江西广昌头陂硅藻土矿床地质特征及成因

基于矿床地质特征,初步分析了江西广昌头陂硅藻土矿床的成因,提出了下一步勘查方向。头陂硅藻土矿赋存于新近系头陂组上段,呈层状和似层状,平面上呈面型展布并延伸至矿段外。上部矿层以圆筛藻属硅藻为主,下部矿层以羽纹目硅藻为优势。新近纪以来,头陂淡水湖泊盆地在温暖、湿润气候条件下,硅藻快速繁殖生长;中新世中晚期以来,盆地外围大面积的铝硅酸盐岩化学风化作用和少量火山灰飘落于水体中为硅藻土形成提供物质条件;硅藻死亡后,其硅质骨骸则保存下来形成硅藻淤泥,经过初步成岩后,便形成了硅藻土层。头陂地区硅藻土矿找矿标志为新近纪新地层和水平层理发育的浅色沉积岩。     

雷州半岛田洋组的岩石组合特征及赋矿性

分布于雷州半岛南部火山湖盆及火山岩洼地内的田洋组,是第四纪中更新世晚期至晚更新世早-中期沉积的一套内陆湖相地层体,以富含硅藻为主要特征.其岩性组合下部由粘土质硅藻土、含粘土硅藻土和硅藻土组成,中部以含硅藻粘土和硅藻质粘土为主,上部为粘土质硅藻土和硅藻土.就单个湖盆而言,其岩性组合变化不大,不同的湖盆,岩性组合略有差异.沉积厚度以湖盆或洼地中心最厚,往边缘逐渐变薄.岩相变化自下而上由深湖亚相→浅湖亚相→滨湖亚相转变.由于田洋组在沉积过程中所具备的特殊地理地质环境,大量硅藻在湖泊富营养的水环境中生存、繁殖和死亡,从而形成了大厚度由硅藻遗骸堆积而成的硅藻土矿,其硅藻含量一般为60%～80%,最高达90%,总储量约215.8×106t,具有良好的开发利用前景.     

寻甸先锋盆地褐煤与硅藻土矿的地质特征及形成条件

先锋盆地系第三纪时期构造成因的拉分盆地,盆地内沉积了褐煤和硅藻士,均具有工业价值。本文分析了盆地的成因,探讨了煤与硅藻土的聚积条件和分布规律。煤与硅藻土的聚积和分布是受当时的地质构造、基岩岩性、地理环境、气候与植物条件的制约。(1)沉积盆地的东部,为平缓开阔的斜坡带,由于水较浅,水动力条件较弱,利于泥炭沼泽的富集和硅藻的繁殖,故成为褐煤与硅藻土的主要聚积分布区。(2)盆地的南部,为一陡坡,因水深,边缘中的冲、洪积扇发育,粗粒碎屑沉积灌度快,水动力条件强,不利于煤和硅藻土的形成。(3)盆地的中心,长期处于湖水较深,湖底光线较暗,为一弱还原环境,它可以溶解硅藻,而不利于硅藻的大量繁殖及其残骸的保存,因而也不利于煤与硅藻土的形成。最后,就先锋盆地的成矿地质条件,分析了在省内寻找硅藻土矿的地质前提。     

南海北部陆坡ODP 1144站位第四纪硅藻及其古环境演变

中国南海北部陆坡ODP 1144站位硅藻植物群的研究，建立了西太平洋边缘海一个新的中更新世晚期以来的硅藻生物地层图式，根据硅藻化石中具有指示意义的硅藻种的分布和生态变化（暖水种和冷水种），划分了8个硅藻组合带，其硅藻组合带分别在不同的高低海面环境下形成的，根据ODP1144站位氧同位素（OIS）测定结果，8个硅藻组合带与OIS 1－8期相对应。1、3、5、7硅藻组合带相当于OIS1、3、5、7期，间冰期是以热带和亚热带硅藻占优势，其中冷期出现大量的沿岸硅藻为特征，反映高海平面温暖的气候条件；2、4、6、8硅藻组合带相当于OIS2、4、6、8期，冰期是以亚热带，热带和出现较多冷水硅藻为特征，反映低海平面较冷气候条件，硅藻丰度值的变化与冰期和间冰期有关，可以证实间冰期时期高的海平面和较低的生物生产力以及冰期时低的海平面和高的生物生产力，而生物生产力的变化又与沉积时期沿岸流或上升流的强弱及水团活动有密切关系，进而揭示该区古海洋环境的演化与季风强弱之间的内在关系。     

吉林露水河硅藻土质量评价

露水河硅藻土矿是第四纪形成的沉积矿床，具有直链硅藻土和圆环硅藻土两种类型矿层。硅藻土矿的物质组成以硅藻为主，可含少量粘土矿物。SiO2主要由硅藻贡献。Al2O3主要由粘物贡献，Fe主要以Fe2O3形成被吸附在粘土矿物颗粒表面和粒间。直链硅藻土矿层厚度稳定，主要是Ⅱ级土，含Fe较高；圆环硅藻土矿层厚度有变化，大多为Ⅰ级土，含Fe低，但局部见硅藻严重破碎现象。利用SiO2-密度相关图解，可适时监测硅藻土品质。     

以沸石化硅藻蛋白石为模板自催化制备多孔炭

<正>硅藻土是由硅藻壳体(主要矿物成分为A型蛋白石)沉积堆积后形成的一种矿产资源。硅藻蛋白石具有大孔结构和优异的物化性能,因此被广泛应用于吸附、过滤、载体、建材等多个工业领域。硅藻蛋白石的独特大孔结构对其在过滤应     

地质灾害隐患应急避险场所适宜性初步评价

地质灾害应急避险场所不仅在灾中或灾后能为灾民提供一个临时安置或生存场所,而且更是社会整合其有限资源开展防灾减灾工作的平台。本文结合北京市地质灾害应急避险现状及特征,提出了地质灾害隐患应急避险场所的概念、适宜性评价原则及标准。     

川西绵竹地区构造特征及对油气成藏控制作用

绵竹主体构造为龙门山前构造带关口隐伏断裂的下盘构造,构造样式为研究区断滑褶皱,形成于印支期,在喜山期遭受了一定程度的调整改造,为一古今叠合构造。对研究区构造特征及演化分析表明,构造形成及其演化对研究区圈闭类型、储层发育、油气运移通道有着强烈的控制作用,是绵竹构造油气成藏和富集的主要控制因素。多期构造运动形成的不整合面及断裂为油气运移提供了良好的通道,有效改善了储层孔渗条件,形成的断背斜、背斜为油气聚集成藏提供了良好的场所。     

硅藻蛋白石表面沸石化改型对苯吸附性的影响

硅藻土是由硅藻生物壳体(Frustule)经沉积堆积后所形成的矿物集合体(通常含有粘土矿物等杂质)。硅藻壳体的主要无机成分为无定形二氧化硅,具有A型蛋白石结构。硅藻壳体具有以大孔(>50 nm)为主的天然大孔/介孔型结构和优异     

用模糊数学聚类分析研究南极菲尔德斯岛西湖全新世硅藻

非常好的硅藻和金藻组合出现在南极乔冶王岛菲尔德斯半岛西湖全新世沉积物中，共计硅藻有21属，131种和变种。用模糊数学方法对西湖W5、W4、W3、W24个钻孔柱状剖面中硅藻群进行研究，可以划分出10个硅藻组合，显示出硅藻组合的演化趋势和变异特征。研究重点是硅藻群的生活环境特征及其变化，重建古地理环境，提示南极西湖环境与气候的演变规律。     

Relationships between primary productivity and bottom‐water oxygenation off northwest Africa during the last deglaciation

The upwelling region off northwest Africa is one of the most productive regions in the world ocean. This study details the response of surface‐ and deep‐water environments off Mauritania, northwest Africa, to the rapid climate events of the last deglaciation, especially the Bølling–Allerød (15.5–13.5 ka BP) and Younger Dryas (13.5–11.5 ka BP). A high accumulation rate gravity core GeoB7926‐2, recovered at ～20° N, 18° W, was analysed for the grain size distribution of the terrigenous sediment fraction, the organic carbon content, diatom and benthic foraminifera communities. Humid conditions were observed during the Bølling–Allerød with a high contribution of fluvial sediment input. During the Younger Dryas intensified trade winds caused a larger sediment input of aeolian dust from the Sahara and more intense upwelling with higher primary productivity, as indicated by high diatom concentrations. The abrupt and large increase of organic matter caused low oxygen conditions at the sea floor, reflected by the poor benthic foraminiferal fauna and the dominance of the low‐oxygen‐tolerant foraminiferal species Bulimina exilis. This is surprising since low‐oxygen conditions have not been recorded during modern times at the sea floor in this region, despite present‐day intensive upwelling and high primary productivity. After the Younger Dryas, more humid conditions returned, diatom abundance decreased and B. exilis was replaced by typical deep‐sea species as found in the region today, indicating the return of more oxygenated conditions at the sea floor. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

香港西博寮海峡WB7孔的第四纪沉积及硅藻研究

香港西搏寮海峡ＷＢ７孔第四纪沉积物中共有硅藻５４属，１８６个分类单位，该硅藻生物群以沿岸潮间带和近岸浅海种为主，伴有热性，暖热性浮游硅藻。依据硅藻在剖面中的分布特征，丰度及百分比含量变化，自下而上可划分出６个硅藻组合带。并明显反映该沉积时期的古气候与古环境特征，其中第５，６，带相当于全新世，其余４个带均属更新世。     

Holocene freshwater diatoms: palaeoenvironmental implications from south Kamchatka,Russia

Holocene palaeolimnological conditions were reconstructed by analysing fossil diatom assemblages within a lacustrine sediment core from Lake Sokoch, southern Kamchatka (Russia). Sediments of this proglacial lake cover the past 9400 years and hence represent almost the whole Holocene history. The biosiliceous muddy sample material was analysed for several geochemical and biological parameters, such as the total organic carbon and biogenic silica content, and the diatom community (quantitative and qualitative changes). Based on changes in the relative abundances of the most frequent species Aulacoseira subarctica, Staurosira martyi and Stephanodiscus alpinus and a depth‐constrained cluster analyses (CONISS), five diatom assemblage zones could be identified. The oldest stage recovered lies between 9400 and 9000 cal. a BP and reflects the initial lake stage after the retreat of local glaciers, with a high detrital sediment supply, shallow‐water conditions and a high diatom diversity. The next zone (9000–6200 cal. a BP) shows a more mature lake system with accumulating biogenic remains and higher water levels during climate amelioration. This is followed by the most obvious change in the diatom assemblage, delineated by an occurrence of S. alpinus, between 6200 and 2700 cal. a BP. Wet conditions in spring probably led to an enhanced fluvial runoff and eutrophic to hypertrophic conditions. The end of this period might reflect climate deterioration related to the Neoglacial epoch of the Holocene. Between 2700 and 1600 cal. a BP the sediments of Lake Sokoch reveal oligotrophic water conditions in a windy high‐energy environment. The youngest interval, between 1600 cal. a BP and the Present, indicates shallow‐water conditions and a very short growing season, which might reflect the Little Ice Age. The results may offer a baseline for the interpretation of Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes in Kamchatka and their relation to regional climate change from a palaeoecological perspective.     

白洋淀近70年生态环境演化过程及影响因素

基于白洋淀北部沉积岩心210Pb和137Cs测年、重金属元素、营养元素、粒度和硅藻优势属种分析,结合水文、气候以及保定市和安新县社会经济统计资料,重建了白洋淀近70年以来的生态环境演化历史,并探讨了影响硅藻优势属种演替的主要驱动因素.结果表明:1960年之前,重金属和营养元素处于较低的水平,硅藻属种以Aulacoseira granulata为主,反映湖泊生态环境处于自然演化阶段;1960年前后,由于受到上游水文调控的影响,白洋淀TP和TN含量开始缓慢增加,富营养指示种Cyclotella meneghiniana明显增加;1960~1990年,TP和TN含量明显升高,反映快速农业化进程中营养物质输入增加,但重金属含量仍保持在较低的水平,硅藻属种以A.granulata和C.meneghiniana为优势组合;1990年以来,流域工农业活动的快速发展导致重金属和营养盐富集,尤其是2000年以后,重金属和营养盐富集进一步加剧,此时硅藻组合也发生了重大转变,由1990年前的A.granulata优势种转变为1990年后的C.meneghiniana优势种,重金属耐受种Nitzschia palea也自2000年以来开始持续增加.冗余分析表明沉积物重金属、TP、TN、温度、风速、入淀水量和水位是影响白洋淀近70年以来3个硅藻优势属种演替的显著因子,其中重金属和营养是硅藻组合演替的主要驱动因素,水文过程、温度和风速是硅藻组合演替的重要诱因.      

Distribution of Diatoms Along Environmental Gradients in the Charlotte Harbor,Florida (USA), Estuary and Its Watershed: Implications for Bioassessment of Salinity and Nutrient Concentrations

The relative abundance of diatom species in different habitats can be used as a tool to infer prior environmental conditions and evaluate management decisions that influence habitat quality. Diatom distribution patterns were examined to characterize relationships between assemblage composition and environmental gradients in a subtropical estuarine watershed. We identified environmental correlates of diatom distribution patterns across the Charlotte Harbor, Florida, watershed; evaluated differences among three major river drainages; and determined how accurately local environmental conditions can be predicted using inference models based on diatom assemblages. Sampling locations ranged from freshwater to marine (0.1–37.2 ppt salinity) and spanned broad nutrient concentration gradients. Salinity was the predominant driver of difference among diatom assemblages across the watershed, but other environmental variables had stronger correlations with assemblages within the subregions of the three rivers and harbor. Eighteen indicator taxa were significantly affiliated with subregions. Relationships between diatom taxon distributions and salinity, distance from the harbor, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) were evaluated to determine the utility of diatom assemblages to predict environmental values using a weighted averaging-regression approach. Diatom-based inferences of these variables were strong (salinity R ²?=?0.96; distance R ²?=?0.93; TN R ²?=?0.83; TP R ²?=?0.83). Diatom assemblages provide reliable estimates of environmental parameters on different spatial scales across the watershed. Because many coastal diatom taxa are ubiquitous, the diatom training sets provided here should enable diatom-based environmental reconstructions in subtropical estuaries that are being rapidly altered by land and water use changes and sea level rise.     

硅藻生物多样性对千年尺度气候突变的快速响应:以云南云龙天池湖泊末次冰消期记录为例

湖泊是全球生态系统的重要组成部分。尽管湖泊初级生产力的生物多样性在湖泊生态系统中发挥着非常重要的作用,但对其如何在千年时间尺度上对气候变化做出响应却知之甚少,而千年时间尺度与预测未来变化最为相关。本文以云南云龙天池湖泊为研究对象,以湖泊重要的初级生产力硅藻为研究手段,分析了末次冰消期期间硅藻生物多样性对千年尺度上气候变化的响应。云龙天池硅藻生物多样性表现为暖期高、冷期低。随着全球温度的快速变化,硅藻生物多样性亦对应的快速响应:在转暖时(Bolling/Allerod暖期)快速增加,在转冷时(Herinrich 1和Younger Dryas)快速降低。这些变化主要与温度变化驱动的湖泊环境条件的变化(比如冰封期长短、边岸带水生植被的变化等)有关。研究结果还表明,在末次冰消期期间,云龙天池湖泊硅藻生物多样性与千年尺度的气候变化同步,而且在长时间尺度上,气候变暖对高山湖泊生物多样性可能是有利的。     

A laser fluorination method for oxygen isotope analysis of biogenic silica and a new oxygen isotope calibration of modern diatoms in freshwater environments

An empirical calibration for the oxygen isotope fractionation between biogenic silica and water was determined for diatom frustules sampled from living diatom communities in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico, USA. Over a temperature range from 5.1 to 37.8 °C, the silica-water fractionation is defined by the equation 1000 ln α_{(silica-water)} = 2.39(±0.13) × 10⁶T⁻² + 4.23(±1.49). This relationship is in close agreement with other published silica-water fractionation factors for laboratory cultured diatom samples; however, it is as much as 8‰ lower than equilibrium quartz-water fractionations and 3-4‰ lower than observed silica-water fractionations in diatomaceous silica collected from sediment traps and sediment cores. There are three possible explanations for the disparate silica-water fractionation factors observed in diatom silica: (1) silica does not precipitate in equilibrium with ambient water, (2) silica does precipitate in equilibrium with ambient water, but the silica-water fractionation factor for diatom silica is considerably less than the equilibrium fractionation factor for quartz-water, or (3) silica precipitation is influenced by a ‘vital’ effect, where the δ¹⁸O value of the water inside the diatom cell walls is lower than the δ¹⁸O values of ambient water.Post-mortem loss of organic material results in an alteration or ‘maturation’ of diatom silica in which silica reequilibrates with a silica-water fractionation closer to the equilibrium quartz-water fractionation. Alteration is likely to occur rapidly after the diatom frustule loses its organic coating, either as it settles through the water column or at the sediment-water interface; δ¹⁸O values recorded by paleo-diatom silica therefore do not record growing conditions but more likely record conditions at the sediment-water interface. In the case of lacustrine environments, where the bottom water remains at a nearly constant 4 °C, the reequilibration of diatom silica with bottom conditions could reduce or remove the conflating effects of temperature on δ¹⁸O values recorded by paleo-diatom silica and provide direct information on the δ¹⁸O value of the lake water.     

Diatom responses to limnological and climatic changes at Ribains Maar (French Massif Central) during the Eemian and Early Würm

High-resolution diatom analysis was carried out to assess the limnological and climatic changes that took place at Ribains maar (French Massif Central) during the Late Pleistocene (∼131–∼105 ka BP), with a focus on the Eemian interglacial in particular. Numerical analyses were used to show that most of the variability in the fossil diatom assemblages was due to climate independently from the changes in the lake catchment vegetation (as represented by pollen data). Diatom-based quantitative reconstructions of the past limnological conditions, as well as a comprehensive literature review on the auto-ecological requirements for the principal diatom taxa, were used to interpret the record. An absolute time-scale for the sequence was derived by matching the major pollen shifts with the radiometrically dated changes in oxygen isotopes observed in Italian stalagmites. This study shows that at Ribains maar, the transition from the Riss (=Saalian) Glacial to the Eemian interglacial was marked by a gradual increase in the contribution of spring-blooming diatom species, indicating a longer growing season and milder winter/spring conditions at that time. A short cooling event interrupts this trend and may correspond to a stadial. At the start of the Eemian a peak in benthic taxa and the suppression of spring-blooming flora probably reflects the effects of deglaciation on the catchment. During the Eemian interglacial itself three main phases were distinguished within the diatom record. The first phase (∼8000 years in duration) was dominated by Stephanodiscus minutulus, which suggests that intense mixing in the water-column took place during spring. The pollen record was simultaneously dominated by Quercus and Corylus that typify this phase as the climatic optimum of the Eemian. The second phase, almost equal in duration to the first phase (∼7000 years), is generally dominated by Cyclotella taxa and suggests a less productive lake and much reduced period of spring mixing compared with the first phase. In the pollen diagram this corresponds to an interval dominated by Carpinus–Picea–Abies that indicates a cooler and wetter climate. The third and last phase of the Eemian, ∼2000 year long, saw the return to Stephanodiscus-dominated assemblages, indicating a warming that may correspond to the Dansgaard–Oeschger event 25 identified in the Greenland ice-core record. In the early stage of the Würm Glacial (=Weichselian), assemblages in the Melisey I stadial (∼3000 year long) were dominated by either Aulacoseira subarctica or Asterionella formosa, which suggest colder spring conditions than during the late Eemian, but not as cold as the ones indicated by the pollen record. Stephanodiscus spp. again dominate during the Saint-Germain Ia interstadial (∼5000 year long) suggesting a return to the conditions that prevailed before the Melisey stadial, in agreement with the pollen record. The record ends with the Montaigu cold event, which is characterised by a Pinus peak in the pollen record, and corresponds to a large abundance of A. subarctica in the diatom sequence. Throughout the Eemian the abundance of Stephanodiscus spp., which is thought to be driven by winter conditions, show cyclic fluctuations that most likely match the cooling events identified in a pollen record from Germany. Variation in insolation throughout the Eemian may have been the driving factor behind the species succession observed in the diatom sequence. While this study demonstrates that diatom analysis of lake sediment can provide very detailed information on long-term climate change, a review of the few other diatom investigations published on European Eemian deposits shows that this technique has been so far seldom used to its full potential in this context in central and southern Europe.     

Siliceous microfossil record of late Holocene oceanography and climate along the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Canada)

Diatoms, silicoflagellates, and biogenic silica (BSi) were analyzed from two piston cores recovered from Effingham Inlet, British Columbia. Relatively productive marine conditions from 4850 to 4000 cal yr BP were followed by a transition to the modern ocean-climate regime marked by a decreased siliceous microfossil production since 2800 cal yr BP. This change in the northeast Pacific climate was characterized by an apparent cooling associated with higher rainfall and lower light levels. The reduced abundance of most spring-summer bloom diatom taxa (Skeletonema-Thalassiosira-Chaetoceros) was coupled with a decreased abundance of diatoms normally associated with incursions of offshore water into coastal inlets. This pattern reflected a weaker summer upwelling along Vancouver Island associated with the insolation-related increase in the strength of the Aleutian Low and a weakened North Pacific High. After ca. 2800 cal yr BP, diatom assemblages also indicated more frequent periods of relatively low spring-summer surface water salinity and a disruption of the typical bloom sequence, indicative of increased climatic variability. A period of warmer and drier climate conditions and possibly increased coastal upwelling offshore occurred ca. 1450-1050 cal yr BP. The most recent 500 yr are marked by reduced diatom production and the appearance of three distinct diatom biomarkers in the stratigraphic record (Rhizosolenia setigera ca. AD 1940; Minidiscus chilensis ca. AD 1860; Thalassionema nitzschioides morphotype A, ca. AD 1550). The oceanographic changes recorded in Effingham Inlet are correlative with other marine and terrestrial paleoenvironmental records in the northeast Pacific Ocean.     

Diatom succession of a dislocated Eemian sediment sequence at Mommark, South Denmark

The Mommark sequence represents a nearly complete record of sedimentation in the Eemian (MIS 5e), and the diatom succession covers almost the entire interglacial. A floating chronology of the deposits is based on correlation of the local pollen stratigraphy with annually laminated sequences in northern Germany. The diatom succession starts with a short freshwater stage followed by a similarly episodic transitional brackish phase, which began c. 300 years after the beginning of the Eemian interglacial. A few hundred years later, simultaneously with the start of deposition of the shallow marine sediment, Cyprina Clay, the flora turns almost fully marine, suggesting salinities clearly higher than at present. The culmination of the marine transgression occurs close to the climatic optimum of the Eemian interglacial, c. 3000 years after the beginning of the interglacial. In the several metres thick Cyprina Clay, only marginal changes in the composition of diatom taxa are noticed. According to the diatom stratigraphy and chronostratigraphy based on regional pollen zones, the total duration of the Eemian Sea phase with brackish/marine conditions was c. 10 500 years. As the sedimentation of the Cyprina Clay ends, the proportions of diatom species thriving in freshwater increase, but the marine taxa remain common. The mixture of species with non-compatible ecological requirements suggests allochthonous input from freshwater and/or tidal estuary environment. The results of this study are consistent with studies of other aquatic fossil assemblage data from this site.