A STUDY OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF WAVEFIELD SEPARATION FOR APPLICATION TO VSP DATA1

During the last couple of years there has been much research in the area of wavefield separation of borehole seismic data, and several articles have been published on various separation techniques. Methods involving the application of two-dimensional Fourier transformation, the Radon transformation, multi-level median filters or optimal filters, are all suggested as possible approaches to the wavefield separation problem. This paper compares some of these methods commonly used in the industry. The theories of the chosen methods are described to see how they are related. Using the different methods on synthetic and real data, we show how this theoretical relation is reflected in the relatively similar results obtained. We also show how the different filters treat coherent and random noise.     

航空重力测量数据向下延拓方法比较

首先介绍了空中重力异常向下延拓的直接代表法、正则化法、点质量法和基于球内Dirichlet问题的调和解法,分析了它们各自的特点.然后利用这些方法对中国大同航空重力测量数据进行向下延拓计算.通过对延拓结果与地面实测数据的比较分析,比较客观地评价了不同延拓方法的计算精度、可靠性及适应性.实际计算结果表明,直接代表法和正则化法的延拓结果具有较高的精度和可靠性,而球内Dirichlet问题调和解法的精度较差.     

METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF VELOCITY AND DEPTH FROM SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA1

The estimation of velocity and depth is an important stage in seismic data processing and interpretation. We present a method for velocity-depth model estimation from unstacked data. This method is formulated as an iterative algorithm producing a model which maximizes some measure of coherency computed along traveltimes generated by tracing rays through the model. In the model the interfaces are represented as cubic splines and it is assumed that the velocity in each layer is constant. The inversion includes the determination of the velocities in all the layers and the location of the spline knots. The process input consists of unstacked seismic data and an initial velocity-depth model. This model is often based on nearby well information and an interpretation of the stacked section. Inversion is performed iteratively layer after layer; during each iteration synthetic travel-time curves are calculated for the interface under consideration. A functional characterizing the main correlation properties of the wavefield is then formed along the synthetic arrival times. It is assumed that the functional reaches a maximum value when the synthetic arrival time curves match the arrival times of the events on the field gathers. The maximum value of the functional is obtained by an effective algorithm of non-linear programming. The present inversion algorithm has the advantages that event picking on the unstacked data is not required and is not based on curve fitting of hyperbolic approximations of the arrival times. The method has been successfully applied to both synthetic and field data.     

用地震资料测定岩石层的三维速度结构

本文发展了一种利用远震P波资料反演岩石层三维速度结构的新模型与方法;并将射线追踪方法引进上述模型与方法中。这种模型和方法同样可用于利用近震资料同时反演介质结构与震源参数。 数值实验结果表明,上述模型和方法是可行的。     

用地震资料测定岩石层的三维速度结构

本文发展了一种利用远震P波资料反演岩石层三维速度结构的新模型与方法;并将射线追踪方法引进上述模型与方法中。这种模型和方法同样可用于利用近震资料同时反演介质结构与震源参数。 数值实验结果表明,上述模型和方法是可行的。     

用LAGEOS-1的激光测距资料测定地球引力常数GM

本文利用LAGEOS-1卫星的激光测距资料,从1990年至1994年,每半年取90天资料,用统计轨道方法,多级复弧法解得10组地球引力常数GM值,取加仅平均值后,最终结果为GM＝398600．44181（±0．00023）km3／s2     

用LAGEOS-1的激光测距资料测定地球引力常数GM

本文利用LAGEOS-1卫星的激光测距资料，从1990年至1994年，每半年取90天资料，用统计轨道方法，多级复弧法解得10组地球引力常数GM值，取加仅平均值后，最终结果为GM＝398600．44181（±0．00023）km3／s2     

A COMPARISON BETWEEN KIRCHHOFF AND GRT MIGRATION ON VSP DATA1

A modern approach to migration is to perform wavefield extrapolation, subject to an imaging condition. Correct wavefield extrapolation requires that the boundary conditions at the array of geophones satisfy the wave equation. A sufficient condition is to perform the survey with a single stationary source. Contrary to this condition, many VSPs are conducted in deviated wells, where the source is maintained vertically above the down-hole geophone at each well station. Such a survey fails to provide the boundary conditions theoretically necessary for wave-equation migration. A recently published inversion scheme, referred to as acoustic generalized Radon transform migration (GRT migration), was developed to handle any configuration of sources and geophones, including moving-source deviated-well VSP surveys. GRT migration may be viewed as a weighted version of the generalized Kirchhoff migration, derived in this paper from the exploding-reflector model. When a VSP-survey geometry has been specified, GRT migration can be expressed in terms of array parameters, and compared with the equivalent expression for Kirchhoff (wave-equation) migration. The differences between the two integrals are significant and their effect is demonstrated on VSP data.     

在确定潜在震源区中地震和地质资料的应用

在确定潜在震源区中如何应用地震和地质资料是编制中国地震烈度区划图(1990)的关键问题,包括如何利用地震和地质资料来勾划地震带和潜在震源区的范围和方向,以及确定本底地震和潜在震源区的震级上限     

用烈度资料反演Qssub>、扩散因子和震源S波加速度.

本文采用发生在中国的35个地震的烈度资料,用阻尼最小二乘法解超定方程组的方法,反演了中国7个区的1秒周期S波品质因子Q_S的平均值、扩散因子和震源S波加速度.并探讨了震源S波加速度与震级的关系.作为一个例子,反演了台湾地区Qs值的二维平面分布,发现Qs值分布与布格重力异常、地震活动性存在某种对应关系. 对反演结果进行了初步分析和讨论,并估计了Qs的误差.     

使用CDSN资料确定澜沧地震震源参数

本文使用中国ＣＤＳＮ长周期数字资料，采用理论地震图试错法，确定了１９８８年云南澜沧７．６级强震的震源机制参数，改进Ｋｉｋｕｃｈｉ方法，计算出震源破裂时间过程函数，讨论了该地区发展地质构造。     

鹤岗地震台测震观测资料质量分析与研究

通过对鹤岗地震台测震观测资料和国家测震观测资料评比标准进行分析比较,在保证观测仪器正常运转的情况下,认为要提高鹤岗地震台测震观测资料质量,就要做好震相分析、震级测定、数据报送、单台报告四方面的工作,其中震相分析精度是保证观测资料质量的关键,而初至波震相的精度决定了震相分析的精度,所以对如何提高初至波震相精度进行了分析,并提出了几点改善工作的建议。     

A PREDICTION OF SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT FROM MARINE SEISMIC DATA *

Stratigraphic models are usually oversimplified by petroleum geologists, and the result is that the principles which we use for interpreting geophysical data are also over-simplified or even incorrect. Based on the marine seismic data from the Adriatic Sea, an example of prediction of a rather complex sedimentation model of detrital sediments is shown. On the basis of the stratigraphic interpretation using seismic techniques only for this some very important characteristics are discussed: — paleotopography of the valley and conditions which have given opportunity to map accurately the pre-depositional surface, — seismic signatures of the sedimentary section of the ancient valley in which we have recognized aluvial sequence and marine one. The conclusion is that there is a real opportunity for exploration of stratigraphic traps in this part of the Mediterranean Basin.     

京津地区Q值及平均应力降的分布特征

本文用P波初动半振幅和半周期直接测定介质的品质因素（Q值）和小震震源参数的方法,测定了京津地区十个区两个时间段介质的平均品质因数及小震震源参数。结果表明:唐山大震前在平谷台到唐山震区的路径上平均Q值明显的高,大约是其它区的一至二倍,并且唐山震区平均应力降最大,比其它区约大一个数量级,这说明唐山大震前这个地区介质的强度较高,整体性较强,并比其它地区积累了较高的应力。在这个基础上,对京津地区的地震趋势提出了看法。 此外,本文还给出了京津地区中小地震震源参数间的经验关系。     

京津地区Q值及平均应力降的分布特征

本文用P波初动半振幅和半周期直接测定介质的品质因素（Q值）和小震震源参数的方法,测定了京津地区十个区两个时间段介质的平均品质因数及小震震源参数。结果表明:唐山大震前在平谷台到唐山震区的路径上平均Q值明显的高,大约是其它区的一至二倍,并且唐山震区平均应力降最大,比其它区约大一个数量级,这说明唐山大震前这个地区介质的强度较高,整体性较强,并比其它地区积累了较高的应力。在这个基础上,对京津地区的地震趋势提出了看法。 此外,本文还给出了京津地区中小地震震源参数间的经验关系。     

A COMPARISON OF STATISTICAL AND DETERMINISTIC WIENER DECONVOLUTION OF DEEP-TOW SEISMIC DATA*

Wiener ‘spiking’ deconvolution of seismic traces in the absence of a known source wavelet relies upon the use of digital filters, which are optimum in a least-squares error sense only if the wavelet to be deconvolved is minimum phase. In the marine environment in particular this condition is frequently violated, since bubble pulse oscillations result in source signatures which deviate significantly from minimum phase. The degree to which the deconvolution is impaired by such violation is generally difficult to assess, since without a measured source signature there is no optimally deconvolved trace with which the spiked trace may be compared. A recently developed near-bottom seismic profiler used in conjunction with a surface air gun source produces traces which contain the far-field source signature as the first arrival. Knowledge of this characteristic wavelet permits the design of two-sided Wiener spiking and shaping filters which can be used to accurately deconvolve the remainder of the trace. In this paper the performance of such optimum-lag filters is compared with that of the zero-lag (one-sided) operators which can be evaluated from the reflected arrival sequence alone by assuming a minimum phase source wavelet. Results indicate that the use of zero-lag operators on traces containing non-minimum phase wavelets introduces significant quantities of noise energy into the seismic record. Signal to noise ratios may however be preserved or even increased during deconvolution by the use of optimum-lag spiking or shaping filters. A debubbling technique involving matched filtering of the trace with the source wavelet followed by optimum-lag Wiener deconvolution did not give a higher quality result than can be obtained simply by the application of a suitably chosen Wiener shaping filter. However, cross correlation of an optimum-lag spike filtered trace with the known ‘actual output’ of the filter when presented with the source signature is found to enhance signal-to-noise ratio whilst maintaining improved resolution.     

由速度谱测定微震的地震矩

本文根据Ｋ．Ａｋｉ（１９８０）提出的ω平方、常应力参数谱衰减模式．研究了地面运动速度谱衰减的带宽效应，导出了用速度谱直接估算地震矩Ｍ０的新方法。利用中日合作在滇西地震预报实验场区的洱源、脉地、松桂三个地区新获得的三次微震群序列数字化记录资料，通过不同参数Ｑ值和△σ值的计算比较，选取Ｑ＝３００，△σ＝１．０ＭＰａ作为测定的参数值，计算了Ｐ波和Ｓ波速度谱的理论量板，并且与实际观测点的低频速度谱值相比较，用这样的方法测定了三次震群序列的地震矩Ｍ０和震源参数。结果给出，在震级为１．０～２．５级的范围内，地震矩Ｍ０＝１０（１０）～１０（１３）（Ｎ·ｍ），震源破裂半径ａ＝７０～２００（ｍ），Ｐ波和Ｓ波的拐角频率比ｆ（ｏｐ）／ｆ（ｏｓ）＝１．５８。用Ｐ波或Ｓ波三分量的速度谱值测定的地震矩比较一致，以及在相同震级范围内，用速度谱方法测定的结果与其它方法测定的结果也基本一致。本文提出的速度谱测地震矩的方法是一种简便实用的方法，当地震矩和观测低频谱值（如ｆ＝１．０ＨＺ）已知时，可通过查函数表值快速测定Ｍ０值。     

地震前兆数据从VAX机转换到PC机的实现方法

概要地论述了利用FOXPRO数据库进行地震数据格式转换的方法,重点叙述了前兆和地电数据的转换,该方法简单、实用,可供有关方面及人员参考。     

南天山西段及交汇区介质品质因子Q值特征研究

利用2009~2013年间新疆数字地震台网中12个地震台所记录的34个地震事件的数字地震波形资料,以南天山西段及交汇区作为研究区,采用3段几何衰减模型及Atkinson联合反演方法对地震波形资料进行非弹性衰减研究,得出介质品质因子Q(f)与频率的关系:Q(f)=337f0.577。为验证不同时段的地震事件对Q(f)计算结果是否有影响,将上述研究中2009年发生的前24个事件保持不变,对后10个事件做3次更换研究,分别得到介质品质因子Q(f)与频率的关系:Q(f)=329f0.565;Q(f)=324f0.520;Q(f)=363f0.526。结果表明不同时段内的地震事件对Q(f)值的影响不大,采用Atkinson联合反演方法计算介质品质因子Q(f)较为稳定、可靠。