GRADIENT ARRAY PROFILES OVER THIN RESISTIVE VEINS1

Furness , P. 1993. Gradient Array Profiles over thin resistive veins. Geophysical Prospecting 41 , 113–130. Gradient array geoelectric surveys are commonly used to explore for buried sheet-like targets. It is demonstrated that under certain circumstances the responses of such features can become practically equivalent for a range of models differing considerably in resistivity and thickness. This is the dual of the familiar equivalence phenomenon associated with thin beds in geoelectric sounding operations. Hence the geoelectric response profiles over thin dipping resistive veins are conveniently studied by considering equivalent forms with vanishing thickness and infinite resistivity but with the same resistivity-thickness product. The effects of varying the dip, depth of burial, depth extent and resistivity–thickness product of such features on the gradient array response profiles are investigated by means of a series of numerical experiments. These demonstrate several effects of significance to survey design and data interpretation. In particular it is found that while the resistivity–thickness product influences the amplitude of the response profiles it has little effect on their form. A similar behaviour is found to be exhibited by veins with extended depth extent when the dip is varied. A complete quantitative interpretation of gradient array profiles over thin dipping resistive veins is thus only possible for veins of limited depth extent. For veins with an extended depth dimension, the data is ambiguous (in a practical sense) in terms of the dip and the resistivity–thickness product. Here, the interpretation can only be expected to deduce the horizontal and vertical locations of the vein apex.     

二维大地电磁各向异性参数对视电阻率的影响研究

大地电磁法是广泛应用于深部地质结构探测、油气和矿产资源勘查等领域的一种地球物理方法.电性各向异性对电磁观测数据有很大影响,但介质各向异性参数对不同模式视电阻率的影响还较少有较为系统的研究.本文基于Maxwell方程组,推导了二维大地电磁场在任意各向异性介质中电场和磁场相互耦合的变分方程,结合有限单元法及并行计算编写了二维大地电磁任意各向异性正演程序,采用三角形网格剖分.验证程序正确性后,以倾斜板状体作为模型来研究三个主轴电阻率及三个旋转欧拉角和四种模式的视电阻率之间的关系.结果表明,主轴各向异性时,xy模式视电阻率几乎只受x方向电阻率影响,yx模式视电阻率主要受y方向电阻率影响,但同时也受z方向电阻率一定影响;三个欧拉角中只有倾角不为零时,yx模式视电阻率受倾角大小的影响较大,xy模式视电阻率几乎不受倾角的影响;只有走向角不为零时,四种模式的视电阻率同时受x、y两个主轴电阻率和走向角的大小的影响.     

Physical property anisotropy of foliated fault rocks: Study from the Nobeoka Thrust,Shimanto Belt,southwest Japan

To investigate the physical property anisotropies of foliated fault rocks in subduction zones, the hanging wall phyllites and footwall cataclasites exhumed along the Nobeoka Thrust, a fossilized out‐of‐sequence‐thrust in the Shimanto Belt, Japan, was focused. Discrete physical property (electric resistivity, P‐ and S‐wave velocities, and porosity) measurements were conducted employing geologic coordinates (depth‐parallel direction, strike direction, and maximum dip direction of foliation), using the core samples obtained from the Nobeoka Thrust Drilling Project and compared the data to borehole geophysical logs. A higher sample P‐wave velocity (Vp), lower S‐wave velocity (Vs), higher Vp/Vs, and lower sample porosity and resistivity compared to the logs, are inferred to have been caused by the larger sampling scale of the logs and lower fluid saturation of the borehole. The phyllites and cataclasites exhibited substantial vertical and horizontal anisotropy of Vp (0.4–17.3 % and 2.7–13.8 %, respectively), Vs (0.5–56 % and 7.7–43 %, respectively), and resistivity (0.9–119 % and 2.0–65.9 %, respectively). The physical property anisotropies are primarily affected by the dip angles of foliation. The fault rocks that have gentler dip angles exhibit a higher Vp in the strike and maximum dip direction and a lower Vp in the depth‐parallel direction. In contrast, the fault rocks that have steeply dipping structures show a higher Vp in the strike and depth‐parallel directions with a lower velocity in the maximum dip direction. Resistivity anisotropy show a trend opposite to that of the Vp in relation to the dip angles. Our results show lower Vp anisotropy than those obtained in previous studies, which measured wave speeds perpendicular or parallel to foliation under confining pressure. This study highlights the significance of dip angles on vertical properties in geophysical surveys across foliated fault rocks.     

井旁裂缝的双侧向测井物理模拟及特征分析

为深入认识裂缝性地层的双侧向测井响应特征,指导裂缝识别及裂缝参数表征,基于数值仿真开展了井旁裂缝的缩小比例物理模拟.在物理模拟平台构建的基础上,用不同浓度的氯化钠溶液模拟基岩,用不同宽度的镀锌板来模拟高导裂缝,实现测量过程的可视化.通过实验分析井旁裂缝的规模、发育位置和产状等因素对深、浅侧向电阻率的影响.研究表明:在仪器有效探测范围内,垂直缝延伸长度对深浅侧向电阻率的数值影响较小;裂缝离井壁越远,双侧向电阻率明显增大,但深浅侧向电阻率值的降低幅度不同;随着裂缝倾角增大,深侧向电阻率增大,浅侧向电阻率无明显变化,深浅侧向电阻率从负幅度差向正幅度差过渡,但临界角的观测十分困难,应用双侧向测井判断地层产状时,需特别注意其适用条件.     

Research of the electrical anisotropic characteristics of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams

Water flooding disasters are one of the five natural coal-mining disasters that threaten the lives of coal miners. The main causes of this flooding are water-conducting fractured zones within coal seams. However, when resistivity methods are used to detect water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams, incorrect conclusions can be drawn because of electrical anisotropy within the water-conducting fractured zones. We present, in this paper, a new geo–electrical model based on the geology of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams. Factors that influence electrical anisotropy were analyzed, including formation water resistivity, porosity, fracture density, and fracture surface roughness, pressure, and dip angle. Numerical simulation was used to evaluate the proposed electrical method. The results demonstrate a closed relationship between the shape of apparent resistivity and the strike and dip of a fracture. Hence, the findings of this paper provide a practical resistivity method for coal-mining production.     

湖相沉积盆地内隐伏断裂的电阻率层析成像探测——以通海盆地为例

本文利用电阻率层析成像方法对湖相沉积盆地——通海盆地内的小江断裂的西支断裂进行了探测。发现在电阻率图像的较深区域才能识别出断裂的位置和产状,它在通海盆地内的走向约为N47°E,倾角约为57°～66°,视倾向为NW或N,与以往的研究结果基本一致。     

地层倾角测井自适应窗长人机交互对比方法及地质解释

首先讨论倾角测井资料自适应窗长人机交互式对比方法．依据地质背景资料对倾角测井电导率曲线进行粗略分层，然后电脑进行精细对比，最后人的知识和经验对对比结果进行确认与解释，从而保证每个资料点对比结果的可靠与客观性．同时讨论了智能型知识库支持下的倾角测井资料交互式构造解释方法，采用人机交互技术识别地层倾角矢量模式组合。然后完成交互式地质解释过程．实践表明，上述方法在复杂地下地质条件和井眼条件下是一种有效而快速的方法，同时可以克服倾角测井资料地质响应的多解性．     

I.P. AND RESISTIVITY MODEL STUDIES OVER THIN DYKES*

Induced polarization and resistivity model studies over thin dykes for varying resistivity contrasts, depth of burial, and dip angles show striking parallelism of the surface apparent resistivity contours with the boundary of the body. This effect may be utilized for the estimation of strike length of the body. Results show that intermediate values of the electrode spacing is satisfactory for detection under widely varying conditions of resistivity contrast and depth. The percentage frequency effect (P.F.E.) and the metal factor (M.F.) responses are found to be more sensitive to the variation in the depth of burial than the resistivity responses. Pseudosections for P.F.E. and M.F. are concentrated much closer to the body than the resistivity pseudo-sections.     

Electrical Imaging of Impact Structures

Electrical imaging provides important subsurface information for the construction of hypervelocity impact models. We here provide an overview and evaluation of the current electrical imaging methods used in impact cratering studies. Although apparent resistivity models are commonly used in the geoelectrical imaging of impact structures, the reliability of these models has not hitherto been determined. In order to assess these imaging approaches in impact cratering, we investigate for the first time the discrepancies between the apparent resistivity and true resistivity models of an impact structure. To this end, we present (1) a new true resistivity model of the Araguainha impact structure in central Brazil by applying L2-norm inversion to previously published data, (2) apparent resistivity model of the impact structure, and (3) models obtained from different stages of the iterative tomographic inversions. Our results show that changes in vertical resistivity gradient are significantly better defined in the true resistivity models than in the apparent resistivity model. On the basis of these results, we outline a new approach that true resistivity models can be effectively assessed by applying both L1- and L2-norm inversion schemes together with the monitoring of intermediate models from iterative inversion. The results of our study highlight the importance of tomographic inversion of resistivity data in impact cratering studies, and they provide a data modeling framework and foundation for cost-effective subsurface imaging of impact structures in the future.     

Gas hydrate saturation at Site C0002, IODP Expeditions 314 and 315, in the Kumano Basin,Nankai trough

The degree of gas hydrate saturation at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site C0002 in the Kumano Basin, Nankai Trough, was estimated from logging‐while‐drilling logs and core samples obtained during IODP Expeditions 314 and 315. Sediment porosity data necessary for the calculation of saturation were obtained from both core samples and density logs. Two forms of the Archie equation (‘quick‐look’ and ‘standard’) were used to calculate gas hydrate saturation from two types of electrical resistivity log data (ring resistivity and bit resistivity), and a three‐phase Biot‐type equation was used to calculate gas hydrate saturation from P‐wave velocity log data. The gas hydrate saturation baseline calculated from both resistivity logs ranges from 0% to 35%, and that calculated from the P‐wave velocity log ranges from 0% to 30%. High levels of gas hydrate saturation (>60%) are present as spikes in the ring resistivity log and correspond to the presence of gas hydrate concentrations within sandy layers. At several depths, saturation values obtained from P‐wave velocity data are lower than those obtained from bit resistivity data; this discrepancy is related to the presence of free gas at these depths. Previous research has suggested that gas from deep levels in the Kumano Basin has migrated up‐dip towards the southern and seaward edge of the basin near Site C0002. The high saturation values and presence of free gas at site C0002 suggest that a large gas flux is flowing to the southern and seaward edge of the basin from a deeper and/or more landward part of the Kumano Basin, with the southern edge of the Kumano Basin (the location of site C0002) being the main area of fluid accumulation.     

电阻率成像及浅层地震勘探在控盆构造探测中的应用——以万全断裂为例

万全断裂是洋河盆地北缘断裂带组成断裂之一,控制沿线构造活动及地貌发育。断裂走向NE,倾向SE,在沟口处隐伏于第四纪覆盖层,采用电阻率成像和浅层地震联合勘探方法,获得该断裂隐伏段落综合物探异常,结合地质地貌调查,判定隐伏段落展布的具体位置、产状、活动特征及地下结构特征等。研究结果表明,万全断裂隐伏段落走向NE,倾向SE,倾角约75°,上断点埋深约20 m,20—240 m深度可见断裂破碎带（宽约10—20 m）物探异常特征及断裂两侧地层结构差异。该联合探测模式可有效探测复杂地质构造条件下的隐伏活动断裂,具有较强实用性,值得推广。     

随钻方位电磁波测井多参数快速反演

大斜度井/水平井随钻测井技术已被广泛的应用于各种复杂油气藏中,但传统随钻电磁波测井仅提供仪器轴向磁场分量,井斜和各向异性对测井响应影响耦合在一起,难以剥离,无法基于反演同时获取多个参数,进行相应的地层评价,且不能提供方位信息,难以实现地质导向功能.随钻方位电磁波测井在提供仪器轴向磁场分量的基础上,还提供了仪器横向磁场分量,其提取的地质导向信号,对地层界面非常敏感,受井斜、地层电阻率对比度和各向异性影响弱,可以反演得到准确的界面位置.此外,额外的磁场分量信息,有效降低了井斜与各向异性的耦合程度,可基于反演算法实现多参数联合反演,满足电阻率测井精细解释评价需求.     

一维电阻率各向异性对海洋可控源电磁响应的影响研究

地下介质的电阻率常常表现为各向异性,海底裂隙地层和层状沉积序列可能形成宏观电阻率各向异性.在解释海洋电磁资料时,电阻率各向异性的影响不应该被忽略,否则可能会得到错误的海底地电模型.作者编写了电阻率任意各向异性一维层状介质海洋可控源电磁场计算程序,计算了电阻率各向异性层状模型的海洋可控源电磁响应,讨论了覆盖层和高阻储层分别具有电阻率各向异性时的电磁场响应特征.     

Anisotropic inversion of refracted waves in vertical cable data in the presence of dip

Refracted arrivals are analysed to estimate the near‐surface anisotropy of marine sediments using a vertical‐cable (VC) configuration. In the presence of dip, the horizontal and vertical ray‐slownesses are obtained from the observed apparent slownesses in the up‐ and downdip directions using a sum or difference at each azimuth. The multiple azimuths generated by a VC geometry permit the ray‐slowness distribution of the marine sediments to be determined. An inversion procedure is developed to provide dip and anisotropy parameters for refractive layers from the measured refraction traveltimes in multilayered azimuthally isotropic and anisotropic media. Two sets of transversely isotropic models are used to analyse the azimuthal variations of apparent and ray slownesses. In the first set, we fix the anisotropic parameters of the models but vary the dip (0°, 5° and 10°) to test the effects of the presence of dip. In the second set, we vary the P‐wave anisotropy strength (5.2%, 10.3%, 15.8% and 22.0%) to examine the sensitivity and accuracy of ray‐slowness approximations which are independent of dip. We test this inversion procedure on synthetic P‐wave VC data calculated for six different models by a finite‐difference method. The results of applications to real VC data acquired from the North Sea are also presented.     

测井资料质量验收系统的研制与应用

为了适应当前测井资料质量控制的需要,基于软件工程学原则开发了能在微机上使用的测井资料质量验收系统,依据验收标准对常规测井资料和地层倾角测井资料进行质量验收,交互生成质量验收报告.系统对测井资料的主要验收功能包括套管值检查、重复性检查、深度检查、测量速度检查、曲线异常检查、仪器转动检查、地层倾角电阻率曲线一致性检查等.在新疆油田的实际应用中,取得了良好的效果.     

Geophysical evidence of the Eastern Marginal Fault of the Cheb Basin (Czech Republic)

The western part of the Bohemian Massif hosts an intersection of two regional fault zones, the SW-NE trending Oh?e/Eger Graben and the NNW-SSE trending Mariánské Lázně Fault, which has been reactivated several times in the geological history and controlled the formation of the Tertiary Cheb Basin. The broader area of the Cheb Basin is also related to permanent seismic activity of M_L 3+ earthquake swarms. The Eastern Marginal Fault of the Cheb Basin (northern segment of the Mariánské Lázně Fault) separates the basin sediments and underlying granites in the SW from the Kru?né Hory/Erzgebirge Mts. crystalline unit in the NE. We describe a detailed geophysical survey targeted to locating the Eastern Marginal Fault and determining its geometry in the depth. The survey was conducted at the Kopanina site near the Nový Kostel focal zone, which shows the strongest seismic activity of the whole Western Bohemia earthquake swarm region. Complex geophysical survey included gravimetry, electrical resistivity tomography, audiomagnetotellurics and seismic refraction. We found that the rocks within the Eastern Marginal Fault show low resistivity, low seismic velocity and density, which indicates their deep fracturing, weathering and higher water content. The dip of the fault in shallow depths is about 60° towards SW. At greater depths, the slope turns to subvertical with dip angle of about 80°. Results of geoelectrical methods show blocky fabric of the Cheb Basin and deep weathering of the granite bedrock, which is consistent with geologic models based on borehole surveys.     

Some considerations on electrical resistivity imaging for characterization of waterbed sediments

The paper focuses on defining the performance and limits of ERI in the detection and sedimentary characterization of near-bottom thin layers. The analysis of the resolution of floating and submerged cables, and the effect of the accuracy of a priori information (resistivity and thickness) in the data inversion, is based on theory, models and actual data. Theoretical models show that the actual reconstruction of the near water-bottom sediments, in terms of geometry and resistivity, can be obtained only with the submerged cable, however, the data, unlike that acquired with the floating cable, require a priori information on water resistivity and thickness for the data inversion. Theoretical forward models based on wrong a priori water thickness and resistivity information influence the inverted model in different ways, depending on the under- and over-estimation of water resistivity and thickness, and the resistivity contrast of the water–solid layer; however a water–solid resistivity contrast of less than 2 and within 10% of error in water resistivity has no effect. Overestimating water resistivity depicts a ground similar to the actual ground in terms of resistivity, more so than the underestimation of water resistivity. Moreover, the data inversion is less influenced by water parameter error in the case of low resistivity contrast in the water–solid layer, than it is for high resistivity contrast. Wenner and Schlumberger arrays give comparable results, while a dipole–dipole array seems to be more sensitive to the accuracy of apparent resistivity measurements and a priori information on water.The theoretical considerations were validated by actual data acquired with a submerged cable on the Tiber River. The study has shown that if highly accurate measurements are made of water thickness and resistivity, then electrical resistivity imaging from the submerged cable can be used in addition to, or even to substitute, seismic data for the reconstruction of the features and sedimentary characterization of near-bed sediments where seismic data fail to give a suitable resolution.     

远震体波有限破裂过程反演敏感性测试及其在汶川地震上的应用

本文利用远震P和SH波反演得到2008年5月12日汶川大地震(M_W=7.9)的一系列有限破裂模型。使用一种基于小波变换的模拟退火非线性反演方法, 我们将主断层划分成若干个子断层, 在反演时同时确定每个子断层上的滑移量、 滑动角、 上升时间(rise time)以及平均破裂速度。我们首先根据一个假定的破裂模型生成理论地震图, 将该理论地震数据作为输入进行反演, 对该有限破裂反演方法进行了一系列测试, 以验证反演对断层倾角、 平均破裂速度、 最大破裂深度等参数的敏感性。然后我们采用4个不同倾角的断层面来对汶川地震远震体波记录进行反演。结果表明, 若对只在一个断层面上模拟该地震, 30°倾角是个较为合适的值。反演的结果还表明, 此次地震有两个主要的能量释放区域, 并且主断层面存在倾角变化的可能性。在将来的研究中, 可以结合GPS, InSAR测地学以及强震等数据, 来对强震的破裂过程做更细致的研究。     

Prospects of magnetotelluric sounding in some large structures in the Arctic ocean

In the work, the results of modeling of electric resistivity distribution at the Gakkel and Alpha-Mendeleev underwater ridges are given. Based on the seismostratigraphic models, the apparent resistivity curves at a few points of the profile at the crossing of the ridge were constructed. The advantages and disad-vantages of the MT sounding method are presented. The results obtained can be used for future experiments.