三角图的原理、快速绘制以及在砂岩分类中的应用

三角图广泛用于砂岩分类,但个别高引用率文献论证公式的过程繁琐甚至推导出现错误。为系统阐述三角图的原理与制作,在确定三角图的读图规则后,进行平面几何推导,指出并修正了前人推导过程中的逻辑性错误,最后使用Excel成图与商业软件Origin及Grapher的三角图进行对比。结果表明,等边三角形与等腰三角形的投点方式存在差异,但两种图版可以进行变形操作而相互转化,三角形的侧边能否作为坐标轴以及纵坐标的绝对长度能否代表石英的含量取决于三角形的形态。商业软件的图版难以满足需求,建议以Excel使用等腰三角形的投点方式,结合地质绘图软件进行制图。为降低工作量,可以使用本文所编写的VBA代码,快速绘制砂岩分类三角图。     

一种高频面波频散函数的快速算法—改进的Abo-Zena法

作者在本文中首先介绍了改进的Anas Abo-Zena传递矩阵法面波频散函 数的计算问题。这是一种高频时稳定的算法，适用于一般地基勘查和无损检测的面波频散函数计算。其次，还讨论了用Monte Carlo法求解面波频散函数的问题。并用这种算法和Newton迭代法进行了对比，显示了对于Newton迭代法不能计算的速度逆转剖面（即层速度自上而下逐层减递），Monte Carlo法也适用。     

Dimensionless straight line fitting method for hydrogeological parameter determination

Aquifers may have alluvium deposits, weathered layers, fractured zones, and karstic formations separately or in mixture forms. Such geological configurations do not allow classical aquifer test applicability, due to a set of underlying assumptions that are not usually valid in nature. In practice, the Jacob straight line method is the most commonly used approach for aquifer parameter determinations. Constant transmissivity and storativity estimations depend on large time-drawdown plots on semilogarithmic paper as a straight line. A common mistake is that the appearance of a general trend as a straight line on semilogarithmic paper is taken as guaranteed for the application of Jacob method. Since Jacob straight line is the large time extension of Theis type curve, there is only one straight line on the semilogarithmic paper that can represent Jacob method, which is based on the assumption that the aquifer is porous and homogeneous. In such a case, the Jacob method slope should equal to 2.3, which shows its validity. Otherwise, a modification of Jacob method is suggested in this paper. The basis of the methodology is a dimensionless type straight line approach for the aquifer parameter assessment. Its application is presented for aquifer test data from Oude Korendjik porous medium aquifer data. The application results indicate that the classical Jacob straight line method might not be valid without a preliminary check. The dimensionless reevaluation of existing data helps to check the validity. The necessary formulations for the modification of the classical straight line method are derived, which reduce to classical Jacob method for a specific set of parameters.     

CoRain: A free and open source software for rain series comparison

A good climatic analysis requires accurate and homogeneous daily precipitation series; unluckily, inhomogeneity is frequently found and have to be considered, especially when it is due to non-climatic parameters. CoRain is a free and open source software written in R language that could greatly help analyzing inhomogeneity caused by rainfall measuring instruments. CoRain compares two parallel rain series (with an overlapping period) and tries to highlight overestimations and underestimations due to rain gauges in a specific condition, so that the user can consider it for future analysis. CoRain offers many information on the two analyzed series, starting with cleaning input data, comparing them and classifying rainy days by severity. CoRain is a cross-platform software, easily adaptable to different needs, that takes in input a single text file with daily information of the two rain series and outputs tables (in CSV format) and plots (as PNG images) that help in the interpretation of the data. Use of the program is very simple: the execution can be either interactive or non-interactive. CoRain code has been tested on different rain series in the Piedmont region (northwestern Italy), showing its importance in identifying climate variations and instrumentation errors.     

黄土高原沟壑区坡地土壤水分状态空间模拟

为掌握黄土高原沟壑区坡地土壤水分的空间分布特征及其影响因素,采用状态空间模型和经典线性回归方法对该区不同土层深度土壤含水率的分布进行模拟.结果表明,不同土层深度的土壤含水率呈中等程度变异,并与海拔高度、黏粒、粉粒、砂粒含量和分形维数具有显著的空间自相关和交互相关关系,可用于状态空间模拟分析.不同因素组合下的状态空间模拟效果均要优于线性回归方程,其中采用海拔高度、砂粒含量和分形维数的三因素状态空间方程模拟精度最高(R2=0.992).状态空间模拟方法可用于黄土高原坡面尺度不同土层深度土壤含水率的预测.     

A semi-analytical solution for the transient response of one-dimensional unsaturated single-layer poroviscoelastic media

This paper develops a semi-analytical solution for the transient response of an unsaturated single-layer poroviscoelastic medium with two immiscible fluids by using the Laplace transformation and the state-space method. Using the elastic–viscoelastic correspondence principle, we first introduce the Kelvin–Voigt model into Zienkiewicz’s unsaturated poroelastic model. The vibrational response for unsaturated porous material can be obtained by combining these two models and assuming that the wetting and non-wetting fluids are compressible, the solid skeleton and solid particles are viscoelastic, and the inertial and mechanical couplings are taken into account. The Laplace transformation and state-space method are used to solve the basic equations with the associated initial and boundary conditions, and the analytical solution in the Laplace domain is developed. To evaluate the responses in the time domain, Durbin’s numerical inverse Laplace transform method is used to obtain the semi-analytical solution. There are three compressional waves in porous media with two immiscible fluids. Moreover, to observe the three compressional waves clearly, we assume the two immiscible fluids are water and oil. Finally, several examples are provided to show the validity of the semi-analytical solution and to assess the influences of the viscosity coefficients and dynamic permeability coefficients on the behavior of the three compressional waves.     

HNC-Plot: an excel VBA for visualization of helium,nitrogen and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> isotope data of crustal and mantle gases

We present HNC-Plot, an Excel Visual Basic Application (Excel VBA) that can easily be used to create graphical plots of fluids associated with volcanic gases or geothermal manifestations, based on their helium, nitrogen and CO₂ isotope data. HNC-Plot has been designed in a simple way; all the user has to do is to input data in an Excel spreadsheet. The spreadsheet also contains buttons which have links to Excel VBA codes that generate plots. Once, the respective button is clicked, and all required variables are defined, Excel VBA generates a plot with labels and axes. Based upon the user preferences, additional tasks such as construction of mixing lines between mantle and crustal gases or calculation of end-member proportions can also be performed. We sincerely believe geoscientists can quickly and easily create these plots, free of charge, with this application. This study also presents previously published data from related literature to show the foundations of the application and to present sample plots created with it.     

用未确知数学方法确定某坝址岩体变形参数

首先介绍了未确知信息理论的概念及其应用领域,指出了传统均值法处理数据存在的问题,对未确知信息数学处理方法和过程进行了简要说明.运用这一处理方法对黄河上游某电站坝址岩体变形模量的取值进行了论证,并对两种方法得到的结果进行了对比.结果表明这一方法在不确定性信息处理中比传统方法具有更多的优点,能够给出不同保证率下的岩体变形模量值,表明其处理数据更精细、更科学,值得在地质工程相关数据处理中进一步探讨和应用.     

Maximum depositional age estimation revisited

In a recent review published in this journal,Coutts et al.(2019)compared nine different ways to estimate the maximum depositional age(MDA)of siliclastic rocks by means of detrital geochronology.Their results show that among these methods three are positively and six negatively biased.This paper investigates the cause of these biases and proposes a solution to it.A simple toy example shows that it is theoretically impossible for the reviewed methods to find the correct depositional age in even a best case scenario:the MDA estimates drift to ever smaller values with increasing sample size.The issue can be solved using a maximum likelihood model that was originally developed for fission track thermochronology by Galbraith and Laslett(1993).This approach parameterises the MDA estimation problem with a binary mixture of discrete and continuous distributions.The‘Maximum Likelihood Age’(MLA)algorithm converges to a unique MDA value,unlike the ad hoc methods reviewed by Coutts et al.(2019).It successfully recovers the depositional age for the toy example,and produces sensible results for realistic distributions.This is illustrated with an application to a published dataset of 13 sandstone samples that were analysed by both LA-ICPMS and CA-TIMS U–Pb geochronology.The ad hoc algorithms produce unrealistic MDA estimates that are systematically younger for the LA-ICPMS data than for the CA-TIMS data.The MLA algorithm does not suffer from this negative bias.The MLA method is a purely statistical approach to MDA estimation.Like the ad hoc methods,it does not readily accommodate geological complications such as post-depositional Pb-loss,or analytical issues causing erroneously young outliers.The best approach in such complex cases is to re-analyse the youngest grains using more accurate dating techniques.The results of the MLA method are best visualised on radial plots.Both the model and the plots have applications outside detrital geochronology,for example to determine volcanic eruption ages.     

关于微量元素协变关系在确定岩石成因中的应用

利用微量元素协变关系对岩石成因作定量研究是很有意义的工作。本文用数学方法和实例说明了改进模型的3种模式不易分辨,并通过改进模型的具体应用指出以往研究者的疏忽之处,从而给出了应用改进模型的合理方法。     

岩溶山区和太行山区抗旱打井电阻率法运用浅析

电阻率法是水文地质物探在地下水找水方面较为有效的方法,但由于各地区地质条件的不同,在具体运用上具有差异。2010年贵州、2011年河南均遭大旱,贵州省地矿局均承担了抗旱打井工作,运用了电阻率法确定孔位效果较好。本文拟通过成功实例分析,并结合岩溶山区和太行山区不同的水文地质特征,对比电阻率法在不同地区的运用差异,总结电阻率法的使用、解译经验,为今后找水打井中电阻率法确定孔位的应用提供科学依据。     

4000 m岩心钻机桅杆结构设计与有限元分析

桅杆是钻机的重要组成部分,本文对勘探技术研究所自主研制的4000米岩心钻机桅杆进行结构设计,在Solidworks中完成桅杆的建模,运用ANSYS Workbench对桅杆装配体进行有限元分析,完成对桅杆结构强度和刚度的校核,并对其进行模态分析,得到前10阶固有频率和振型,与激振源进行对比,分析发现第1阶、第2阶固有频率与钻机转盘和起升系统频率有重叠,可能会发生共振,通过调节钻机转盘和起升系统转速避免发生共振,振动时最大变形处变形量较小,说明桅杆结构设计合理,能够满足实际应用要求,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

基于Google Earth的1∶50000地质地理底图更新

数字地理底图是地质环境调查不可缺少的组成部分,但现有数据大多现势性较差,如何更新值得探讨。文中提出利用Google Earth进行地理底图更新的方法,并介绍了更新的步骤和精度,该方法简单快捷、可操作性较强,具有一定的实用价值。     

平原区中大比例尺土壤地球化学调查采样方法--浙江省平湖市试验研究

文章以浙江省平湖市为典型三角洲平原区,开展了多种尺度、不同采样方法的对比试验。结果表明,田块内土壤元素分布较为均匀,小范围内元素的空间分异性较小,而田块之间土壤元素含量差异性明显增加;Hg,Cd等典型污染元素空间分异性较强,而人为污染扰动较弱的元素的空间分布较为均一;不同采样方法取得的区域性资料,其统计值接近,空间分布模式也相似,但有些元素仍有较明显差异。因此,中大比例尺地球化学调查时,应根据调查研究的目标任务,充分考虑地块分布、土壤类型和土地利用方式,选择合理的采样点。土壤样品可采取多坑点采集、多子样组合的方式,以保证样品的代表性,同时减少分析测试工作量。     

Tables and graphs for the estimation of ground vibration from driven piling operations

Summary Ground vibration data from impact hammers and vibrodrivers can be processed to provide a basis for estimating levels of ground vibration for future piling. The information from which empirical laws concerning vibration transmission can be formulated usually stems from scaled distance plots. Both the equations and the graphical axes on which the data are plotted are of a logarithmic nature. This renders them less amenable to immediate on-site application. Recommended working laws for estimating vibration transmission are expressed in graphical and tabular form. Some worked examples are included to explain the operation of the system.     

Abscissa-Transforming Second-Order Polynomial Functions to Approximate the Unknown Historic Production of Non-renewable Resources

For many non-renewable resources, reliable production data are only available from a certain point in time but not from the beginning of production periods. In order to constrain the unknown historic production of such resources for those ancient times for which no reliable annual production data are available we present a novel mathematical technique, based on Verhulst’s logistic function. The method is validated by the United States’ crude oil production for which the complete production cycle, starting in 1859, is well documented. Assuming that the oil production in the USA between 1859 and 1929 is unknown, our method yields values for this period of 16.0 gigabarrels (Gb) based on a second-order polynomial fit and 13.5 Gb based on a third-order polynomial fit of post-1929 production data, respectively. Especially the latter amount compares well with the actual value of 12.1 Gb, thus illustrating the strength of the method. For global gold (Au) production, our method yields an ancient production up to the year 1850, when official and reliable production statistics began, of approximately 10,000 metric tons (t) based on a second-order polynomial fit. For mercury (Hg) a production of 64,000 t was determined for the time up to the year 1900, when annual production figures started to become available, again using a second-order polynomial fit. While the results obtained by the application of second-order polynomial functions could be confirmed by higher-order polynomial functions in the cases of both USA oil as well as global Au production, this was not possible in the case of global Hg production because of a highly irregular production curve.     

考虑辐射阻尼的土-结构相互作用体系等效输入

为考虑土-结构相互作用对输入地震波的影响,基于两步法思想,建立了考虑辐射阻尼效应的等效输入地震波。在该种方法中,将单自由度体系的基础地震反应为上部结构的输入,然后用状态空间法计算考虑土-结构相互作用后体系阻尼比的变换情况,用以修正上部结构的阻尼系数,从而利用刚性基础的反应近似计算土-结构相互作用的影响。对一个单自由度体系和一个5层框架结构进行计算分析,算例分析表明,直接利用自由场的地震波或基岩波作为上部结构的输入,计算误差甚至超过100%,而两步法可使体系的计算误差小于10%,采用修正阻尼系数的两步法,误差将小于5%,满足工程需要。     

基于TM和SPOT5影像融合的土地利用分类及精度比较——以朝阳区为例

本文基于TM和SPOT5的影像在ERDASIMAGINE环境中进行融合,在融合前后分别对TM图像与融合后图像进行土地利用分类,对比分类精度并进行定性和定量的解释和分析。本文给出了实验的详细步骤以及完整的评价报告。研究结果表明,融合后图像分类精度有明显提高。对融合后影像进行土地利用分类,在测绘与地图更新、土地利用与城市规划、生态环境监测和政府规划决策等中,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Effects of wastewater stabilization pond effluent on agricultural crops

Wastewater reclamation and reuse is one of the best alternatives for compensating water shortages. Water supply and environmental conservation can be met through wastewater reclamation. Principally, treated wastewater is a reliable water resource, especially for periodic droughts and in arid areas. This study designed and implemented to investigate the full scale application of effluent for irrigation use. A major objective of this study is to assess on health effects and feasibility of crop irrigation by using stabilization ponds effluent of southern Hovaizeh Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Khuzestan Province. Two experimental plots of about 0.5 ha. were constructed. One of the plots irrigated by stabilization pond effluent and the other irrigated by Nisan River water. Basic parameters in two plots such as type of cultivated crops, amount of fertilizer use and lack of soil contamination have been similar in both. The only difference was the type of water applied for irrigation of agricultural crops. It was shown that high salinity of soil reduced the growth rate of agricultural crops. So, removing salinity from area should be performed before cultivation. Results gained on agricultural crops growth in two studied plots showed the growth rate and quality of crops were increased by using of stabilization pond effluent in comparison with Nissan River water.