COMPARATIVE FIELD PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRODE ARRAYS IN TIME-DOMAIN INDUCED POLARIZATION PROFILING *

Five test profiles in time-domain induced polarization measurements over conducting sulphide and graphite mineralisations were run with the two-electrode, three-electrode, modified unipole, pole-dipole, dipole-dipole, Schlumberger, and Wenner α and β configurations. The results show that, compared to the other electrode systems, the simplest two-electrode array produces the largest anomalies with the smallest of spacings.     

TRANSIENTS AND FIELD BEHAVIOUR IN INDUCED POLARIZATION*

This paper deals with electromagnetic fields in the so called “Transient Induced Polarization Technique”. Field equations are integrated in the case of a polarizable sphere inbedded in a sterile overburden. The existence of a remanent polarization vector P which slowly decays once the charging current has been cut off is taken as the initial condition. When the surface between the air and overburden is (as a first step) disregarded, the Laplace transform of the EM fields is given. The integral of the electric field (which is fairly often the result of prospection work) is independent of the various time constants related to electrochemical processes, but it stands as a good measurement of the total electrostatic dipole created by the charging current. We investigate the geometrical circumstances that can bring negative values of I.P. signal. Such negative values can be found in two cases: 1. The discharge currents are. distorted by the ground surface. 2. The I.P. signal is picked up by electrodes inside the polarizable material. The last part is dedicated to an account of experimental work performed on models and of an actual case history. The mathematical derivations are included in an appendix.     

磁激发极化法中水平圆柱体的一些研究结果

本文简要介绍导电柱体在全空间和半空间的均匀电流场中形成的异常电流磁场理论,给出了正、反演理论公式;计算出了磁电阻率法和磁激发极化法理论剖面曲线;得到了相应的模型实验结果以及在浸染型铜矿上的野外试验结果。这些资料证明了所建立的理论。     

磁激发极化法中水平圆柱体的一些研究结果

本文简要介绍导电柱体在全空间和半空间的均匀电流场中形成的异常电流磁场理论,给出了正、反演理论公式;计算出了磁电阻率法和磁激发极化法理论剖面曲线;得到了相应的模型实验结果以及在浸染型铜矿上的野外试验结果。这些资料证明了所建立的理论。     

两层大地中三维体的激发极化与电阻率响应的积分方程模拟

用散射、叠加方法推导出两层大地的并矢格林函数。使用这些函数,含三维异常体的二层大地的边值问题转变为积分方程。使用矩量法,可解此积分方程。 使用偶极-偶极装置计算了激发极化和电阻率响应的几个数值结果,并对这一算法作了几方面检验。     

两层大地中三维体的激发极化与电阻率响应的积分方程模拟

用散射、叠加方法推导出两层大地的并矢格林函数。使用这些函数,含三维异常体的二层大地的边值问题转变为积分方程。使用矩量法,可解此积分方程。 使用偶极-偶极装置计算了激发极化和电阻率响应的几个数值结果,并对这一算法作了几方面检验。     

水污染的导电性和激电性与污染浓度变化关系的几个实验结果

为了解用电阻率法、电磁法和激发极化法监测地下水污染的可能性,给出了在水样和含水砂样中,加入了不同浓度的无机污染物和有机污染物时,样品电阻率、极化率、半衰时和偏离度等导电性和激电性参数与浓度变化关系的几个实验观测结果．水样中的观测结果表明,除个别有机污染样品的电阻率随浓度增加有所增大外,其余所有无机污染和有机污染样品的电阻率均随浓度的增加而减小．含水砂样中的观测结果表明,不同污染成分样品的电阻率和极化率,均随孔隙液浓度的增加而减小,但对反应样品激电时间特性的参数而言,则有半衰时随浓度增加而减小,偏离度随浓度增加而增大的规律．同时指出,用电阻率法、电磁法和激发激化法监测地下水污染是十分困难的．     

APPLICATION OF GEOELECTRIC METHODS USING BURIED ELECTRODES IN EXPLORATION AND MINING1

Various geoelectric methods which have been developed and applied in the last 10–20 years in ELGI are discussed. These methods which use buried electrodes are: hole-to-surface gradient mapping to detect bauxite deposits in sinkholes below a resistive screening layer; in-mine gradient profiling to map the basement topography below galleries; and the hole-to-surface version of geoelectric layer tracing to find outcrops of mineralized zones penetrated by drillings. Data processing procedures have been developed on the basis of common concepts and hypotheses to link theoretical models with geological structures. The objects investigated are determined as the difference between the theoretical models and geological structures. The predominant part of the real electric field measured above the geological structures is the theoretical field related to the theoretical model. The effects of the objects (the anomaly) are superposed on the theoretical field but their extent is small compared with the values of the latter. The theoretical field and the anomaly depend strongly on the separation from the sources. For this reason the anomalies are difficult to recognize. Therefore the ratio of the theoretical field to the measured one is computed, since σ_a, the apparent specific conductivity, is proportional to this ratio. It is demonstrated that since the changes in the σ_a curve depending on the location of the observation point are small, the anomalies can easily be recognized on the curve. The σ_a, curve computed in the above way reflects the objects better than the originally measured electric fields. Examples illustrate the solution of the above-mentioned geological problems by the practical application of adequate geoelectric methods using buried electrodes.     

DETECTION OF LATERAL VARIATIONS IN GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY GRADIENT PROFILING1

Hydrogeological problems which involve the determination of lateral variations in structures or physical properties may be solved with electrical resistivity gradient profiling if there are significant variations in electrical resistivity, spatially or temporally. The method is explained, evaluated for sensitivity, compared with other methods, and applied to the location of volcanic dike zones that are impounding an anomalous water body near Schofield, Oahu, Hawaii. From the electrical soundings and other independent data, the lateral positions of the boundaries have been refined and their nature estimated.     

点源二维电场中纵剖面上电位的计算

将总电位ν分解为正常电位．ｕｏ和异常电位ｕ·本文绘出点源二维电场中，异常电位ｕ的傅氏变换Ｕ的变分方程，以及点源二维电场地形影响的异常电位ｕ的傅氏变换Ｕ的积分方程，前者可用有限单元法求解，后者可用边界单元法求解．根据电源点的Ｕ的傅氏反交换，解决了前人尚未解决的直接计算点源二维电场中纵剖面（通过电源点、平行走向的剖面）的电位问题．     

点源二维电场中纵剖面上电位的计算

将总电位ν分解为正常电位．ｕｏ和异常电位ｕ·本文绘出点源二维电场中,异常电位ｕ的傅氏变换Ｕ的变分方程,以及点源二维电场地形影响的异常电位ｕ的傅氏变换Ｕ的积分方程,前者可用有限单元法求解,后者可用边界单元法求解．根据电源点的Ｕ的傅氏反交换,解决了前人尚未解决的直接计算点源二维电场中纵剖面（通过电源点、平行走向的剖面）的电位问题．     

双差分定位法在柴达木西部油田微地震定位中的应用研究

概述了双差分定位法及其基本原理,重点介绍了双差分定位法在柴达木西部狮子沟油田微地震定位中的应用：对研究区内的微地震定位后,发现微地震分布与区内的断裂带具有一定的相关性,另外,油田油井的生产与注水对微地震的诱发有着影响。双差分定位后,数据残差平均值为0．36s,水平和垂直方向的估算误差平均值都在0．15m左右。利用高精度的双差分定住结果,可以对深层地质构造进行解析,为油田油气资源调查和评价提供信息。     

MF地磁场模型中磁尾感应电场研究与磁尾离子加速

为研究磁尾感应电场对上行离子的加速,对磁层亚暴期间尾向地磁场在向偶极位形弛豫过程中产生的感应电场进行了理论研究。结果表明：在偶极化过程中磁场的ＢＸ分量下降,ＢＺ分量上升,并产生随时间变化的单峰结构的感应电场,其峰值可超过２０ｍｖ／ｍ;当子午面内地心距离由６Ｒ,变化到１６ＲＥ时,感应电场峰值呈逐渐增大趋势;随着ｚ坐标的增大（远离赤道面）或Ｙ坐标的增大（远离子午面）,感应电场峰值呈逐渐减小趋势;感应电场峰值随磁场向偶极形弛豫周期的减小而增大．理论计算得到的感应电场随时间变化曲线及峰值与观测结果符合较好,本文还对上行离子在感应磁场中的加速进行了估算．     

点电源二维起伏界面三层介质边界单元法

本文在文献[5]的基础上,以三层介质下边两层界面上隆模型为例,讨论了边界元法在解决层状介质中存在二维横向不均匀情况下点源场视电阻率计算问题方面的应用。在本文中,由于选取了适当的基本解,故在所导出的方程中避免了对水平层状界面的积分计算,只对起伏边界进行积分计算,并在理论推导中设法消除了位场在边界上的法向导数,因而最后形成的代数方程组规模相当小,从而大大减少了所需的边界部分点和未知量的数目,大量地节省了计算机内存,加快了计算速度。这给数值计算带来了很大的方便,并为向二维及三维多层介质中存有异常体的问题推广提供了便利条件。     

电导率分段线性变化的水平层的点电源电场的数值解

首先给出柱坐标系中电导率分段线性变化的水平层的点源电场的二维边值问题,然后用变分法将边值问题转变为变分问题。用有限单元法解变分问题,将区域剖分成矩形单元,在单元中进行双线性函数插值,将变分方程化为线性代数方程组。解方程组,得各节点的电位值,由此可计算地表的视电阻率。 算例表明,本方法计算结果与精确解十分符合。本文还举了一个定量分析视电阻率年变化的例子。 本方法占用计算机内存约100K数量级。在MV/6000超小型计算机上计算一条电测深曲线的时间为几十秒钟。     

电导率分段线性变化的水平层的点电源电场的数值解

首先给出柱坐标系中电导率分段线性变化的水平层的点源电场的二维边值问题,然后用变分法将边值问题转变为变分问题。用有限单元法解变分问题,将区域剖分成矩形单元,在单元中进行双线性函数插值,将变分方程化为线性代数方程组。解方程组,得各节点的电位值,由此可计算地表的视电阻率。 算例表明,本方法计算结果与精确解十分符合。本文还举了一个定量分析视电阻率年变化的例子。 本方法占用计算机内存约100K数量级。在MV/6000超小型计算机上计算一条电测深曲线的时间为几十秒钟。     

DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRIC POTENTIAL FIELD ASSOCIATED WITH TWO SPHERICAL CONDUCTORS IN A WHOLE-SPACE1

Bispherical coordinates are used to derive an exact mathematical solution for the potential field generated by direct current electric conduction in an earth model consisting of two spherical inclusions in a uniform whole-space. The solution takes the form of a spherical harmonic expansion in bispherical coordinates; coefficients in the expansion are obtained by solving sets of linear equations. Rapid forward modelling of numerous interesting situations in d.c. resistivity prospecting is facilitated by the generality and computational efficiency inherent to this new solution. For example, the accuracy of image (or superposition) methods for calculating potential solutions can be quantified. Similarly, the ability of d.c. conduction methods to resolve two distinct bounded bodies in three-dimensional space can be examined by repeatedly calculating the secondary potential or apparent resistivity response of an earth model as a selected parameter is varied. Synthetic mise à la masse, crosshole, or areal potential data sets can be generated for subsequent use in inversion studies. Improvements in solution technique derived here also apply to a simpler model consisting of a single sphere buried in a half-space.     

THE SOLUTION OF THE STATIONARY ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH AND POTENTIAL OF A POINT CURRENT SOURCE IN A 2 1/2- DIMENSIONAL ENVIRONMENT*

A method is given for solving the dc electric field problem of a point current source in an anisotropic 2 1/2-dimensional structural model. The surface integral equation of the field strength is given. Parallel to the strike the field strength is represented by a Fourier series. On the plane perpendicular to the strike each term of the field strength series is solved by means of the method of sub-sections, where linear behaviour of field strength over the sub-sections is assumed. Some numerical examples for different galvanic effects are given.     

徐州、温泉、峰峰体积应变仪观测资料调和分析的初步结果

由国家地震局地震地质大队苏恺之等和中国科学院力学研究所共同研制的TJ-1型体积应变仪,在徐州、温泉、峰峰三个地震台已获得了第一批观测资料。我们对这些资料进行了维涅第科夫调和分析计算,得到了一些初步结果。     

徐州、温泉、峰峰体积应变仪观测资料调和分析的初步结果

由国家地震局地震地质大队苏恺之等和中国科学院力学研究所共同研制的TJ-1型体积应变仪,在徐州、温泉、峰峰三个地震台已获得了第一批观测资料。我们对这些资料进行了维涅第科夫调和分析计算,得到了一些初步结果。