伊朗松贡铜钼矿床研究新进展

松贡铜钼矿床位于伊朗西北部,是特提斯成矿域中的超大型斑岩型铜矿床之一。资料表明,松贡矿床矿石储量为6.50亿t,其中含铜0.76%,钼0.01%。斑岩体呈岩株及岩墙状产出,铜钼矿化主要与花岗闪长斑岩有关,石英二长斑岩内也有少部分矿化,在侵入体外围的碳酸盐岩中还有矽卡岩型矿化,松贡斑岩型铜钼矿床的成矿年龄约为20Ma。Cu矿化主要分布在钾化带及部分绢英岩化带,以浸染状的形式出现在脉体及脉体晕中;在浅部,多数硫化物都被淋滤掉,铜蓝、辉铜矿及方辉铜矿等出现在氧化带盖层下面。流体包裹体和稳定同位素(C、H、O、S)研究表明,与矿化有关的流体主要为岩浆水,后期有大气水加入(最多占混合流体的20%)。     

铜陵冬瓜山矿床深部斑岩型矿化特征及其与矽卡岩型矿化的关系

冬瓜山铜矿床是铜陵矿集区狮子山矿田中的主要矿床,对于该矿床中斑岩型成矿作用的研究缺乏。本文对冬瓜山矿床深部是否存在斑岩型矿体、斑岩型矿化特征及其与层状矽卡岩型矿化的关系等问题开展研究。冬瓜山矿床深部具有斑岩型矿化的蚀变类型和蚀变分带特征,矿化可分为钾硅酸盐阶段和石英硫化物阶段两个成矿阶段,斑岩型蚀变分带在空间上向外与矽卡岩化带过渡。斑岩型矿化的石英闪长岩形成年龄为140 Ma,与上部层状矽卡岩型矿化相关的石英/辉石二长闪长岩应为同期闪长质岩浆形成。深部斑岩型矿化的成矿流体具有由高温向中温演化的特点,与浅部层状矽卡岩型矿化的成矿流体具有相似的演化趋势,二者的成矿流体应该为一个热液系统,深部岩体内部流体演化形成斑岩型矿化,而接触带部位流体演化形成矽卡岩型矿化。     

西藏驱龙斑岩型铜(钼) 矿床矿化特征及远景预测

驱龙矿床位于西藏冈底斯成矿带东段, 成矿条件优越。该矿床为一典型斑岩型矿床, 其铜 (钼) 矿化与喜山期黑云母花岗闪长斑岩、石英二长花岗斑岩时空及成因关系密切, 具典型的细脉浸染型矿化特征, 围岩蚀变发育且具面型分带现象。区域构造演化、成岩成矿时代表明, 冈底斯成矿带内的斑岩型矿化发生于印度与亚洲板块的后碰撞阶段挤压向伸展的转换期。综合地质、化探与遥感等找矿信息, 预测驱龙矿床找矿潜力巨大, 驱龙东段是进一步勘查工作的首选靶区, 矿体剥蚀程度低, 具较大埋深( > 1 000 m) 。强调斑岩型矿化的同时, 应注意岩体接触带附近矽卡岩型以及不同围岩裂隙中的脉型多金属矿的找矿工作。     

江苏镇江谏壁岩体特征与钼(钨)矿床类型

谏壁钼(钨)矿床是产于下扬子地台中的一类斑岩型矿床。在大陆边缘活动带中，陆壳碰撞、俯冲，形成了壳幔混源型中酸性、钙碱性杂岩体，为中—浅成相。岩石的演化、分异于岩浆的晚期产生了各类中酸性斑岩脉体，沿主岩体的碎裂岩化带产出。区内成矿物质主要来源于岩浆，可能有部分的围岩有益组分的加入。成矿温度、压力为中—低温和低压。矿化作用主要为热液充填作用，与石英脉带紧密相关。矿石类型为细脉状、网脉状、细脉浸染状等。矿体围岩蚀变不具有“环带模式”。因此，矿床属斑岩—石英脉型热液充填—交代钼(钨)矿床。与斑岩型(铜)矿床相比仍有一定的差异，而与钨、钼一类矿床相近。     

黑龙江苏家铁多金属矿床地质、地球化学特征及成因

苏家铁多金属矿床位于黑龙江省张广才岭成矿带内,受一撮毛碱长花岗岩体及相关花岗斑岩岩体控制。矿体产出于花岗斑岩和大理岩的接触带及层间破裂带内,主要为矽卡岩型铁锌矿体。组成矿体的主要矿石矿物为磁铁矿和闪锌矿; 围岩蚀变类型主要有矽卡岩化、矽化、角岩化、碳酸盐化和绿泥石化,其中矽卡岩化与矿化关系密切,是区内的主要找矿标志。矿床地球化学特征研究表明成矿物质来自壳源岩浆演化和上部热液交代碳酸岩地层,并在矽卡岩带内形成矿化体和矿体。结合成矿地质背景,确定苏家铁多金属矿床为矽卡岩型矿床。     

西秦岭温泉钼矿床矿化特征与蚀变分带

西秦岭温泉斑岩型钼矿位于北秦岭加里东褶皱带西北。经光片及薄片鉴定、X--衍射分析、岩矿石化学全分析和稀土元素分析等研究,石英脉中的辉钼矿化、黄铁矿化及黄铜矿化是矿床的主要矿化;围岩蚀变主要是硅化、沸石化及红色泥化。根据矿床地质、围岩蚀变和地球化学特征等,将围岩蚀变分为3个带,即砖红色沸石化蚀变带(Ⅰ)、强硅化蚀变带(Ⅱ)和弱硅化蚀变带(Ⅲ),其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ带为主要找矿标志。     

秦岭山阳-柞水矿集区150~140Ma斑岩-矽卡岩型CuMoFe(Au)矿床成矿作用研究

秦岭造山带内的山阳-柞水古生代弧前盆地中出露有池沟、小河口、冷水沟、园子街、下官坊及双元沟等CuMo、CuFe(Au)矿床,与这些矿床具有成因联系的岩体为形成于150~140Ma的高钾钙碱性和钾玄岩系列花岗岩,为华北和扬子大陆碰撞后伸展阶段壳、幔混合岩浆的产物。矿化主要发生在岩体与泥盆、石炭纪地层中碳酸盐岩的接触带附近,主要类型为矽卡岩型,少量为斑岩型,部分矿床具有统一的矽卡岩-斑岩型成矿系统,矿化组合主要为CuMo、CuFe(Au)和Cu矿化。外接触带主要发育有矽卡岩和角岩化蚀变,内接触带主要为岩体内部的硅化、钾化、绢云母化、绿泥石化及粘土化,内矽卡岩不发育。矽卡岩矿物主要有石榴石、透辉石、绿帘石、透闪石,阳起石等,其中石榴子石主要为钙铁榴石和钙铝榴石,透辉石是辉石的主体,早期形成的石榴石和透辉石等无水矿物组合常被后期的绿帘石、透闪石和阳起石等含水矿物及石英、方解石等所交代。金属矿物比较简单,最主要的含铜矿物为黄铜矿和斑铜矿,铁矿化主要为磁铁矿和镜铁矿。尽管这些矿床以矽卡岩型矿化为主,但部分矿床中已发现有斑岩型矿化和蚀变特征,这可能暗示了该区可能具有统一的矽卡岩-斑岩型成矿系统,进而表明山阳-柞水矿集区深部具有寻找斑岩型矿床的巨大潜力。     

新疆包古图地区金矿床地质特征及成矿模型研究

包古图地区是新疆西准噶尔重要的金矿集区之一,根据矿床地质和矿化类型,可将区内金矿化分为2类:以阔个沙也金矿床(包古图金矿Ⅰ~Ⅳ号点)为代表的石英脉型金矿化,产于部分中酸性斑岩体周边地层中,赋矿围岩为下石炭统包古图组凝灰质砂岩、凝灰岩等,围岩蚀变以硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化、毒砂化和碳酸盐化为主,矿体为黄铁矿_石英脉型、辉锑矿_石英脉型和自然砷_石英脉型或石英网脉型/蚀变岩型,受NE向断裂控制,与矿区密集分布的中酸性脉岩伴生,主要矿物组合为黄铁矿_毒砂_自然砷_辉锑矿_自然金_银金矿,矿化元素组合为Au_As_Sb,是中酸性斑岩系统热液演化晚期的产物;另一类金矿化产于中酸性斑岩与下石炭统火山_沉积地层的接触带中,以包古图金矿Ⅺ号点为代表,矿体为石英_硫化物脉型,矿物组合为黄铁矿_毒砂_自然铋_辉铋矿_自然金_黄铜矿,是斑岩系统热液演化较早期的产物。结合已有研究资料,可将区内金矿床的成矿模型总结如下:斑岩岩浆系统演化晚期分异出含Au_Cu_Bi_As_Sb的岩浆热液,在岩体内部形成斑岩型铜矿化,岩体与围岩接触带形成高温石英_硫化物脉型Au_As_Bi矿化,部分含矿热液随中酸性岩脉向外围迁移,并逐渐与大气水混合,最终在NE向断裂中形成石英脉型Au_As_Sb矿化。基于此成矿模型,认为包古图地区金矿找矿工作的重点应该放在中酸性斑岩体与围岩接触带和斑岩体外围NE向断裂(中酸性脉岩)密集分布区,尤其是As_Sb、As_Bi化探异常叠加区。矿床地质和地球化学特征对比显示,包古图金矿成矿系统与侵入岩有关的金矿成矿系统非常相似。     

蒙西斑岩铜钼矿床成矿阶段及成矿元素统计分析意义

蒙西斑岩铜钼矿位于东准噶尔北塔山-纸房-琼河坝岛弧带东段琼河坝地区,属形成于断裂背景下的斑岩型矿床.脉状矿化是该矿床主要矿化类型,不同脉体有一定生成顺序.早期钾化阶段形成磁铁矿钾长石石英脉、硫化物钾长石石英脉、及高温阶段磁铁矿碳酸盐脉.进入硅化作用阶段后,形成磁铁矿石英脉、辉钼矿石英脉、黄铜矿黄铁矿石英脉、黄铁矿石英脉及少硫化物石英脉.成矿作用后期形成不含或少含硫化物的石英脉、碳酸盐脉.结合矿化蚀变带内地化元素的聚类分析、因子分析特征,初步将蒙西铜钼矿成矿作用分为早期构造挤压作用成矿期和岩浆热液作用成矿期.岩浆热液成矿期是该矿床的主要成矿时期,可细分为高温成矿阶段和中低温成矿阶段,分别对应形成Mo,Cu的富集矿化.     

新疆东戈壁斑岩型钼矿床斑岩体与脉体关系研究

新疆东戈壁斑岩型钼矿床是新疆境内发现的第一个特大型钼矿床,与典型的斑岩型钼矿床不同的是矿体不是产于斑岩体的内外接触带,而是产于斑岩体外侧围岩脉体中。与矿化有关的脉体主要为具一定规模的石英脉,其次为钾长石脉,此外尚有复成分脉体如方解石—石英脉、萤石—石英脉、萤石—钾长石脉等。脉体之外围岩中基本无矿化。文章从东戈壁成矿斑状花岗岩体与矿化脉体的岩石学、岩石地球化学特征对比入手研究了斑状花岗岩体与矿化脉体的同源性,即二者为同源岩浆演化序列,各种脉体是斑状花岗岩浆演化至期后分异的产物,说明成矿热液主要来源于斑状花岗岩浆,此研究对进一步深入探讨岩浆热液成矿作用方式及成矿作用过程具有借鉴及指导意义。     

安徽庐枞沙溪斑岩铜矿蚀变及矿化特征研究

沙溪斑岩铜矿是长江中下游成矿带中部庐枞火山岩盆地外围的一个大型铜矿床.本文在前人工作基础上,基于详细的野外观察和系统的岩相学、矿相学工作,详细研究了矿床的蚀变特征及分带.结果表明,矿床的蚀变类型有钾硅酸盐化、青磐岩化、长石分解蚀变和高岭土化,从深到浅依次发育有钾硅酸盐化、长石分解蚀变叠加钾硅酸盐化、长石分解蚀变和高岭土化等蚀变.确定了矿化特征、矿物生成顺序并划分了成矿阶段,即:钾硅酸盐阶段、石英硫化物阶段和石英碳酸盐阶段,其中,石英硫化物阶段又可进一步分为石英硫化物亚阶段和绿帘石-绿泥石亚阶段.基于蚀变及矿化特征认为,沙溪铜矿床的矿化始于钾硅酸盐阶段的晚期,石英硫化物亚阶段是黄铜矿主要的沉淀阶段,石英碳酸盐阶段也对成矿贡献了部分铜质.与世界上不同构造环境的典型斑岩铜矿床对比认为,沙溪矿床总体上与这些矿床的蚀变、矿化特征类似;与陆缘弧、岛弧、陆内碰撞造山后伸展环境矿床在矿体产出位置、蚀变分带方面相似;而由于围岩性质的差异,与板内环境的德兴矿床在矿体位置、蚀变分带方面存在差异,但是二者在脉体类型特别是与矿化关系密切的脉体特征上较为一致.因此,对于斑岩型矿床而言,构造背景可能控制了其岩浆的形成、演化以及含矿性,而岩浆岩最终定位的深度、围岩等条件则控制了其蚀变、矿化特征.     

滇西北中甸地区铜厂沟斑岩钼铜矿床热液蚀变分带、脉体系统及找矿标志

铜厂沟斑岩型钼铜矿床位于云南中甸地区斑岩成矿带的南端,形成于燕山晚期陆-陆碰撞至造山后伸展构造的转换阶段。文章通过对铜厂沟钼铜矿床蚀变分带特征和脉体穿切关系的详细研究,系统厘定了矿床蚀变类型及空间分布规律,查明了蚀变和脉体系统与矿化的关系。根据矿物组合、蚀变类型等因素,将分为A脉、B脉和D脉3大类,共16种不同的脉体类型。其中,A脉和B脉与成矿关系密切,对钼铜资源量贡献最大。早期的A脉,主要以钾长石化为主,矿化较弱;晚期形成的A脉多发育有黑云母化且与钾长石化蚀变叠加,矿化增强,以石英+黄铁矿+辉钼矿+黄铜矿±钾长石脉为主;B脉主要贡献于辉钼矿矿体的形成,是区内矿化的主要表现形式,且叠加于钾硅酸盐化,形成于钾硅酸盐化向石英-绢云母化的转变阶段;D脉中铜钼矿化明显减弱,属于矿化体外围的脉体,对矿体影响较小。因此,铜厂沟钼铜矿床蚀变分带规律在空间上表现为钾硅酸盐化（石英-钾长石-黑云母化）发育于斑岩体核部,向外依次是石英-绢云母化（石英-绢云母±黄铁矿化）,和青磐岩化（绿泥石-绿帘石-碳酸盐岩化）,对应的矿化组合分别为辉钼矿-白钨矿-黄铁矿、辉钼矿-黄铜矿-黄铁矿±白钨矿,以及外带的黄铜矿-黄铁矿-辉钼矿,显示出成矿元素由高温向低温变化的规律。铜厂沟斑岩型钼铜矿床的形成与区内燕山晚期伸展作用相伴的大规模构造-岩浆事件相关,源自深部的含矿热液在花岗质斑岩体内形成了脉状、网脉状的辉钼矿化,同时沿断裂带运移并扩散,于碳酸盐岩的接触带部位形成了矽卡岩型的铜钼矿化。因此,有利的构造环境、强烈的蚀变作用、多样的脉体类型导致铜厂沟大型斑岩型钼铜矿床最终形成。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床深部斑岩矿体找矿突破及其意义

甲玛铜多金属矿是西藏冈底斯成矿带中东段勘查程度最高、成矿元素与矿体类型复杂的超大型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床。通过4年多、近350 个钻孔的验证,不仅实现了矽卡岩矿体的找矿突破,同时在0-40线深部发现了产于二长花岗斑岩与石英闪长玢岩中的斑岩钼（铜）矿体,建立了“四位一体”的找矿勘查模式。斑岩矿体赋存标高一般处于4 600 m以下,矿体走向NW-SE,倾向NE,近直立,矿体垂向延伸大于350 m;斑岩矿石以发育细脉-浸染状、网脉状构造为特征;矿石中的矿石矿物主要为黄铜矿与辉钼矿,少见斑铜矿;脉石矿物主要为石英。初步查明:与铜矿化有关的含矿岩体主要为偏中性的石英闪长玢岩,蚀变以典型的细粒热液黑云母交代角闪石斑晶和基质而成的黑云母化蚀变为主;与钼矿化有关的含矿岩体主要为二长花岗斑岩,蚀变以硅化为主,次为绿帘石化、泥化和钾化。斑岩体与碳酸盐岩接触带常产出厚度超过200 m的巨厚矽卡岩矿体,且在岩体一侧有内矽卡岩产出。甲玛深部斑岩矿体的发现不仅证实了“斑岩-矽卡岩型”的矿床成因观点,而且完善了甲玛矿床成矿模式与勘查模型。     

Palladium, Platinum and Gold Concentrations in Fengshan Porphyry Cu–Mo Deposit, Hubei Province, China

Abstract: The Fengshan porphyry-skarn copper–molybdenum (Cu–Mo) deposit is located in the south-eastern Hubei Province in east China. Cu–Mo mineralization is hosted in the Fengshan granodiorite porphyry stock that intruded the Triassic Daye Formation carbonate rocks in the early Cretaceous (~140 Ma), as well as the contact zone between granodiorite porphyry stock and carbonate rocks, forming the porphyry-type and skarn-type association. The Fengshan granodiorite stock and the immediate country rocks are strongly fractured and intensely altered by hydrothermal fluids. In addition to intense skarn alteration, the prominent alteration types are potassic, phyllic, and propylitic, whereas argillation is less common. Mineralization occurs as veins, stock works, and disseminations, and the main ore minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, molybdenite, bornite, and magnetite. The contents of palladium, platinum and gold (Pd, Pt and Au) are determined in nine samples from fresh and mineralized granodiorite and different types of altered rocks. The results show that the Pd content is systematically higher than Pt, which is typical for porphyry ore deposits worldwide. The Pt content ranges from 0.037 to1.765 ppb, and the Pd content ranges between 0.165 and 17.979 ppb. Pd and Pt are more concentrated in porphyry mineralization than skarn mineralization, and have negative correlations with Au. The reconnaissance study presented here confirms the existence of Pd and Pt in the Fengshan porphyry-skarn Cu–Mo deposit. When compared with intracontinent and island arc geotectonic settings, the Pd, Pt, and Au contents in the Fengshan porphyry Cu–Mo deposit in the intracontinent is lower than the continental margin types and island are types. A combination of available data indicates that Pd and Pt were derived from oxidized alkaline magmas generated by the partial melting of an enriched mantle source.     

西藏冈底斯成矿带浅成低温热液型金锑矿床的发现及其意义--以西藏弄如日金锑矿床为例

通过化探、槽探和平硐等手段,对位于冈底斯成矿带东段的弄如日金矿床进行了评价和研究,在矿区发现金矿化带4条,圈出金矿体5个,控制2．3g／t品位以上的金资源量（333＋3341）为2．97t,确定该矿床属典型的浅成中低温热液型金矿床。矿区的金矿体赋存于破碎蚀变角岩和蚀变二长花岗斑岩中,受南北向正断裂系统的控制,矿化以金为主,伴有辉锑矿、雄黄、黄铁矿等矿物,可分为浅成低温热液和表生氧化2个成矿期,金可能以独立的自然金状态存在于脉石矿物的粒问或裂隙中。弄如日金矿床形成于伸展构造背景,在空间上居斑岩铜矿床外围,成矿时代为中新世一上新世,与冈底斯斑岩型铜钼矿床及其外围的矽卡岩型铅锌矿床的成矿时代基本一致,说明三者受统一的成矿作用制约,属斑岩岩浆一热液成矿系统中的浅成低温热液型金锑矿床。     

马来西亚吉兰丹SOKOR金矿地质特征及成因浅析

马来半岛金矿主要分布在半岛中央金矿带北部,该成矿带地处特提斯成矿带与环太平洋成矿带交汇处,成矿条件优越。含矿岩石主要是千枚岩及石英斑岩,矿物以黄铁矿为主,矿体产状与接触带产状基本一致,金矿化类型主要有含金块状硫化物型、含金石英脉型及褐铁矿型3种,品位变化较大。矿床地质特征、矿体产状及矿化蚀变信息表明成矿与热液活动紧密相关,应属于浅成低温热液型金矿。     

Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Duobuza Gold‐Rich Porphyry Copper District in the Bangongco Metallogenetic Belt,Northwestern Tibet

The Duobuza gold‐rich porphyry copper district is located in the Bangongco metallogenetic belt in the Bangongco‐Nujiang suture zone south of the Qiangtang terrane. Two main gold‐rich porphyry copper deposits (Duobuza and Bolong) and an occurrence (135 Line) were discovered in the district. The porphyry‐type mineralization is associated with three Early Cretaceous ore‐bearing granodiorite porphyries at Duobuza, 135 Line and Bolong, and is hosted by volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Middle Jurassic Yanshiping Formation and intermediate‐acidic volcanic rocks of the Early Cretaceous Meiriqie Group. Simultaneous emplacement and isometric distribution of three ore‐forming porphyries is explained as multi‐centered mineralization generated from the same magma chamber. Intense hydrothermal alteration occurs in the porphyries and at the contact zone with wall rocks. Four main hypogene alteration zones are distinguished at Duobuza. Early‐stage alteration is dominated by potassic alteration with extensive secondary biotite, K‐feldspar and magnetite. The alteration zone includes dense magnetite and quartz‐magnetite veinlets, in which Cu‐Fe‐bearing sulfides are present. Propylitic alteration occurs in the host basic volcanic rocks. Extensive chloritization‐silicification with quartz‐chalcopyrite or quartz‐molybdenite veinlets superimposes on the potassic alteration. Final‐stage argillic alteration overlaps on all the earlier alteration. This alteration stage is characterized by destruction of feldspar to form illite, dickite and kaolinite, with accompanying veinlets of quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite and quartz + pyrite assemblages. Cu coexists with Au, which indicates their simultaneous precipitation. Mass balance calculations show that ore‐forming elements are strongly enriched during the above‐mentioned three alteration stages.     

Geology, Ar-Ar Age and Mineral Assemblage of Eocene Skarn Cu-Au±Mo Deposits in the Southeastern Gangdese Arc, Southern Tibet: Implications for Deep Exploration

Abstract. Medium‐ and large‐scaled skarn Cu‐Au±Mo deposits, e.g. Kelu, Liebu, Chongmuda and Chenba among others, are distributed in Shannan area of the Gangdese Cu‐Au metallogenic belt. Intrusions‐related skarn copper mineralization belongs to high K and calc‐alkaline rock series, located in late collision volcano‐magmatic arc and formed between 20 to 30 Ma. Copper mineralization occurs at exocontact zone of the lower Cretaceous Bima Group carbonate and other calcareous‐bearing sedimentary rocks with intrusions. At present, three main mineralization types are identified, including skarn type, hydrothermal vein type and porphyry type. Mineralizing associations are Cu‐Mo, Cu‐Au and Cu. In ore districts, those mineralization types form an entire porphyry‐skarn Cu‐Au±Mo ore‐forming system. Alterations of the exocontact are mainly skarnization and hornfelsization, while the alterations of the endocontact are mainly sericitization, silicification, and chloritization of intrusion. In the study area, the endoskarn is not well developed. Copper mineralization occurs mainly in the exocontact in the form of stratoid, lenticular and pockety ore body. Veined mineralization can be seen in marblized and hornfelsed siltstone, being away from the contact zone. In the endocontact, the mineralization is mainly veinlet‐like and disseminated. In Shannan area, skarnization can be divided into early skarnization stage and late hydrous silicate stage. The early skarnization stage is featured by mainly andradite and grossular skarn, containing minor diopside, hedenbergite, magnetite and some copper minerals; and the late hydrous silicate stage is of replacement of garnet skarn by chlorite, epidote, quartz and calcite together with sulfides precipitation. The latter is the main stage of copper mineralization. Bornite is the dominant ore mineral associated with minor chalcopyrite and pyrite; and gold as well as silver are distributed in bornite and wittichenite. Results of microthermometry study of fluid inclusions in quartz of late hydrous silicate stage from different deposits show intermediate temperature and low to intermediate‐salinity features for all samples. The dominant inclusion type is composed of two phases, being about 4 to 15 % vapor and 85 to 96 % liquid at room temperature. Homogenization temperatures range from 232 to 335d?C. Salinities have been recorded between 4.2 and 15.5 wt% NaCl equivalent. Boiling fluid inclusions are not identified and it indicates that metal deposition mainly resulted from water‐rock reactions. The results of sulfur isotope analysis indicate that the sulfur isotope values (δ³⁴S 1.29–1.68 %o) of the samples collected from skarns are similar with that from the endocontact (δ³⁴S 1–1.75 %o). Both of them have very close sulfur isotope values (near δ³⁴S 0 %o), which indicate the sulfur of both the skarn type and the porphyry type mineralization was from deep sources. Ages determined on biotite from ore‐bearing intermediate porphyries by Ar‐Ar methods range from 23.77±0.29 to 29.88±0.56 Ma, showing that skarn copper mineralization in the study area evidently is older than the porphyry Cu(‐Mo) mineralization in Gangdese, and likely representing another metallogenic event. The Cu‐Au skarn deposits in the Kelu‐Liebu‐Chongmuda belt are interpreted as the shallow level, skarn‐related deposits in a porphyry‐skarn mineralization. Appearance of porphyry copper mineralization in some skarn deposits implies that skarn copper mineralization of the study area resemble to those in northern sub‐metallogenic belt, having uniform porphyry‐skarn ore‐forming system. Therefore, it is presumed there should be potential to find deep level porphyry‐type Cu‐Au mineralization targets.     

Overprinting porphyry‐type veinlets on the intrusive rocks and phreatomagmatic breccias in the Southwest prospect,southwestern Sto. Tomas II (Philex), Baguio District,Philippines

The Southwest prospect is located at the southwestern periphery of the Sto. Tomas II porphyry copper–gold deposit in the Baguio District, northwestern Luzon, Philippines. The Southwest prospect hosts a copper‐gold mineralization related to a complex of porphyry intrusions, breccia facies, and overlapping porphyry‐type veinlets emplaced within the basement Pugo metavolcanics rocks and conglomerates of the Zigzag Formation. The occurrences of porphyry‐type veinlets and potassic alteration hosted in the complex are thought to be indications of the presence of blind porphyry deposits within the Sto. Tomas II vicinity. The complex is composed of at least four broadly mineralogically similar dioritic intrusive rocks that vary in texture and alteration type and intensity. These intrusions were accompanied with at least five breccia facies that were formed by the explosive brecciation, induced by the magmatic–hydrothermal processes and phreatomagmatic activities during the emplacement of the various intrusions. Hydrothermal alteration assemblages consisting of potassic, chlorite–magnetite, propylitic and sericite–chlorite alteration, and contemporaneous veinlet types were developed on the host rocks. Elevated copper and gold grades correspond to (a) chalcopyrite–bornite assemblage in the potassic alteration in the syn‐mineralization early‐mineralization diorite (EMD) and contemporaneous veinlets and (b) chalcopyrite‐rich mineralization associated with the chalcopyrite–magnetite–chlorite–actinolite±sericite veinlets contemporaneous with the chlorite–magnetite alteration. Erratic remarkable concentrations of gold were also present in the late‐mineralization Late Diorite (LD). High X_Mg of calcic amphiboles (>0.60) in the intrusive rocks indicate that the magmas have been oxidizing since the early stages of crystallization, while a gap in the composition of Al between the rim and the cores of the calcic amphiboles in the EMD and LD indicate decompression at some point during the crystallization of these intrusive rocks. Fluid inclusion microthermometry suggests the trapping of immiscible fluids that formed the potassic alteration, associated ore mineralization, and sheeted quartz veinlets. The corresponding formation conditions of the shallower and deeper quartz veinlets were estimated at pressures of 50 and 30 MPa and temperatures of 554 and 436°C at depths of 1.9 and 1.1 km. Temperature data from the chlorite indicate that the chalcopyrite‐rich mineralization associated with the chlorite–magnetite alteration was formed at a much lower temperature (ca. 290°C) than the potassic alteration. Evidence from the vein offsetting matrix suggests multiple intrusions within the EMD, despite the K‐Ar ages of the potassic alteration in EMD and hornblende in the LD of about the same age at 3.5 ± 0.3 Ma. The K‐Ar age of the potassic alteration was likely to be thermally reset as a result of the overprinting hydrothermal alteration. The constrained K‐Ar ages also indicate earlier formed intrusive rocks in the Southwest prospect, possibly coeval to the earliest “dark diorite” intrusion in the Sto. Tomas II deposit. In addition, the range of δ³⁴S of sulfide minerals from +1.8‰ to +5.1‰ in the Southwest prospect closely overlaps with the rest of the porphyry copper and epithermal deposits in the Sto. Tomas II deposit and its vicinity. This indicates that the sulfides may have formed from a homogeneous source of the porphyry copper deposits and epithermal deposits in the Sto. Tomas II orebody and its vicinity. The evidence presented in this work proves that the porphyry copper‐type veinlets and the adjacent potassic alteration in the Southwest prospect are formed earlier and at a shallower level in contrast with the other porphyry deposits in the Baguio District.