地壳岩石半脆性非均匀蠕变破坏-失稳的判别

本文通过分析地壳半脆性域岩石蠕变破坏-失稳的复杂性,提出应该建立能够判别地壳岩石半脆性蠕变破坏-失稳基本规律的准则,以便尽可能准确地预测地壳半脆性域岩石蠕变破坏-失稳的类型及其与温度压力等环境条件的关系。     

GENERALIZED FLOW LAWS OF POLYPHASE ROCKS: AN OVERVIEW

Rheological properties of polyphase rocks play an important role in the dynamics of the lithosphere and asthenosphere. However, such fundamental issues have not been well resolved. A theoretical analysis has been made to develop expressions for the flow laws of polyphase rocks in terms of the volume fractions and flow laws of their constituent phases. The flow strengths predicted by the proposed model for common crustal and upper mantle rocks such as granite, diorite, diabase and lherzolite, and for synthetic two-phase composites such as forsterite-enstatite and water ice-ammonia dehydrate aggregates are in good agreement with previously determined experimental values. The proposed theoretical model allows one to calculate, to the first approximation, the flow laws of a large number of polyphase rocks at geologic conditions based on the experimentally determined flow laws of a relatively small number of monomineralic aggregates.     

GENERALIZED FLOW LAWS OF POLYPHASE ROCKS: AN OVERVIEW

Rheological properties of polyphase rocks play an important role in the dynamics of the lithosphere and asthenosphere. However, such fundamental issues have not been well resolved. A theoretical analysis has been made to develop expressions for the flow laws of polyphase rocks in terms of the volume fractions and flow laws of their constituent phases. The flow strengths predicted by the proposed model for common crustal and upper mantle rocks such as granite, diorite, diabase and lherzolite, and for synthetic two-phase composites such as forsterite-enstatite and water ice-ammonia dehydrate aggregates are in good agreement with previously determined experimental values. The proposed theoretical model allows one to calculate, to the first approximation, the flow laws of a large number of polyphase rocks at geologic conditions based on the experimentally determined flow laws of a relatively small number of monomineralic aggregates.     

基于一种脆性指标确定岩石残余强度

岩石的残余强度是岩石力学的重要指标,准确地评价岩石残余强度对于评价地下工程的稳定性以及优化岩体支护设计具有重要意义。基于岩石的三轴力学特性提出一种表征岩石峰后强度衰减行为的力学指标--岩石强度衰减系数,该指标可反映岩石的脆性程度,并提出岩石强度衰减系数与围压关系的幂函数模型。对22组不同成因的岩石常规三轴压缩试验数据进行幂函数模型参数拟合,发现不同岩石拟合所得参数离散性较大,分析其原因主要与岩石矿物组成和岩石结构特征等因素相关。在此基础上提出基于强度衰减方法确定岩石残余强度的方法,分析表明,该方法能够很好地拟合岩石残余强度试验数据,并能反映岩石结构性质对残余强度的影响。     

东深供水工程风化泥质软岩残余强度特性研究

选取广东塘厦风化泥质软岩为研究对象,测定分析其残余强度,并模拟土体在长期浸水软化后的强度变化趋势,探讨该类土的强度变化规律,为工程应用中强度参数的选取与评价提供科学的依据。     

Evolution of anisotropy with saturation and its implications for the elastoplastic responses of clay rocks

Many clay rocks have distinct bedding planes. Experimental studies have shown that their mechanical properties evolve with the degree of saturation (DOS), often with higher stiffness and strength after drying. For transversely isotropic rocks, the effects of saturation can differ between the bed-normal (BN) and bed-parallel (BP) directions, which gives rise to saturation-dependent stiffness and strength anisotropy. Accurate prediction of the mechanical behavior of clay rocks under partially saturated conditions requires numerical models that can capture the evolving elastic and plastic anisotropy with DOS. In this study, we present an anisotropy framework for coupled solid deformation-fluid flow in unsaturated elastoplastic media. We incorporate saturation-dependent strength anisotropy into an anisotropic modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model and consider the evolving anisotropy in both the elastic and plastic responses. The model was calibrated using experimental data from triaxial tests to demonstrate its capability in capturing strength anisotropy at various levels of saturation. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate the role of evolving stiffness and strength anisotropy in the mechanical behavior of clay rocks. Plane strain simulations of triaxial compression tests were also conducted to demonstrate the impacts of material anisotropy and DOS on the mechanical and fluid flow responses.     

松辽盆地南部深层火山岩、火山机构和火山岩相地质-地震综合识别

松辽盆地南部深层发育2套火山岩,分布在下白垩统营城组下部和上侏罗统火石岭组中上部。东岭地区营城组为酸性岩,岩相以爆发相为主,占73%;火石岭组为中基性岩,可分为上下两段,岩相以喷溢相为主(上段占67%,下段占59%)。酸性岩在地震剖面上主要表现为透镜状、丘状反射特征,顶面为中强反射,内部为中强或弱反射,低频、杂乱、断续分布,具有明显的穿时现象。中基性岩在地震剖面表现为眼球状、丘状反射特征,顶部为强反射,与围岩呈超覆关系,内部为弱反射、蠕虫状、杂乱、低频、断续反射。利用拟声波曲线反演方法识别火山岩,其结果表明东岭地区火石岭组火山岩厚度受断层F₁控制,在F₁东侧薄,西侧厚,在SN109井区域最厚。利用构造趋势面分析和三维体切片技术可识别火山机构的火山锥。在东岭地区火石岭组发现2个火山锥发育区(以中部区域为主),该区火山锥面积为56 km²,最大幅度为547 m。利用倾角属性方法结合火山机构物理模型可识别出火山通道相和侵出相,波形分类方法可识别爆发相和喷溢相,结合两种方法可以准确地识别出火山岩相;其结果表明东岭地区火石岭组在中部区域喷溢相上部亚相和火山通道相发育。火山锥发育的区域是火山岩储层厚度发育的区域,同时岩相预测结果表明该区也是储层物性好的区域,所以东岭地区中部火山岩是勘探的有利目标区。     

一般三轴压缩下岩石的流动和破坏

引言在天然条件下,岩石的破坏和流动是在复杂的组合应力下产生的.应力状态的影响在岩石力学里是个基本课题之一.为了研究这一影响,在各种组合应力状态下,进行了许多岩石变形的室内实验。     

FLOW AND FRACTURE OF ROCKS UNDER GENERAL TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION

Recent laboratory studies of the flow and fracture of rocks under general triaxial compression are reviewed .New Developments in laboratory techniques have made it possible to measure three principal stresses and strains under general triaxial stress states ,in which all three principal stresses are different . Strength and ductility of isotropic rocks are markedly affected not only by the least compression σ3 ,although these two effects are rather additional in strength ,but opposite in ductility .The experimental results show that dilatancy is highly anisotropic rocks have been also measured under the general triaxial compression .In this case ,the effect of the intermediate compression markedly depends on the orientations of the weak planes.     

高层建筑物荷载与地下水开采叠加作用下的地面沉降特征

在地下水开采和高层建筑荷载叠加作用下,城市地面沉降分布愈加复杂.以天津塘沽地区为例,考虑到土体在固结沉降中的平衡条件、弹性本构条件、变形协调条件和水流连续条件,以比奥固结理论为基础,建立了高层建筑荷载和地下水开采叠加作用下三维地面沉降模型,采用有限元方法进行了数值计算.结果表明,高层建筑物的附加荷载作用在其建成后的3～...     

激光探针稳定同位素分析技术的现状及发展前景

以揭示碳酸盐岩和硫酸盐岩相伴沉积时发生的复合岩溶形成机制为目的 ,采用室内模拟实验方法 ,利用反应路径模型研究了水流路径上碳酸盐岩→硫酸盐岩 (简称层序 1)和硫酸盐岩→碳酸盐岩 (简称层序 2 )两种层序时发生的地球化学作用 ,根据质量平衡原理 ,计算了水岩间发生的地球化学作用强度 ;探讨了硫酸盐岩成因、岩溶发育的环境温度对复合岩溶的影响。结果表明 ,复合岩溶形成机理与可溶岩层序关系密切 ,层序 1中 ,发生两种可溶岩的溶解作用 ;层序 2中 ,除硫酸盐岩 (石膏和半水石膏 )溶解外 ,碳酸盐岩 (白云岩 )发生的是去白云化作用。这些作用间通过不同的机制相互促进 ,导致复合岩溶较单一可溶岩的岩溶更发育。复合岩溶的发育程度还受溶液 pH值和环境温度影响 ,溶液pH值降低、环境温度升高都利于复合岩溶发育。     

传导-对流型热流的计算模拟

本文对8个初始模型和7个组合模型中沿断层的水热对流、断层产状、山体地形和沉积盆地与基岩热导率反差等四个影响因素对传导型地表热流分布的影响进行了计算机模拟研究。模型设计和参数的选值以西藏中北部一些地热区实测的传导-对流型热流为主要参考依据,但不直接涉及对流组分的校正,而着眼于更广泛的单因子和多因素的模型研究。分析中采用无量纲参数:α=(K₁)/(K₂)(K₁和K₂分别为基岩和沉积盆地的热导率),β=(q₁)/(q₂)(q₁和q₂分别为地表热流的垂向分量和模型的底部热流)以及γ=L/H(L和H分别为离模型左侧边界的距离和山体的高度),以求更广的普适性。对模拟结果的分析表明,上述四项影响因素依其重要性可排序为对流强度—断层倾角—介质热导率反差—地形效应。     

泥石流堆积过程数值模拟及防灾效益评估方法

根据动量守恒和质量守恒原理 ,研究建立了泥石流堆积过程的数学模型 ,运用有限差分法求解数学模型 ,用以模拟泥石流堆积的动态过程。在此基础上 ,结合云南省东川市深沟泥石流堆积区的实际情况 ,对泥石流灾害的危险范围和程度进行了分析评价 ;结合各类受灾体经济损失评价 ,对比防灾工程造价 ,进行了减灾效益分析评价。     

Upper Limit for Rheological Strength of Crust in Continental Subduction Zone： Constraints Imposed by Laboratory Experiments

The transitional pressure of quartz-coesite under the differential stress and highly-strained conditions is far from the pressure of the stable field under the static pressure. Therefore, the effect of the differential stress should be considered when the depth of petrogenesis is estimated about ultrahigh pressure metamorphic (UHPM) rocks. The rheological strength of typical ultrahigh pressure rocks in continental subduction zone was derived from the results of the laboratory experiments. The results indicate the following three points. (1) The rheological strength of gabbro, similar to that of eclogite, is smaller than that of clinopyroxenite on the same condition. (2) The calculated strength of rocks (gabbro, eclogite and clinopyroxenite) related to UHPM decreases by nearly one order of magnitude with the temperature rising by 100 ℃ in the range between 600 and 900 ℃. The calculated strength is far greater than the faulting strength of rocks at 600 ℃, and is in several hundred to more than one thousand mega-pascals at 700-800 ℃, which suggests that those rocks are located in the brittle deformation region at 600 ℃, but are in the semi-brittle to plastic deformation region at 700-800 ℃. Obviously, the 700 ℃ is a brittle-plastic transition boundary. (3) The calculated rheological strength in the localized deformation zone on a higher strain rate condition (1.6×10-12 s-l) is 2-5 times more than that in the distributed deformation zone on a lower strain rate condition (1.6×10-14 s-1). The average rheological stress (1 600 MPa) at the strain rate of 10-12 s-1 stands for the ultimate differential stress of UHPM rocks in the semi-brittle flow field, and the average rheological stress (550-950 MPa) at the strain rate of l0-14 -10-13 s-l stands for the ultimate differential stress of UHPM rocks in the plastic flow field, suggesting that the depth for the formation of UHPM rocks is more than 20-60 km below the depth estimated under static pressure condition due to the effect of the differential stress.     

采动影响下巷道围岩变形与破坏的弱结构面效应

岩体中弱结构面的产状要素和力学参数是影响深部巷道围岩变形和破坏的重要因素。通过对金川矿区地下开采过程中发生的与弱结构面效应有关的巷道变形特征、破坏模式与机理分析得出,在断层附近或穿过断层开挖时,往往会引起断层活化,引发巷道变形和破坏。当在节理岩体中开挖时会使围岩中低强度的节理裂隙等弱结构面正应力减小,抗剪强度降低,从而发生相对滑移、变形。此外,与巷道开挖相比,矿体开采的影响不仅在持续时间上,还是在影响以及程度上都是造成巷道变形和破坏的弱结构面效应更加显著的主要原因。     

苏南宁镇地区震旦纪至白垩纪的岩石力学性质的系统测试数据浅析

苏南宁镇地区,震旦系至第四系出露完整,研究程度颇深,诸地层的不同特征,以作为华南各地区地层对比之标准而著称。近几年来,随着大规模勘探工作的进行,宁镇地区地层的物性参数、电性参数和力学参数等各种资料,均在不断完善之中。本文试以该区震旦系至白垩系地层的岩石单轴抗压强度等的系统测试数据,对其有关的岩石力学特性进行粗浅地分析。     

Predicting mechanical properties and ultimate shear strength of gypsum,limestone and sandstone rocks using Vipulanandan models

ABSTRACT

In this study, over 1000 data from the literature was used to characterize and compare the density, strengths, modulus, fracture toughness, porosity and the ultimate shear strengths of the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks. The compressive modulus and Mode-1 fracture toughness of the gypsum rock, limestone rock and sandstone rocks varied from 0.7 GPa to 70 GPa, and from 0.03 MPa.m^0.5 to 2.6 MPa.m^0.5  respectively. Vipulanandan correlation model was effective in relating the modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness with the relevant strengths of the rocks. A new nonlinear Vipulanandan failure criterion was developed to quantify the tensile strength, pure shear (cohesion) strength and to predict the maximum shear strength limit with applied normal stress on the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks. The Vipulanandan failure model predicts the maximum shear strength limit was, as the Mohr-Coulomb failure model does not have a limit on the maximum shear strength. With the Vipulanandan failure model based on the available data, the maximum shear strengths predicted for the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks were 64 MPa, 114 MPa and 410 MPa respectively.     

压剪作用下裂隙扩展过程渗流与应力耦合模型研究

裂隙的剪胀特性及扩展演化规律对岩体的渗流特性具有重要影响。为揭示裂隙剪胀及扩展演化对岩体渗流的影响,基于残余强度提出了一种能较好描述岩石硬化-软化特性的全剪切本构关系;结合剪切变形与裂隙开度的关系,利用最小势能原理和立方定律,建立了压剪作用下考虑裂隙剪胀特性的渗流应力耦合模型;假定压剪作用下裂隙发生Ⅰ型扩展,提出了伴有翼型裂纹的渗流模型,该模型不仅考虑了岩石的剪胀特性,更反映了裂隙扩展过程渗流的演化规律。对不同裂隙粗糙度的剪切应力-位移曲线进行分析,全剪切本构模型表现出较高的拟合精度。在剪切应力-位移关系基础上,通过剪切渗流试验数据对压剪作用下渗流模型进行验证,结果表明,该模型能较好地描述岩体剪胀阶段渗透性演化规律。利用等效裂隙简化裂隙网络,并通过试验数据进行验证,证实了裂隙扩展过程渗流-应力耦合模型的准确性与适用性。     

LDW海域LZ凹陷古近系烃源岩排烃特征分析

辽中凹陷古近系发育有四套烃源岩,各套烃源岩对于辽中凹陷油气成藏的贡献大小不同。在对烃源岩评价的基础上,利用排烃门限理论及生烃潜力法,对辽中凹陷古近系东二下段、东三段、沙一段和沙三段烃源岩的排烃特征进行研究,并对其排烃强度进行评价。经研究发现,各套烃源岩层的排烃门限深度分别为2 400m、2 900m、2 700m和2 500m左右,通过排烃强度的计算可知,沙三段烃源岩平均排烃强度最高。根据对各套烃源岩层厚,各项烃源岩评价参数,以及现今排烃强度等参数的综合分析认为,辽中凹陷沙三段烃源岩对于辽中凹陷油气成藏贡献最大,是辽中凹陷主力烃源岩。     

Simulation of groundwater flow in fractured rocks using a coupled model based on the method of domain decomposition

Groundwater flow in fractured rocks is modeled using a coupled model based on the domain decomposition method. In the model, the fractured porous medium is divided into two non-overlapping sub-domains. One is the rock matrix, in which the medium is described using a continuum model. The other consists of deep fractures and fissure zones, where the medium is described using a discrete fracture network (DFN) model. The two models are coupled through the continuity of the hydraulic heads and fluxes on the common boundaries. The coupled model is used to simulate groundwater flow in a hydropower station. The results show that the model simulates groundwater levels that are in agreement with the measured groundwater levels. Furthermore, the model’s parameters relating to deep fractures and fissure zones are verified by comparing three different models (the continuum model, coupled model, and DFN model). The results show that the coupled model can capture and duplicate the hydrogeological conditions in the study domain, whereas the continuum model overestimates and the DFN model underestimates the measured hydraulic heads. A sensitivity analysis shows that fracture aperture has a considerable effect on the groundwater level. So, when the fracture aperture is large, the coupled model or DFN model is more appropriate than the continuum model in the fracture domain.