华南红壤丘陵坡地的环境特征与可持续利用问题

系统地论述了华南红壤丘陵坡地的自然条件、发育演化、土壤性质和植被结构特征，分析了存在的主要生态问题，探讨了可持续利用的对策。指出坡地改良利用的目标是使坡地自然生产力提高；在坡地改良利用中，生态持续性的前提，经济持续性是目的，两者相辅相成，缺一不可；各项开发利用的对策、措施都要以提高坡地自然生产力为中心，使坡地的生态和经济效益协调地持续发展。     

Participatory selection process for indicators of rangeland condition in the Kalahari

To develop indicator–based management tools that can facilitate sustainable natural resource management by non–specialists, meaningful participation of stakeholders is essential. A participatory framework is proposed for the identification, evaluation and selection of rangeland condition indicators. This framework is applied to the assessment of rangeland degradation processes and sustainable natural resource management with pastoralists in the southern Kalahari, Botswana. Farmer knowledge focused on vegetation and livestock, with soil, wild animal and socio–economic indicators playing a lesser role. Most were indicators of current rangeland condition; however 'early warning' indicators were also identified by some key informants. This demonstrates that some local knowledge is process–based. Such knowledge could be used to improve indicator–based management tools and extension advice on the livelihood adaptations necessary to prevent or reduce ecological change, capable of threatening livelihood sustainability. There is evidence that social background influences indicator use. Communal farmers rely most heavily on vegetation and livestock indicators, whilst syndicate and land–owning pastoralists cite wild animal and soil–based indicators most frequently. These factors must be considered if indicator–based management tools are to meet the requirements of a diverse community.     

Soil degradation: a global problem endangering sustainable development

1 Introduction Soil is not only the major natural resource on which human being depends for the production of food, feed, fiber, renewable energy and raw materials, but also plays a key role in maintaining the complex terrestrial ecosystems and climate systems of this planet. Recent rapid increase in the human population is placing a great strain on the worlds soil resources. Only about 11% of the global land surface covered by the soils are being used to raise crops and livestock, in other …     

沿海滩涂围垦区土地生产潜力模型构建与应用——以江苏省如东县为例

沿海淤泥质滩涂是中国重要的耕地后备资源之一,滩涂围垦新增的大量耕地资源的生产潜力能反映滩涂土壤粮食安全保障能力大小。本文以江苏省如东县滩涂围垦区为例,在现有的光温水气候生产潜力模型的基础上,引进基础地力贡献率和盐分限制因子作为土壤有效性系数,构建沿海地区土地生产潜力模型,并通过水稻和小麦产量对模型结果进行初步验证。研究表明：该模型具有一定可行性。滩涂围垦区水稻产量土壤基础地力贡献率为55%~59%;小麦基础地力贡献率为50%~80%。未脱盐的1982年滩涂围垦区水稻和小麦产量受到盐分阻碍的系数分别为0.73和1.00。2007年垦区由于盐分太高不能种植水稻,小麦产量受到盐分阻碍系数为0.35。未脱盐的1982年滩涂垦区土壤基础地力修正后的水稻和小麦土地生产潜力分别为12235.84和6502.23 kg/hm²;土壤盐分修正后的土地生产潜力分别为15677.42和10329.39 kg/hm²;土壤基础地力和盐分共同修正后的土地水稻和小麦生产潜力分别为8934.97和6502.23 kg/hm²。与实地调查的水稻产量(9750 kg/hm²)和小麦生产潜力(6000 kg/hm²)相比,目前土地生产力远小于盐分限制下的土地生产潜力,与基础地力和盐分双重限制下的土地生产潜力接近,改善土壤施肥技术可以进一步提高土地生产力。     

Soil degradation: a global problem endangering sustainable development

Soil degradation, defined as lowering and losing of soil functions, is becoming more and more serious worldwide in recent decades, and poses a threat to agricultural production and terrestrial ecosystem. It is estimated that nearly 2 billion ha of soil resources in the world have been degraded, namely approximately 22% of the total cropland, pasture, forest, and woodland. Globally, soil erosion, chemical deterioration and physical degradation are the important parts amongst various types of soil degradation. As a natural process, soil degradation can be enhanced or dampened by a variety of human activities such as inappropriate agricultural management, overgrazing, deforestation, etc. Degraded soil means less food. As a result of soil degradation, it is estimated that about 11.9-13.4% of the global agricultural supply has been lost in the past five decades. Besides, soil degradation is also associated with off-site problems of sedimentation, climate change, watershed functions, and changes in natural habitats leading to loss of genetic stock and biodiversity. Therefore, it is essential to combat soil degradation at different levels and scales worldwide, not only for food security and ecological health, but also for the guarantee of global sustainable development.     

我国绿洲化及其研究的若干问题初探

绿洲化是干旱区由于人与自然因素共同作用所导致的由荒漠向绿洲转变的过程。我国干旱区绿洲化面积从20世纪50年代后期的2.5万km2扩大到10.4万km2,绿洲化主要是改变了水循环,也就可以改善局部或更大范围的生态环境,提高生产力。可以说,绿洲化是一个将自然生态系统通过人类活动提升至人工生态系统的过程。但绿洲低水平、无序的开发也可以使绿洲稳定性下降和绿洲退化,在降低或丧失绿洲土地生产力的同时,还引发一系列生态环境问题,如河道断流、湖泊萎缩、植被退化、土壤侵蚀等。因此,需要开展系统的研究,在全面认知人类活动与气候变化作用下水、土、气、生过程及其相互作用的基础上,揭示绿洲化特征及其时空格局演化、过程、驱动机制,为建立绿洲化的调控与管理模式提供科学依据。     

内蒙伊盟牧场利用与沙漠化及其防治

本世纪七十年代以来, 沙漠化问题在世界范围内引起了广泛的注意。沙漠化对社会生产和人类的生活与生产是一个严重的威胁。内蒙古自治区伊克昭盟是一个沙漠化比较严重的地区, 迄一九七七年, 全盟流沙面积达27, 666平方公里, 比解放初扩大1.3倍。伊盟牧业在国民经济中比重很大, 牧区约占全盟面积72%。在沙漠化成因中, 牧场的利用不合理是一个主要的方面。因此, 研究牧场利用与土地沙漠化的关系, 总结牧民合理利用牧场的经验, 并提出防治沙漠化的途径, 对于解决这个地区的沙漠化问题, 是十分重要的。     

北方农牧交错区沙漠化的生物过程研究

通过对不同土地利用/覆盖下4种类型沙漠化土地的土壤与植被特征、变化规律、动因和互动关系的调查研究,结果表明土地沙漠化导致了土壤环境和植被的明显退化。其中严重沙漠化农田和非沙漠化农田相比,土壤有机质含量、速效氮、生长季土壤含水量分别下降66.2%、69.0%、74.8%,地温由21.5 ℃上升到22.4 ℃,其中干旱期严重沙漠化农田土壤含水量仅为23%,已无法满足作物生长需要。土壤环境恶化首先威胁土壤微生物和土壤动物的生存,使土壤微生物和动物数量分别下降95.0%和75.9%,酶活力下降39.5%~ 90.6%。同时植物多样性、种的饱和度和初级生产力大幅度下降,如严重沙漠化草地和非沙漠化草地相比,3项指标分别下降85.5%~883%,87.5%~ 950%和80.6%~ 967%,植被开始发生逆向演替,群落优势种不断更替,最终形成耐牧耐风沙的沙生植物群聚。旱作农田虽采取了施肥、中耕等管理措施,但光合转化效率和初级生产力还是下降了567%和574%。这一过程因其动因不同可分为植被退化(如放牧)引起的土地沙漠化和裸露地表风沙流活动直接导致的土地沙漠化(如农田风蚀和流沙迁移),前者是植被先行退化进而影响到土壤环境,其过程较为缓慢,后者是土壤环境首先恶化进而导致植。     

沙漠化过程中生物量损失的初步评估——以内蒙古科尔沁地区为例

内蒙古科尔沁地区近50a来沙漠化土地经历了发展-再发展-逆转的过程,到2000年,该地区的不同类型和程度的沙漠化土地总计达50200km²,态势依然严峻。研究表明,沙漠化过程中生物量的损失主要体现在生态系统的退化中,其基本特征是伴随着生态系统的结构功能逐渐受到破坏,植被沙生化和土壤沙质化,最终导致低级的沙漠(地)生态系统的形成,生物生产量的降低。2000年度科尔沁地区旱作农田由于沙漠化过程所造成的地上生物量损失约为68.6万t,放牧草地的地上生物量损失量约为1008.2万t,总的损失量为1076.8万t。而在可以进行计算和评估的41a间,该地区由于沙漠化过程所造成的地上生物量损失量约为44148.8万t。     

植被破坏对黄土高原加速侵蚀及土壤退化过程的影响

如何评价黄土高原自然侵蚀与人为加速侵蚀作用，恢复与重建植被的可能性和必要性等是近年来治理黄河的热点问题。通过定位试验和野外调查，研究了黄土高原子午岭林区植被破坏对土壤理化特性以及土壤侵蚀过程演变的影响；分析了人为破坏植被耕垦后坡面土壤侵蚀特征与土壤退化过程。表明：植被是影响土壤侵蚀最敏感的因子；人为破坏植被造成的加速侵蚀，是导致土壤退化和生态环境恶化的主要原因；恢复和重建植被，应为黄土高原加速治理和减少入黄泥沙的根本措施。     

Soil water deficit and vegetation restoration in the refuse dumps of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine, Inner Mongolia, China

The sustainability of ecosystem restoration of refuse dumps in open-pit coal mines depends on plant species selection, their configuration, and the optimal usage of water resources. This study is based on field experiments in the northern refuse dump of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia of China established in 1995. Eight plant configurations, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and their combinations, as well as the adjacent community of natural vegetation, were selected. The succession of the revegetated plants, soil water storage, the spatiotemporal distribution of plant water deficits degree and its compensation degree were also studied. Results indicated that the vegetation cover (shrubs and herbaceous cover), richness, abundance, soil nutrients (soil organic matter, N and P), and biological soil crust coverage on the soil surface are significantly influenced by the vegetation configurations. The average soil water storage values in the shrub+grass and grass communities throughout the growing season are 208.69 mm and 206.55 mm, which are the closest to that of in the natural vegetation community (215.87 mm). Plant water deficits degree in the grass and shrub+grass communities were the lowest, but the degrees of water deficit compensation in these configuration were larger than those of the other vegetation configurations. Differences in plant water deficit degree and water compensation among the different configurations were significant (P<0.05). Plant water deficit degrees were predominantly minimal on the surface, increased with increasing soil depth, and remained stable at 80 cm soil depth. The soil moisture compensation in the natural vegetation, shrub+grass, and grass communities changed at 10%, while that in other vegetation communities changed between 20% and 40%. Overall, we conclude that the shrub+grass and grass configuration modes are the optimal vegetation restoration models in terms of ecohydrology for future ecological engineering projects.     

中国生态脆弱区全球变化风险及应对技术途径和主要措施

自工业革命以来,全球环境发生深刻变化。生态脆弱区生态系统稳定性差、抗干扰和自我恢复能力弱,在全球变化背景下,自然资源供给能力下降、土地退化、生物多样性减少、灾害频发,生态系统面临巨大风险,亟需开展生态脆弱区全球变化风险应对研究。本文重点对中国典型生态脆弱区全球变化风险来源、全球变化对生态脆弱区的影响、全球变化风险应对等研究进行总结,并提出未来全球变化应对策略,以期促进中国典型生态脆弱区生态系统对全球变化响应的深入理解,提高生态脆弱区应对全球变化的能力。生态脆弱区全球变化风险源于环境变化对自然、社会、经济复杂系统的影响。全球变化对生态脆弱区的影响是显著的,以气候变化为主要标志,人类活动为主要驱动力,引起极端气候事件、灾害频发、土地退化、植被生产力降低、生物多样性减少、冰川冻土消融和水资源格局改变等环境问题,并在未来全球变化持续影响下可能加剧,而生态建设工程的实施显著改善了生态环境。今后应加强自然、社会、经济系统耦合,加强资源环境要素监测和全球变化风险评估与预警等方面的研究。     

自然恢复和人工促进恢复对侵蚀退化生态系统碳贮量的影响比较

本研究以严重侵蚀退化马尾松林为研究对象,采取自然恢复和人工促进恢复2种措施对退化地进行修复,监测恢复前后生态系统碳贮量变化。结果表明:自然恢复和人工促进恢复后生态系统总碳贮量分别是恢复前的2.78和4.87倍,其中,植被层碳贮量分别是恢复前的14.30和30.87倍,土壤层碳贮量分别是恢复前的1.85和2.78倍。生态系统内土壤碳的恢复速率落后于植被。2种不同恢复措施相比,人工促进恢复的生态系统碳吸存速率显著快于自然恢复(P0.01),人工促进恢复后生态系统碳吸存速率是自然恢复的2.17倍,其中植被和土壤的吸存速率也分别是自然恢复的2.26倍和2.09倍。而且人工促进恢复后的退化系统,碳库在乔木层各器官的分配方式更符合健康生态系统的分配方式,系统功能和结构更加稳定,有利于系统后期恢复。因此,从退化生态系统恢复的紧迫性和长期性考虑,采取积极的人工促进恢复措施能维持退化系统快速、持续恢复。     

An optimization approach for sustainable development planning of savanna systems

A savanna system is a natural ecosystem in which the competition between grass and woody vegetation in a semi-arid rangeland should be maintained for its sustainable development. Finding an optimal management plan for obtaining maximum economic profit from raising cattle without loss of sustainability of the savanna system during a planning period is a great challenge for rangeland managers. In this study, we formulate the sustainable development planning of the savanna system as an optimal control model, in which maximization of the stocking rate of cattle during the planning period is chosen as the objective while sustainable development requirements are achieved through the constraints represented by the desired final state of the system. Using Pontryagin's maximum principle, the model is transformed into a two-point boundary-value problem with nonlinear differential equations that is then solved using an iterative approach. An example with a specified desired final state in a savanna system without fire is used to demonstrate the performance of the model and the algorithm. Numerical experiments show that the planning strategy obtained from the optimal control model achieves maximum economic profit from raising cattle during the planning period and simultaneously improves the resilience of the system and maintains sustainable development of the rangeland. The outcomes demonstrate that resilience, sustainable development and economic profit are consistent concepts in optimal management strategy for rangeland management.     

城市绿地土壤呼吸与土壤温度土壤水分的关系研究

采用LICOR-6400便携式光合作用仪连接6400-09土壤叶室,对山西大学校园内的三种绿地(黑麦草、紫叶小檗和日本黄杨)的土壤呼吸进行了一年的测定.结果表明:土壤呼吸速率具有较明显的季节变化,冬春季较低,盛夏秋初较高,最大值出现在8月,最低值出现在12月.土壤呼吸速率与0～10 cm深度的土壤温度关系显著,黑麦草、紫叶小檗和日本黄杨土壤温度变化分别解释土壤呼吸季节变化的57.3%、65.4%、46.6%(线性函数)和60.6%、71.3%、50.7%(指数函数);黑麦草地土壤呼吸与土壤水分的关系均为极显著(p<0.01);用土壤温度和土壤水分的复合方程可以解释土壤呼吸变化的52%～84%.黑麦草、紫叶小檗和日本黄杨的年土壤呼吸总量分别为1.246 kg C·m-2、1.822 kg C·m-2、1.806 kg C·m-2.     

俄罗斯布里亚特共和国植被NPP时空分布格局及其对气候变化的响应

研究利用遥感和气象数据以及改进后的CASA模型（生物温度代替月均温）,估算俄罗斯布里亚特共和国2000-2008年的植被NPP,并验证模型的精度,分析该地区植被NPP的时空分布格局及其对气候变化的响应规律。研究结果表明：改进后的CASA模型具较高精度,可运用于布里亚特共和国植被NPP的估算。时间上,植被NPP年际上呈现为在波动中上升的趋势,月份上表现为先升后降的单峰变化趋势;空间上,植被NPP呈现出随经度的增加而增大,随纬度的增加而减小,由西南到东北逐渐递增的分布格局;不同植被类型的NPP从大到小依此为：草地、沼泽林〉森林〉森林、草原〉稀树草原〉高山植被。该地区植被NPP的变化主要受气温和降水量变化的作用。     

东北黑土水土流失特点

东北黑土区是中国的主要粮食生产基地。黑土水土流失和肥力退化一直是东北农业持续发展必须面对的问题。文章以黑土为对象,分析了水土流失的方式和特点。黑土流失面积虽大,但侵蚀的土壤物质大部分没有进入河道,而是在黑土景观的低洼部位堆积下来,形成侵蚀和堆积共存的土壤物质再分布景观特征。合理的农业管理措施,如等高耕作和保护性耕作可以在很大程度上控制黑土侵蚀,保持和恢复黑土肥力。     

中国绿洲化及其研究进展

绿洲化是干旱区人与自然因素共同作用下荒漠向绿洲转变的过程。中国绿洲面积从20世纪50年代初期的20 000 km²扩展到2000年的86 000 km²,扩大了3.3倍。绿洲化过程不仅伴随着景观格局的变化,而且会引发土壤、生物、气象和水文等要素的变化。分析了近2 000 a来中国干旱区绿洲的演变过程,评述了绿洲化过程中景观变化,其对绿洲稳定性的影响及绿洲化过程中土壤要素、气象水文要素变化等诸多方面的研究进展,同时提出未来的研究中应加强绿洲化过程研究框架的建立、绿洲化过程中关键因素变化及绿洲化关键过程研究。     

中国自然生态系统对气候变化的脆弱性评估

生态系统的脆弱性已经成为气候变化影响评估和适应性管理的关键问题。本文介绍和分析了生态系统的脆弱性、敏感性和阈值的概念,中国生态环境的敏感带和脆弱性,脆弱性评估和中国生态系统脆弱分布以及自然生态系统的可持续性和适应减缓对策。自然生态系统对气候变化脆弱性评估仍存在许多问题和不确定性,迫切需要在以下领域开展研究:自主开发新一代气候变化对生态系统影响综合评估模型(特别是双向耦合模型)、加强相关野外长期观测实验、开展适应性与可持续发展示范工程的研究等。     

基于遥感-生态过程的绿洲-荒漠生态系统净初级生产力估算

针对干旱区特有的气候-植被特征,利用卫星遥感混合像元分解技术对干旱区植被进行了光合作用植被和非光合作用植被区分和组分解析,尝试通过对于旱覆被植被灌层结构进行解析而解决因植被光能吸收的估算问题,并参考国际上遥感-生态模型GLO-PEM和CASA,借助遥感生态反演的物理分析,初步构建起基于遥感与生态过程的干旱区适用的光能利用率模型NPP-PEM,并以ERDAS IMAGINE为平台,实现了模型可视化模型界面,可用于中国西部干旱区山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统年净第一性生产力的估算.由于考虑了干旱植被生理特征和灌层结构的光能利用模型,模拟结构与原理更加合理完善,为引入其他生态模型应用或移植到干旱区提供借鉴,从而为中国干旱区陆地生态系统碳循环研究开辟了途径.