洪水灾害模拟及评估

针对洪水灾害评估的特点,将GIS技术与RS技术相结合,根据数字高程模型DEM提供的三维数据和遥感影像数据,运用GIS的空间分析功能来预测、模拟显示红水河流域洪水淹没场景,并结合该流域水文站降雨量数据和各乡镇人口密度数据以及其他辅助数据进行洪水灾害评估。     

基于GIS空间分析的应急洪水风险图制作

洪水风险图是直观反映某一区域洪水风险信息的专题地图,可以作为一种重要的防洪非工程措施,正确进行洪水灾害的预测和评估,对预防灾害、应急处理具有重要的意义。本文主要描述如何通过GIS空间分析技术快速进行洪水分析来制作洪水风险图的方法。     

基于GIS对松花江流域哈尔滨段洪泛区灾害评估

计算洪水淹没区范围所造成的灾害损失一直是灾害评估研究中的一个热点问题,本文通过以GIS技术为基础,并结合数字高程模型(DEM),对哈尔滨市未来可能会发生的十年一遇或百年一遇的洪水所能淹没的范围进行预测。并结合历年的水文气象等统计资料,依据经验分析法与水深-损失曲线模型相结合的方法,对哈尔滨市洪泛区进行灾害评估,为城市发展、城市规划等提供依据。     

夏威夷建成洪灾风险评估GIS系统

近日．夏威夷国土资源部门宣布．一项洪灾风险评估GIS系统在当地投入使用。这个系统将帮助夏威夷居民评估他们在洪水灾害中可能遭受的财产损失。     

基于GIS的标的灾害风险评估系统的设计与实现

根据保险行业对于企业灾害风险管理的要求,解决无法量化评估标的自然灾害风险的问题,以SuperMapGIS为地理信息平台,利用服务式GIS、空间分析等技术,构建了基于GIS的标的灾害风险评估系统。该系统包括标的管理、风险专题地图、风险预警、风险录入、风险分析、评估报告等功能,实现了对标的风险受地震、台风、洪水等自然灾害影响的精细化管理,为保险公司的承保服务提供了决策支持。     

遥感和GIS在冰湖溃决洪水中的应用研究

近年来随着全球气候变暖和冰川退缩,以及人类在高海拔地区活动的增多,冰湖溃决洪水灾害呈增加趋势。由于遥感和GIS技术的众多优势,使其在冰湖溃决洪水研究方面得到广泛应用。首先对冰湖溃决洪水及其研究做简单介绍,然后从冰川、冰湖空间数据获取,冰湖溃决评价指标获取,冰湖溃决洪水模拟和DEM的建立及应用4个方面对遥感和GIS在冰湖溃决洪水研究中的应用进行综述,最后指出,目前遥感和GIS在冰湖溃决洪水应用中的不足,为进一步研究和应用指明了方向。     

水库下游洪水淹没灾害评估系统的研究

叙述在MapInfo平台上用VC^ 开发水库下游洪水淹没灾害评估系统的方法，对系统的结构和功能作了详细论述，并对洪水淹没灾害评估模型建立的原理与方法进行了较深入的研究。     

基于GIS的临汾市地震灾情评估系统

为了解决在地震应急阶段快速得到地震危害分布和损毁评估结果的问题,采用组件式GIS开发平台Su-perMap Object6开发了临汾市地震灾情评估系统。该系统为地震模拟提供了一个可视化平台,通过该平台可以快速对灾情进行评估,为临汾市的抗震减灾提供了决策分析的依据。研究表明,将GIS技术引入地震灾情评估中,便于地震数据的输入、查询、管理和分析,对地震灾害分析和灾害损失评估有重要意义。     

MORPAS证据权法在地质灾害预测与评估中的新应用

GIS技术应用于地质灾害研究,已有三十余年历史,而且GIS发挥的作用变得日趋重要。由于MORPAS系统是基于GIS的金属矿产资源评价预测系统,因此将MORPAS应用于地质灾害的研究极少,作者尝试将MORPAS证据权法应用于吕梁地区滑坡泥石流灾害预测与评估研究并取得了良好的效果。本文在分析吕梁地区地质构造背景,提取大小型线型构造、植被信息,综合降水、坡度数据的基础上,运用MORPAS证据权法对吕梁地区重大突发性地质灾害—滑坡、泥石流进行了预测与灾害等级分区,并建立了灾害危害性评估模型。从预测图来看,研究区共分为三个灾害等级,从南向北共划分五个灾害预测区,从预测结果的准确性角度来看,已发生在中阳县境内的滑坡验证了预测Ⅰ区的准确性,同时证明了本文所提出方法的可行性。     

基于GIS与RS的中小流域洪水风险图研究

以苏鲁皖三省交界处的复新河流域为研究区,在多源数据集成与融合的基础上,利用GIS与RS技术分析了流域地形地貌,提取了水文模型参数,集成了洪水模拟,从而进行洪水淹没与影响分析,并对洪水模拟结果进行自动可视化处理与发布。系统地阐述了运用GIS与RS技术快速制作中小流域洪水风险图的关键技术,并构建了洪水风险可视化模型,可实现快速一体化成图,提高中小流域洪水风险图的动态适应性。     

SAR与TM影像的IHS变换复合及其质量定量评价

本文采用四种典型的IHS变换方法,对同一地区的SAR与TM影像进行了复合,并对复合后图像的信息量及清晰度作了定性和定量分析。结果表明,用熵、联合熵和平均梯度这三个定量指标客观评价SAR与TM影像的复合效果,比目视评价结果准确有效,从而为选择最佳IHS变换方法进行多源遥感数据复合提供了依据。     

无人机倾斜摄影三维模型在城市雨洪风险评估中的应用

研究城市雨洪风险问题,对提高城市洪涝灾害监测、预报的准确性,以及促进城市防洪决策制定具有重要的意义。鉴于高精度的城市三维模型可以提供丰富地理信息,便于准确分析淹没情况,本文针对当前城市洪涝模型对地形数据的高敏感性,且雨洪风险评估研究的准确性受限于地形数据精度的问题,提出利用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术重建高精度实景三维模型,并结合GIS的空间分析功能,以淹没深度为关键指标进行研究区的雨洪风险评估。通过提取不同重现期下研究区的淹没深度信息,进行可视化渲染实现三维淹没分析,可以直观地看到研究区的淹没情况,作为暴雨内涝风险管理依据,同时对城市规划布局有一定的参考价值。     

基于GIS/AHP集成的浙江省洪涝灾害风险评估

将GIS技术引入洪涝灾害风险评估,可以弥补传统方法评估结果空间化显示不足的缺点。本文针对浙江省洪涝灾害的发生特点,从危险性和易损性两方面选择了浙江省洪涝灾害的影响因素,包括降雨量、地形、河网密度、人口密度和耕地百分比等因子。运用GIS空间分析技术对各因子进行空间化,结合层次分析法（AHP）确定各影响因素的权重,进行浙江省洪涝灾害风险评估和制图,并基于SuperMap iObjects平台设计与开发了浙江省洪涝灾害风险评估系统。研究结果表明：浙江省发生洪涝灾害的风险普遍偏高,高风险区域位于浙北和浙东南的沿海地带,较高风险区域位于浙东、浙南和浙北地区及金衢盆地中间地区,中等风险区位于浙南的西面、浙北及浙西地区。本文分析结果可为浙江省洪涝灾害预防和管理提供决策依据。     

Multi-source data fusion and modeling to assess and communicate complex flood dynamics to support decision-making for downstream areas of dams: The 2011 hurricane irene and schoharie creek floods,NY

In light of climate and land use change, stakeholders around the world are interested in assessing historic and likely future flood dynamics and flood extents for decision-making in watersheds with dams as well as limited availability of stream gages and costly technical resources. This research evaluates an assessment and communication approach of combining GIS, hydraulic modeling based on latest remote sensing and topographic imagery by comparing the results to an actual flood event and available stream gages. On August 28th 2011, floods caused by Hurricane Irene swept through a large rural area in New York State, leaving thousands of people homeless, devastating towns and cities. Damage was widespread though the estimated and actual floods inundation and associated return period were still unclear since the flooding was artificially increased by flood water release due to fear of a dam break. This research uses the stream section right below the dam between two stream gages North Blenheim and Breakabeen along Schoharie Creek as a case study site to validate the approach. The data fusion approach uses a GIS, commonly available data sources, the hydraulic model HEC-RAS as well as airborne LiDAR data that were collected two days after the flood event (Aug 30, 2011). The aerial imagery of the airborne survey depicts a low flow event as well as the evidence of the record flood such as debris and other signs of damage to validate the hydrologic simulation results with the available stream gauges. Model results were also compared to the official Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood scenarios to determine the actual flood return period of the event. The dynamic of the flood levels was then used to visualize the flood and the actual loss of the Old Blenheim Bridge using Google Sketchup. Integration of multi-source data, cross-validation and visualization provides new ways to utilize pre- and post-event remote sensing imagery and hydrologic models to better understand and communicate the complex spatial-temporal dynamics, return periods and potential/actual consequences to decision-makers and the local population.     

Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery for Flood Modelling

Airborne radar technology has traditionally been largely devoted to military applications. In recent years, applications in telecommunications, oil exploration and agriculture have proved that radar technology can also be used commercially. This paper focuses on an application of airborne radar technology in the insurance industry and describes the development of a large-scale flood risk assessment model for the River Thames. The model is based upon airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and was built with commonly used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and image processing tools. From the Orthorectified Images (ORIs) a land cover map was produced, from which a surface roughness map could be derived. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was processed to remove trees and other soft barriers and obtain the effective ground level. This was achieved by using standard GIS processes. The methodology may be applicable to any organisation exposed to flood risk.     

防汛气象信息的实时动态传送管理实践

我国国土辽阔,自然条件复杂,洪涝灾害发生频繁,已成为制约我国经济可持续发展重要因素之一,在洪涝灾害发生前,对主要河流水文站、水库水位数据,对气象预报数据进行评价,在灾害发生之前通过对上述数据和基础地理数据进行分析,确定防范措施,尽量避免灾害发生。本文主要介绍在防汛期间,空间辅助决策系统中的防汛减灾功能模块中,如何将水利汛情数据和气象预报数据、实时降雨等时效性较强信息自动传出加载到地理信息系统中,最终与全国地图数据相迭加进行可视化表示。     

防汛信息共享与元数据应用研究

分析了FGDC、CEN／TC287等元数据标准，讨论了基于GIS的防汛信息共享与元数据的应用，设计了防汛信息元数据库，实现了元数据支持下的防汛信息共享。     

An integrated regionalization of earthquake, flood, and drought hazards in China

Earthquake, flood, and drought data from different sources are combined in a single data set using the same data structure, projection, and scale. The intensity and frequency of each hazard is classified into severe, heavy, modest, and light, producing a classification with 64 combined states for the three kinds of hazard. These classes are then ranked according to severity. The three hazard coverages arc overlaid and the polygons that are produced are coded by the classification system. A map is produced that shows the distribution of these 64 classes in regions and their areas measured from the spatial topological data file in the GIS. Spatial analysis reveals the spatial association among the three hazards and between the three hazards and human factors. There is a brief discussion of the implications of the regionalized map for hazard monitoring.     

浅谈基于ERDAS的三维GIS系统实现

主要研究利用三维空间数据、DOM及DEM创建三维虚拟场景。将ERDAS IMAGINE的Virtual GIS模块与第三方建模软件相结合,解决了模型导入ERDAS Virtual GIS Viewer中贴图丢失的问题,实现了立体模型的仿真构建和三维GIS系统的动态管理。同时,对模拟雾气分析、空间视域分析和洪水淹没分析等方面的应用进行了研究,使该系统更具应用价值。