High-Frequency Scattered Envelope Statistics of Patchy Seafloors

The scattering properties of the individual components of seafloors consisting of discrete patches of different materials may have a complicated relationship in terms of their angular response and/or frequency dependence. Consequently, this relationship directly influences the angular and frequency response of scattered envelope probability density functions (pdfs). In this paper, the influence of the relative scattering strength of seafloor patches on scattered envelope statistics will be explored through both a modified form of a recently developed model [Abraham and Lyons, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 27, pp. 800-813, 2002] and analysis of experimental data collected off Elba Island, Italy, in May 2003, by the NATO Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy. Qualitative comparisons of the $K$-distribution shape parameter $(alpha)$ between that predicted by the model and that measured from data display promising similarities such as the inverse relationship between $alpha$ and bandwidth, the relative difference in values of $alpha$ for the various seafloor types studied, and the dependence on grazing angle. The favorable model/data comparisons show that it is possible to link the scattered envelope distribution to measurable geoacoustic properties, providing the foundation necessary for solving several important problems related to the detection of targets in non-Rayleigh clutter including performance prediction for different systems based on seafloor properties, extrapolation of performance to other system/bandwidths, and optimization of system parameters such as bandwidth to local environment.      

Mid- to High-Frequency Acoustic Penetration and Propagation Measurements in a Sandy Sediment

During the recent 2004 Sediment Acoustics Experiment (SAX04), a buried hydrophone array was deployed in a sandy sediment near Fort Walton Beach, FL. The array was used to measure both the acoustic penetration into the sediment and sound speed and attenuation within the sediment while a smaller, diver-deployed array was also used to measure sound speed and attenuation. Both of these systems had been deployed previously during the 1999 Sediment Acoustics Experiment (SAX99). In that experiment, the buried array was used to make measurements in the 11–50-kHz range while the diver-deployed array made measurements in the 80–260-kHz range. For the SAX04 deployment, the frequency range for the measurements using the buried array was lowered to 2 kHz. The diver-deployed array was also modified to cover the 40–260-kHz range. Unlike the SAX99 deployment, there were no obvious sand ripples at the SAX04 buried array site at the time of the measurements. To examine the role of sand ripples in acoustic penetration over this new frequency range, artificial ripple fields were created. For the high frequencies, the penetration was consistent with the model predictions using small-roughness perturbation theory as in SAX99. As the frequency of the incident acoustic field decreased, the evanescent field became the dominant penetration mechanism. The sound speed measured using the buried array exhibits dispersion consistent with the Biot theory while the measured attenuation exceeds the theory predictions at frequencies above 200 kHz.      

一种基于时延的水下声基阵坐标估算方法

阵形估算是水听器阵列应用中的关键问题,基于时延的水下声基阵大地坐标标定方法利用声源发射和声阵接收的CW脉冲之间的时延获得空间中的三个声源发射点到阵元的距离,并以这三个声源发射点为圆心,以声源发射点到阵元的距离为半径做球面,得到的交点即为阵元的大地坐标.通过实验数据分析结果可以得出如下结论:基于时延的球面交汇法得到的阵形标定结果的绝对误差均值为0.13 m,可以把该方法运用于实际的工程测量当中.     

A Portable Matched-Field Processing System Using Passive Acoustic Time Synchronization

A portable matched-field processing (MFP) system for tracking marine mammals is presented, constructed by attaching a set of autonomous flash-memory acoustic recorders to a rope to form a four-element vertical array, or "insta-array." The acoustic data are initially time-synchronized by performing a matched-field global inversion using acoustic data from an opportunistic source, and then by exploiting the spatial coherence of the ocean ambient noise background to measure and correct for the relative clock drift between the autonomous recorders. The technique is illustrated by using humpback whale song collected off the eastern Australian coast to synchronize the array, which is then used to track the dive profile of the whale using MFP methods. The ability to deploy autonomous instruments into arbitrary "insta-array" geometries with conventional fishing gear may permit nonintrusive array measurements in regions currently too isolated, expensive, or environmentally hostile for standard acoustic equipment     

Underwater Acoustic Communication Based on Pattern Time Delay Shift Coding Scheme

1 .Introduction Underwater acoustic (UWA) communicationis a fast developingfield,and its applicationis notlimitedto military affairs ,but is also extendinginto commercial fields .Catipovic (1990) ,Stojanovic(1996) and Kilfoyle and Baggeroer (2000) pointed…     

许氏平鲉幼鱼优势音响驯化时段的初步研究

音响驯化技术是控制鱼群和提高放流回捕率的有效方法。目前,对海水鱼类进行音响驯化时关于音响驯化时段选择的研究积累尚少。本试验研究了在7:20、10:20、13:20、16:20和19:20 5个不同驯化时段水平下,许氏平鲉幼鱼在430Hz正弦波连续音刺激下的行为反应,分别探究了在不考虑非音频刺激因素和减轻(甚至避免)非音频刺激因素对音响驯化效果干扰的前提下,许氏平鲉幼鱼的优势音响驯化时段。结果表明,无论考虑非音频刺激因素对音响驯化效果的影响与否,7:20时段都是许氏平鲉幼鱼的优势音响驯化时段。     

基于时差法超声测风系统的声场分析与研究

基于时差法原理设计了超声测风系统,并对该系统在空气中传播的超声声场进行了深入分析.阐明了在海洋环境监测中,风矢量对超声波声传播特性和超声测风系统声场的影响,分析了其与系统的最大量程、测量精度和分辨率等主要性能指标的关系,该研究结果为提高超声测风系统性能指标设计的准确性和科学性提供了依据.     

用单片机实现水声遥控指令的脉冲周期编码（PTC）信号

本文介绍用单片机实现脉冲周期编码（ＰＴＣ）的电路,给出硬件和软件的配置,其特点是灵活、简单、可靠,适合用于水下传输多个声遥控指令     

Argo观测剖面数据量的时间变化与周期分析

海洋渔业预报使用的遥感数据一般只能获得海洋表面的环境信息,而Argo数据可以为渔业预报提供较深处的温盐数据,为了在渔业预报中按其时间周期进行使用,需要计算它的周期以提高预报质量.通过功率谱估计计算出2001-2008年的数据存在较长的周期为62.7 d和117.5 d,较短的周期为4.9 d和9.8 d,同时还有一个约...     

Effective Nikuradse Roughness on the Mobile Plan Bed

Nikuradse roughness (ks) is very important in the sediment transport prediction because it is related to the evaluations of the velocity distribution, shear stress and erosion depth. Dimensionless Nikuradse roughness (ks/D, where D is the sediment diameter) is usually given 1–2.5 on the immobile plan bed or at low shear stress. But it behaves differently on the mobile plan bed at high shear stress with much sediment picked up to movement when the Shields parameter (Θ) is larger than 0.8–1.0. The effective Nikuradse roughness on the mobile plan bed was derived indirectly from the erosion depth correlated to the mobile plan bed thickness considering the mass conservation in the present study. The proposed erosion depth confirmed the relation to the Shields parameters with an extra factor consisting of suspended sediment and its damping to turbulence. The decrement of the erosion depth caused by the increment of the sediment diameter at large shear stress was obtained, which was usually absent in classical empirical formulas based on the bedload theory. Good agreement with experiments was achieved by the present prediction of the Nikuradse roughness, erosion depth and sediment transport rate. Discussion was mainly focused on the prediction improvement caused by considering the impact of suspended sediment and its damping to turbulence.     

二维沙质海滩剖面形态试验研究

海滩形态是近岸过程与海岸工程的一个重要研究内容,为探讨人工沙滩平衡剖面的形成及其形态特征和波浪作用下的滩面泥沙运动,从泥沙与波浪运动的相似规律出发,采用天然沙以正态整体模型进行二维沙质海滩的形态试验.试验证明人工沙质海滩在波浪作用一定时间之后,其剖面基本趋于一种平衡状态,沙源的向岸推移和向海下拉的情况也基本稳定.试验显示混合波的冲刷要大于单纯斜向波,单纯斜向波的冲刷大于单纯正向波,因此人工沙质海滩施工时应考虑到不同来波方向对剖面的影响.对比各个系列的整个人工沙质海滩剖面变化情况,可以看出整个沙滩剖面呈冲刷形态:从岸向海方向,在滩肩平台上形成一定的沙源堆积体;在滩肩缘到斜坡中部侵蚀最大,在斜坡下部侵蚀较小且向海呈逐渐减小趋势.     

淹没植物对河道糙率的影响

基于河道水动力及植物柔性变形分析,建立淹没状态下的植物河道糙率计算的理论关系,同时,利用试验资料及理论分析成果,进一步获得了植物河道糙率的附加值,借此可以分析与评价河道植物对水流阻力的影响程度.     

The Interstitial Environment of Sandy Beaches

Abstract. The interstitial system of sandy beaches is lacunar and has its dimensions defined by the sand granulometry. It can be described by features such as pore size, porosity, permeability, and water content. The most important process occurring in this system, water filtration, is driven by inputs of freshwater from groundwater discharge, and inputs of seawater by tides, wave run-up, and subtidal wave pumping. Reflective beaches have seawater input effected mainly by waves; they filter large water volumes with short residence times. Dissipative beaches display the opposite patterns, slowly filtering small volumes input by tides. Flow patterns and their effects on interstitial climate are described. The water table of the beach moves in response to groundwater discharge, tides, and waves and influences erosion/accretion processes on the beach face: a high water table promotes erosion. A series of moisture zones can be recognised from the dry surface sand at upper tide levels, to permanently saturated sand below the low tide water table, namely: a stratum of dry sand, a stratum of retention, a stratum of resurgence, and stratum of saturation. Interstitial chemistry is briefly described in terms of salinity changes, organic loads, oxygen content, and nutrient cycling. It is concluded that the interstitial environment of sandy beaches spans a continuum between physically and chemically controlled extremes: the former condition occurs on coarse sand reflective beaches, which experience low organic inputs and high filtration rates of large water volumes — resulting in powerful hydrodynamic forces; the latter occurs on dissipative beaches of fine sand, which are subject to high organic inputs and low filtration volumes — resulting in stagnation and steep vertical chemical gradients. Many intermediate situations occur and these are more favourable to interstitial life than either of the extremes.     

Acoustic characteristics of the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean

The vertical structure of the climatic and seasonal fields of the estimated speed of sound in the north-east Atlantic Ocean is considered. Zonation according to typicalc(z) profiles allowing for seasonal variations was carried out. It is shown that the water areas with a dual-channel vertical hydroacoustic structure vary essentially throughout the year. The features of the structure of the sound speed field in the lenses of the Mediterranean Sea waters are investigated. The effect produced by a lens on the characteristics of the sound propagation is studied.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Acoustic stereo images of the bottom surface

In order to enhance the efficiency of the interpretation of surface images obtained with a side scanning sonar, it is proposed to supplement the standard processing software with a program for obtaining acoustic stereo images. Examples of such images synthesized with this program using the data of a bottom sonar survey with a side scanning sonar and an echo sounder are presented. The cases are considered when the information on the bottom relief contained in sonar images obtained with a standard side scanning sonar or its modifications can be used instead of the data of an echo sounding survey.     

砂质岸线变化研究进展

简要介绍了岸线的概念。在影响岸线变化的因素中，研究人员对海平面上升、人类活动和风暴作用等影响研究相对比较多。为了加强对海岸的管理和提高岸线预测的精度，研究人员提出了多种岸线数据获取和处理的方法。对岸线变化的预测有概念模型、物理模型和数学模型等，但目前以数学模型中的一线数值模型为主。作者认为研究沙质海岸线变化要注意到各因素综合影响，应尽量提高岸线数据的精度和加强对近岸带各种现象物理机制的研究。     

Roughness length in the turbulent Ekman layer above the sea bed

Roughness lengths were determined from average current profiles in the logarithmic boundary layer at a site in the southern North Sea. Grab samples indicated that the bed configuration controlling the bed roughness was unlikely to change even at maximum spring tides, but the measured roughness lengths were found to decrease as the speed of the flow 10 m above the bed increased. This has been qualitatively interpreted in terms of the size of the turbulent eddies within the flow and their effectiveness at “feeling” the size of the elements forming the bed roughness. It is also shown that the dependence of the observed drag coefficient on the Rossby number follows closely the theoretical form when the roughness length decreases with increasing flow speed.     

声诱饵反鱼雷水声对抗发展现状及趋势

鱼雷作为水下最重要的进攻武器之一,可针对水下及水面目标发起非对称隐蔽攻击。随着近几十年电子技术的发展,鱼雷更加智能化,杀伤力更大。因此反鱼雷任务成为现代海战中一项重要的课题。主要介绍了国外近年装备的鱼雷型号,并对国外鱼雷对抗用声诱饵作了介绍,最后对声诱饵的未来发展趋势做了展望,为今后我国发展声诱饵技术提供参考。     

表面粗糙度对海浪成长率的影响

本文在Miles准层流风生波模型基础上，引入表面粗糙度滑波面不均匀分布的线性模型，通过不稳定性分析，导出了平均压力随表面粗糙度变化和海浪成长率之间的关系，表明表面粗糙度的不均匀分布是影响海浪成长率的一个重要因素。