岩溶区土洞发育机制的分析

岩溶区地下水或地表水的活动 ,将对土层产生潜蚀作用及崩解作用 ,进而形成土洞。真空吸蚀作用 ,有利于土洞的发育扩大。地下水位的变化 ,将使土洞周围土体的应力状态发生改变 ,并有可能导致土洞周围土体产生塑性破坏 ,使土洞进一步扩大甚至塌陷.     

岩溶土洞演化及其数值模拟分析

土洞是覆盖型岩溶区一种隐伏的不良地质现象。土洞在水的作用下发育演化最终形成塌陷,可通过地下水位的变化来研究土洞发育和塌陷的形成。同时土洞的演化会造成覆盖土体不均匀位移和应力重分布,可通过覆盖土体位移和应力变化来进行研究土洞演化过程。采用FLAC3D三维有限差分程序,分析覆盖层垂向位移场表明:最大垂向位移出现在土洞顶部,使拱顶出现拉张破坏,并可根据洞顶土层位移的数值模拟结果,划分“等沉面”确定土洞扰动的土层深度。分析覆盖层剪切应力场表明:在土洞拱趾部位出现剪应力集中,会造成拱趾的剪切破坏,并可根据洞顶“剪应力低值区”,判断覆盖层中土拱效应的存在。分析覆盖层塑性区表明:较为坚硬的黏土层中,土洞以拱顶塌落和拉张破坏为主,最终可以形成坑壁较为陡直的桶状或坛状塌坑。土层较为松散时,以拱趾的剪切破坏为主,最终可以形成锥碟形塌陷坑。利用“剪应力低值区”,“等沉面”和“塑性区”可综合判断土洞的稳定性以及覆盖层所能形成的极限土洞大小。岩溶土洞演化规律及数值模拟研究对岩溶塌陷（土洞）早期监测和评价有着重要的理论及工程意义。      

膨胀土地区铁塔基础抗拔机理研究

在对高压输电线路的铁塔基础抗拔模型试验及原型试验的基础上,深入研究了膨胀土地基的抗拔性能,分析了土体位移、应力分布、承载能力以及破坏机理,指出了目前黏性土的抗拔理论计算中存在的缺陷,即土体的破坏不是只局限于破裂面的面破坏,而是整个土体内部的体破坏。提出了黏性土的抗拔承载力应由基础自重、基础上的土体重量、土的抗剪强度（破坏土体内部）以及应力重分布产生的地基承载力构成,并利用有限元进行了分析和验证。另外,对试验中的模型尺寸的影响也进行了分析。     

岩溶塌陷发育的时空阶段性分析

岩溶塌陷是土洞形成与发展的结果，临界土洞的形成是土洞发育的最终阶段，以临界土洞为界，岩溶塌陷的整个发育形成过程从时间和空间上划分为内部塌陷和地表塌陷两个密不可分的阶段。内部塌陷阶段是土洞发育与扩展即覆盖层岩土体逐渐 缓变过程，土体的破坏为拉张破坏与剪切破坏相复合的混合破坏方式；地表塌陷阶段是土洞扩张导致地表土体破坏塌落的突变过程，土体破坏为剪切破坏或拉张破坏，不同的破坏方式将在地表形成不同形状的塌坑。     

液化地基中桩的破坏机理研究进展

地震诱发的地基液化对桩基础的破坏极大,液化地基中桩的破坏机理是岩土地震工程中的一个重要研究课题。目前地基液化时桩土结构系统的地震性态尚没有认识充分,已有的研究内容较多局限于桩身材料的强度破坏方面,难以考虑液化土体侧向流动、基桩屈曲失稳、以及土与结构动力相互作用等复杂因素的影响。本文重点加强以下3个方面的深入探讨和研究:(1)液化地基中桩的屈曲失稳;(2)液化地基中桩基破坏的数值模拟新方法;(3)液化地基中桩-土-结构的动力相互作用分析。     

砂土液化内部应力变化规律与工程液化判别

以往对砂土液化的研究主要侧重于水平场地、自由应力场条件下有关地基液化机理与判别等问题的研究。通常将Δu=σz=ΔUmax作为地基土液化的判据，而对工程结构物和场地条件的影响考虑不足。基于当前砂土液化问题的研究现状及工程特性，提出了将液化分为理论液化和工程液化。前者主要研究地基土液化的一般规律性问题；后者则针对具体工程结构物而言。其液化标准是以地基土在遭受地震液化时是否会导致工程结构物的破坏为依据。通过对砂土在震动液化过程中内部应力变化规律的理论分析，阐明了水平应力σx或σy对斜坡场地地基土发生侧向液化的作用机理，不能将斜坡场地的地基看作半无限空间体处理，提出了液化膨胀侧扩势Ψ的概念与计算式。指出：对斜坡场地，为避免这种侧向液化流动变形破坏，采取加强可液化土体的侧向约束、缩小偏应力差是必要的。根据工程结构物的承载力极限状态和正常使用极限状态，提出工程液化的判别准则：(1)可液化土体的地基强度τ降低到工程结构物所允许的强度值[τ，]；(2)可液化土体的膨胀侧扩势Ψ增加到其侧向约束强度[τh]；(3)可液化土体地基的变形s增大到工程结构物所允许的变形值[s]。     

侧限压缩条件下土体的侧应力松弛试验研究

侧向应力松弛是侧限压缩土体的重要流变性质之一。通过在改装的固结仪上进行的土体侧限流变试验表明,在恒载侧限压缩条件下,土体的侧应力松弛曲线与竖向蠕变曲线同步出现不稳定、稳定、急剧变化3个阶段。将试验结果结合土的结构颗粒定向排列理论和强度理论探索了土体侧应力松弛的机制并得出结论：侧应力松弛曲线的3阶段特征是由于土体结构连接的压密恢复与剪切破坏相互作用所致;而侧应力松弛稳定的极限状态是由土的抗剪强度控制。此外,较高的应力水平将会使土体侧应力松弛程度相比低应力水平时更为显著。该分析结论为进一步研究地基长期承载力和地基沉降的关系奠定了基础。     

岩溶地区土洞地基灌浆处理过程研究

[摘 要] 灌浆是岩溶土洞地基处理的一种常用方法,灌浆压力对灌浆施工的有效性有着至关重要 的作用。针对岩溶地区土洞地基所处地质环境的复杂性,为了科学合理地确定其灌浆施工过程中的灌 浆压力,本文通过传统理论力学分析方法以及数值模拟方法对灌浆过程中灌浆压力变化及其引起的整 个地基应力应变场的变化进行了分析与研究,同时与施工现场监测结果进行了对比研究。研究结果表 明:在灌浆施工过程中,合理适当的灌浆压力既能确保浆液充分填充土洞,又不会破坏原土体结构;通过 对原土体抬升位移的监测,能准确预测与控制施工时的灌浆压力;理论分析与数值模拟结果和现场情况 吻合较好,为灌浆工艺施工提供了可靠的理论依据与指导。     

土钉墙地基承载力问题探讨

土钉墙墙底地基土的承载力验算是土钉墙支护设计的一项重要内容。国内的工程实践中,通常将土钉墙地基承载力与坑底土抗隆起验算合并考虑。针对具体案例,通过Plaxis3D有限元数值模拟,分析研究了土钉墙底部土体发生地基承载力失稳的破坏模式、破坏荷载以及土钉墙墙底应力分布特点等,探讨了依据我国相关规程进行土钉墙坑底隆起或地基承载力计算可能存在的问题。借鉴国外加筋土挡墙地基承载力计算的一般方法,将土钉墙作为荷载倾斜、偏心的刚性基础对待,利用荷载倾斜、偏心条件下传统刚性浅基础的地基承载力的Meyerhof解和Vesic解,对土钉墙地基承载力进行了计算和对比,通过对比发现,Meyerhof解更接近实际,据此,提出了土钉墙地基承载力计算的合理模式。     

常剪应力路径下含气砂土的三轴试验

天然气水合物完全分解时,产生的气体使得能源土孔隙压力急速增加,有效应力减小,进而引起土体液化破坏。此时深海能源土斜坡的应力状态与静力液化失稳过程可简化为含气土在常剪应力排水(或不排水)应力路径下的破坏问题。以此为背景,提出了制备含气砂土试样的改进充气管法,并开展了含气砂土的常剪应力路径三轴试验。22组试验结果表明:同一孔隙比的含气密砂在不同围压与常剪应力下具有相同的失稳线;含气砂土试样失稳时的应力比和体变均随初始相对密实度的增大而增大;含气密砂在常剪应力路径下饱和度对失稳特征影响的规律性在排水与不排水条件下均不明显,但在不排水条件下含气砂土的孔压(或体变)对变形的敏感性降低;含气密砂在常剪应力路径到达失稳点之后,排水条件下是瞬变的液化鼓胀破坏,不排水条件下是渐变的剪切破坏。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861