浅谈八项质量管理原则在工勘施工企业中的应用

随着改革及施工市场的需要,工勘施工企业都需要进行质量体系认证工作.2000版质量管理体系国家标准在总结1994版质量管理体系国家标准实践的基础上明确提出了八项质量管理原则:以顾客为关注焦点、领导作用、全员参与、过程方法、管理的系统方法、持续改进、基于事实的决策方法以及与供方的互利关系.八项质量管理原则科学总结了世界各国多年来理论研究的成果和实践的经验,体现了质量管理的基本规律,是2000版GB/T19000族质量管理体系国家标准的基础.八项质量管理原则可以作为工勘施工企业制定质量方针的基础,工勘施工企业的最高管理者可以运用这些原则领导本单位进行业绩改进.实际上,这些原则不仅体现质量管理的基本规律,也适用于工勘施工企业的全部管理.质量管理原则的提出和应用,为进一步提高工勘施工企业质量管理的科学性,乃至为提高工勘施工企业管理科学性创造了条件.     

羽战略和标准化打造企业管理的坚强“木桶”

当前社会，各种管理思想和管理理论不断涌现，企业要根据自身性质和特点选择适宜的管理理论和管理工具构建企业管理体系。用企业战略管理和标准化等管理理论构建企业管理体系是一种有益的尝试。     

质量管理体系标准在测绘企业的应用

随着市场经济的不断推进,企业的质量管理及产品质量越来越受到重视,质量管理体系认证工作方兴未艾,实施《质量管理体系标准》已成为大多企业质量管理工作的核心内容。8项质量管理原则既是《标准》的理论基础,又是企业的领导者进行质量管理的基本准则。掌握八项管理原则并加以科学地运用,是执行质量管理体系标准、进而取得良好管理业绩的关键。     

浅议工程设计企业的经营管理

工程设计企业管理的内涵是什么？怎样进行管理运作？设计企业怎么留信和吸引人才？这些问题已显得越来越重要，也是不可回避的，我们只能认真面对、并积极相法去探索、去解决。     

强化质量管理 提高企业信誉

本文以实际案例讲述了企业在强化质量管理、增强顾客满意方面的实施要点，可供类似企业参考。     

竞争优势源于企业资源和能力的深度开发

新经济时代的竞争是企业核心力的竞争，谁拥有竞争优势谁就拥有市场。铁道第四勘察设计院在多年的改革、发展过程中，总结出一条成功的基本理论：竞争优势源于企业资源和能力的深度开发。而且用实践证明，国有企业深度开发企业的资源和能力，其市场竞争力并不会低于外资、私营企业。     

创新观念，强化管理，力创名牌，持续发展

机械工业部第二设计研究院通过数年深化改革、创新管理、调整业务结构的努力实践，较好地提升了整体竞争力，大大地提高了经济效益。本文对这些管理实践进行了总结，并上升到理论高度，可资借鉴。     

用战略和标准化打造企业管理的坚强"木桶"

当前社会,各种管理思想和管理理论不断涌现,企业要根据自身性质和特点选择适宜的管理理论和管理工具构建企业管理体系.用企业战略管理和标准化等管理理论构建企业管理体系是一种有益的尝试.     

质量体系认证与档案管理工作

从企业质量管理与档案工作的关系入手，阐述了质量管理推动了档案工作的发展，档案工作促进了企业的质量管理。     

探析勘测设计企业的管理创新

勘测设计企业为适应入世后的知识经济和全球一体化的大趋势，加快自身发展，迫切需要进行管理创新：应在企业管理理念方面实行转变，实施战略管理；在管理决策和沟通机制上创新，实行决策科学化、程序化；积极探索现代工业化管理手段和方法，加快与国际接轨；建立现代企业制度，进行组织结构创新；探索首席专家制和课题招投标，尽快形成企业技术创新体系。     

Managing energy emergencies

In the past few years the United States has experienced several emergencies due to energy shortages, and more loom in the future. This paper presents a model for studying energy emergencies and applies the model in a framework to analyze a natural gas shortage in New England. The framework assesses events initiating emergencies, supply/demand disruptions, social and economic impacts, characteristics of emergencies, and societal responses. In concluding, the paper suggests how we can become better managers of potential energy emergency situations.     

Managing rice pests with less chemicals

Losses caused by pests remain an important constraint to achieving high rice yields. Potentials of protecting these losses have stimulated innovations in pesticide development. Today the rice pesticide market is valued at US $ 3.0 billion per year. With reducing land available for rice production and increasing demand for food production, attention is turning towards intensification through higher fertilizer inputs and cropping. Such intensifications may in turn increase pest intensities and demand for more pesticides.A large proportion of insecticide sprays administered by rice farmers in Asia is influenced by misperceptions and overestimations of damages. Most farmers apply their first sprays in the first 40 days after crop establishment to control leaf feeding insects. However, these pests do not occur in sufficiently high densities to cause yield loss. Instead, such early season sprays may contribute towards development of secondary pests, such as the brown planthopper. Strategies to reduce insecticide use need to focus on enhancing naturally occurring biological control and understanding farmers' decision making behavior.Most fungicides used in rice are in the sub-tropical countries, like Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. An important strategy towards reduction in fungicide use is through host plant resistance and gene deployment strategies. With biotechnology, tools may be used to characterize population structures in order to enhance these strategies. Cultural practices, such as rotations, cultivar mixtures, crop mosaics and planting times are being investigated.As cost of labor increases, farmers are likely to resort to using herbicides. The best way to accomplish weed control is the simultanous application of a variety of practices. These will include cultural, mechanical and chemical methods. The potentials of using naturally occurring enemies, such as plant pathogens, and the use of allelopathy are also being explored.     

Managing food shortages in Central Tanzania

Famine prevention and mitigation strategies have become an established area of interest for researchers concerned with food insecurity. Studies often focus on one famine event and the coping strategies immediately preceding or accompanying it. By contrast, this case study adopts a long-term perspective and depicts the changes of indigenous and exogenous famine-coping strategies among the Gogo, an ethnic group in semi-arid central Tanzania, over a time-span of one and half centuries. By doing so, this paper tries to give insights into the continuity and adaptability of human reactions to a persistent problem under changing socio-economic circumstances.     

Managing environmental problems in Cuban karstic aquifers

The study area is located along the Dead Sea Rift, the climate is considered arid in its southern margin near the Dead Sea, which is the lowest water reservoir found on the globe (412 m BSL), to semiarid in its northern part. During the last few decades, the water resources became depleted limiting the natural development of the agricultural settlements, which are the most common type of communities in the region. Previous studies suggested that a large amount of freshwater is lost as the result of salinization processes, which occur when fresh groundwater from the mountain aquifers, flow into the saline clastic Neogene aquifer complex. In order to comprehend this complex system, a detailed outlining of the regional hydrogeological system is essential. Since there are no boreholes, which penetrate the aquiferous rock sequences within the Rift, it was necessary to interpolate a large variety of data from several fields of geosciences. The methods applied included geological mapping, geophysical modeling based on interpretation of seismic profiles and geochemical modeling based on chemical and isotopic analysis of runoff, sediments and groundwater. The combined modeling based on results from the different types of analyses implied to several conclusions relevant to the regional water management policy: (1) groundwater becomes saline as it flows from the margins of the Rift to its center. Therefore, it is recommended to exploit it along the foothills of the rift escarpment. (2) Geophysical modeling indicated that the foothills and the Karstic mountain aquifer extend into the subsurface of the valley and can be farther exploited (up to 15 mm³ per annum) by relatively shallow wells. (3) Several mechanisms of groundwater salinization were deciphered: (a) the dense vertical faulting systems act as potential conduits for saline water, which flow-up from deep-seated sources and penetrate into the fresh aquifers. (b) Fresh groundwater in the clastic aquifer complex is rare, furthermore, two evaporates bodies were encountered (Auja and Zaharat el Qurein), also acting as sources for fresh water salinization. (c) Although the quantity of runoff recharge to the Jordan Valley aquifer complex is negligible, the increase in its salt-content (TDS) turns this negligible freshwater recharge to a significant contributor of salts.     

Managing Bay and Estuarine Ecosystems for Multiple Services

Managers are moving from a model of managing individual sectors, human activities, or ecosystem services to an ecosystem-based management (EBM) approach which attempts to balance the range of services provided by ecosystems. Applying EBM is often difficult due to inherent tradeoffs in managing for different services. This challenge particularly holds for estuarine systems, which have been heavily altered in most regions and are often subject to intense management interventions. Estuarine managers can often choose among a range of management tactics to enhance a particular service; although some management actions will result in strong tradeoffs, others may enhance multiple services simultaneously. Management of estuarine ecosystems could be improved by distinguishing between optimal management actions for enhancing multiple services and those that have severe tradeoffs. This requires a framework that evaluates tradeoff scenarios and identifies management actions likely to benefit multiple services. We created a management action-services matrix as a first step towards assessing tradeoffs and providing managers with a decision support tool. We found that management actions that restored or enhanced natural vegetation (e.g., salt marsh and mangroves) and some shellfish (particularly oysters and oyster reef habitat) benefited multiple services. In contrast, management actions such as desalination, salt pond creation, sand mining, and large container shipping had large net negative effects on several of the other services considered in the matrix. Our framework provides resource managers a simple way to inform EBM decisions and can also be used as a first step in more sophisticated approaches that model service delivery.     

诚信乃企业经营之本

本文就设计．施工，行业在经营、服务，市场运作中的问题．提出了“诚信”经营的理念和重要性，行业中存在的“诚信”经营问题，以及如何建立诚信的企业文化和机制。     

Managing vulnerability in Sydney: Planning or providence?

Sydney is the largest city in Oceania (the Australia — south Pacific region). During its existence of more than 200 years the city has suffered many emergencies and many psycho-social and media crises — but has escaped major disaster in the sense of deaths or economic loss. Does this indicate that disaster vulnerability has been managed well, or simply that Sydney has been fortunate? The evidence suggests that the natural environment is relatively benign. With some important exceptions, such as flooding, management has rested largely on emergency response, and on handling the residual risk through increasingly sophisticated loss redistribution mechanisms. For the more obvious “natural” hazards this approach has worked so far. But the approach appears to be incapable of dealing with many of the more insidious slow-onset hazards such as environmental degradation and social inequality. Unfortunately these are among the constituent issues of sustainability.     

基于GIS的瓦斯预测信息管理系统

结合潘三矿瓦斯预测信息管理系统的实例,分析了瓦斯突出区域预测指标,探讨了如何利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术和计算机技术实现瓦斯预测的科学化自动化管理,对基于ArcView的瓦斯预测信息管理系统的总体结构及系统功能进行了分析和设计,并对系统开发过程中的关键技术进行了详细分析。      

地球物理方法在环境污染监测及治理方面的应用

环境污染主要是大气污染、水体污染、土壤污染、固体废弃物污染、放射性污染和电磁污染等,环境污染严重影响了人类的生存环境。环境地球物理学是环境科学与地球物理学相融合而发展起来的一门交叉性边缘学科,其在环境污染的监测和治理方面应用广泛。随着环境地球物理技术的不断提高以及环境恶化程度的不断加剧,环境地球物理方法在环境污染监测和治理中的应用前景更加广阔,已成为解决环境污染不可缺少的重要手段。     

Managing expert-information uncertainties for assessing collapse susceptibility of abandoned underground structures

Assessing the collapse susceptibility of abandoned cavities at a regional scale is associated with large uncertainties that are mainly related to the very nature of the phenomena, but also to the difficulty in collecting exhaustive information at such a scale on often “forgotten” structures. In this context, the expert's role is essential, because he is able to synthesize the information resulting from the inventory and from the commonly imprecise, if not vague, criteria on the basis of his experience and his knowledge of the geological, historical, economic regional context.In this article, we propose mathematical tools for representing and processing this information in order to give flexibility to this step and manage the uncertainty inherent in the expert's information. The first tool, based on the weight of evidence theory, is for managing the uncertainty due to the heterogeneous spatial distribution of the data, whereas the second tool, based on the fuzzy set theory, is for managing the imprecision and incompleteness of available data, which hinder the definition of the class boundaries of the quantitative decision criteria. Based on an appropriate representation of the uncertainty sources (related to the input data and to the expert diagnostic), we then propose a methodology that integrates the uncertainty in the final output of the collapse susceptibility assessment and provides a confidence indicator useful within the decision-making process. The proposed methodology is applied to the Arras territory in the North of France, where abandoned chalk pits (dating back to the Roman ages) and war saps located in the vicinity of the First World War front lines (i.e. covered trenches), raise both difficulties for urban planning.