degree and order uniformly rotating gravity field are studied. We investigate the four equilibrium points in this gravity field. We see that close relation exists between the stability of these equilibria and the existence and stability of their nearby periodic orbits. We check the periodic orbits with non-zero periods. In our searching procedure for these periodic orbits, we remove the two unity eigenvalues from the state transition matrix to find a robust, non-singular linear map to solve for the periodic orbits. The algorithm converges well, especially for stable periodic orbits. Using the searching procedure, which is relatively automatic, we find five basic families of periodic orbits in the rotating second degree and order gravity field for planar motion, and discuss their existence and stability at different central body rotation rates.     

DEFPOS and Its First Results

A spectrometer was built to examine the interstellar medium (ISM) using the hydrogen Balmer a line. It is called Dual Etalon Fabry-Perot Optical Spectrometer (DEFPOS). DEFPOS will be coupled to coude exit of the 150 cm telescope (RTT150) installed at TUBITAK National Observatory (TUG). DEFPOS was ready for observations about two years ago, but work was still continuing on the RTT150 coude exit alignment. So we have started observing HII regions with DEFPOS without the RTT150. We present here some characteristics of the instrument and some of the results obtained.     

Concordance of Kinematics and Lensing of Elliptical Galaxies with WMAP Cosmology

We explore degeneracies in strong lensing model so to make time delay data consistent with the WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) cosmology. Previous models using a singular isothermal lens often yield a time delay between the observed multiple images too small than the observed value if we "hardwire" the now widely quoted post-WMAP "high" value of the Hubble constant (H0 - 71 ± 4km s-1 Mpc-1). Alternatively, the lens density profile (star plus dark matter) is required to be locally steeper than r-2 (isothermal) profile near the Einstein radius (of the order 3 kpc) to fit the time delays; a naive extrapolation of a very steep profile to large radius would imply a lens halo with a scale length of the order only 3 kpc, too compact to be consistent with CDM. We explore more sophisticated, mathematically smooth, positive lens mass density profiles which are consistent with a large halo and the post-WMAP H0. Thanks to the spherical monopole degeneracy, the "reshuffling" of the mass in a lens model does not affect the quality of the fit to the image positions, amplifications, and image time delays. Even better, unlike the better-known mass sheet degeneracy, the stellar mass-to-light and the HO value are not affected either. We apply this monopole degeneracy to the quadruple imaged time-delay system PG1115 080. Finally we discuss the implications of the time delay data on the newly proposed relativistic MOND theory.     

Radio Identifications of Markarian Galaxies and the Correlation between Radio and Far-Infrared Properties

By checking DSS optical images and NVSS radio images, 782 Markarian galaxies were identified to be NVSS radio sources. A comparison of the radio luminosity at 1.4 GHz and the far-infrared (FIR) luminosity for 468 "normal" galaxies shows a tight correlation. Most of the Seyfert galaxies and quasars follow the radio-FIR relation deduced from the "normal" galaxy sample, but with a somewhat larger scatter. A total 167 Markarian galaxies, comprising 100 "normal" galaxies, 66 Seyfert galaxies and one quasar, have either excess radio emission or much lower FIR spectral index α(25μm,60μm). These galaxies may be classified as "AGN-powered". For "normal" galaxies, the average q value (defined as the log ratio between FIR and radio luminosities) is 2.3. There seems a trend for q to slightly decrease with increasing radio luminosity. This may imply that the ongoing active star formation in galaxies with higher radio luminosities is more efficient in heating the cosmic-ray electrons.