山东北部地区聚落遗址时空分布与环境演变的关系

利用GIS软件对山东北部地区聚落遗址时空分布特征进行分析,并结合双王城剖面沉积环境分析和前人研究成果探讨了聚落时空分布与环境演变之间的关系。结果表明:距今8000-5000 年间,在气候温暖湿润和海面相对较高的环境背景下,人类活动主要集中在海拔相对较高(20~200 m),地形较为平坦(坡度< 2°)的洪积台地和冲积平原上;西部平原地区由于地势低洼,容易积水而发生水患,因而很少有遗址分布。距今5000 年之后,气候暖湿程度降低,海平面持续下降,人类活动范围明显向海扩展;西部低洼地区在气候变干和海面降低的双重影响下,自然环境得到改善,也开始被古人广泛开发利用。这一时期区域文化繁荣发展,逐渐形成社会结构复杂、城邦林立的初期文明。然而距今4000 年左右,由于气候变化和洪患灾害加剧,史前文化开始明显衰落。商周时期气候环境趋于稳定,文化发展再次兴盛。北部滨海平原地区随着生产技术的进步,人类适应区域资源环境条件,在早期农业人群难以定居的滩涂地上形成以盐业生产为主要经济活动的聚落群。     

论中国北方畜牧业产生与环境的互动关系

畜牧业是从原始农业中分离出来的生产部门,早期的畜牧业属于放养型,依托定居农业而存在,游牧业的产生晚于放养型畜牧业,并与定居农业完全脱离。导致畜牧业从原始农业中分离,并由放养型过渡到游牧型与气候变迁有直接关系。本文以内蒙古朱开沟考古发现为例,论证了畜牧业分离以及游牧业产生与环境变迁的对应关系,并指出草原民族在由原始农业转向畜牧业几乎没有发生空间区域的位移,环境变迁推动人们适应环境放弃农业生产,将生产方式转向畜牧业     

2000-2012年中国北方海岸线时空变化分析

利用遥感和GIS 技术获取了中国北方“三省一市”2000 年、2005 年、2008 年、2010年、2011 年与2012 年共6 期大陆海岸线的时空分布情况;采用网格法计算了各个时期海岸线的分形维数;分析了海岸线时空变化特征、海岸线长度变化与分形维数变化之间的关系,以及海岸线动态变化的原因。2000-2012 年,研究区海岸线长度持续增加,总共增加了637.95km,年均增加53.16 km。从区域上看,以天津市与河北省所在的渤海湾区域海岸线变化最强烈;从时间过程上看,2008 年后海岸线长度进入快速增长时期,其中2010-2011 年是海岸线长度变化最剧烈的时期,变化强度为2.49%。2000-2012 年研究区海岸线的分形维数不断增大,其中渤海湾区域海岸线分形维数变化最剧烈;历史海岸线的长度与分形维数之间存在较好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9962;通过对大量海岸线动态引起的整体海岸线长度变化与分形维数变化的统计分析研究表明,在大多数情况下,局部海岸线长度增大(或缩减) 会导致整体海岸线分形维数增大(或减小),并且呈正比例变化。从2000-2012 年各时段海岸线动态对应的各类沿海工程的面积汇总情况来看,港口建设、渔业设施建设以及盐场建设分别占前三位,人类工程建设是中国北方海岸线变化最主要原因;与人类活动影响相比,自然变化如河口淤积与侵蚀对海岸线影响比较小。     

Impact of Holocene environmental change on temporal-spatial distribution of Neolithic sites in Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province

The Huaihe River basin of Anhui is not only a transitional zone of physical geography, but also a convergent area of many cultures in China. It is one of the sensitive ecotones to global changes and the birthplace of Chinese civilization. Using the field archaeological data and the sporo-pollens and the age data of the drilling cores, we analysed Neolithic cultural development and environmental evolution in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui. According to the combination of some research results in archaeology with environmental evolution research, this paper discusses the relationship between culture and environment in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui. The Neolithic cultural development was strongly impacted by the environmental change. The primitive culture (Shishanzi) was developed in the beginning of the Holocene Megathermal Period with distinct regional feature of the culture. From 6.5 kaBP to 5.5 kaBP, the climate changed warmer and wetter. The frequent occurrence of flood and waterlog due to such a climate regime and high sea level caused the earth’s surface environment deteriorated in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui and the interruption of the Neolithic cultural development, hence a lack of archaeological sites. From 5.5 kaBP to 4.0 kaBP, the climate changed from wet to dry, the natural environment was propitious to human survival. Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture flourished in this period. The Neolithic cultural development, the number of the sites and their distribution characteristics of the sites in the study area differed apparently from those in Central China and Shandong Province.     

安徽淮河流域全新世环境演变对新石器遗址时空分布的影响

Importance has been attached to the research of the impact of Holocene environmental change on the origins of human civilization and human survival at home and abroad by the academic circles (Bevan and Rooseveit, 2003; Binford, 1997; Xia et al., 2003; Zhu…     

气候变化背景下青冈分布变化及其对中国亚热带北界的指示意义

气候是影响植被类型和分布的关键因素,植被类型和分布格局也能反映气候的地域差异。随着气候变暖,全球气温和降水格局都将发生变化,植被类型和分布格局也将随之改变。而植物对气候变化的响应存在一定的滞后性,因此仅用气候指标研究亚热带北界及其移动具有一定的局限性。以青冈（Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunberg) Oersted）为研究对象,应用最大熵模型（Maxent）,研究了其对气候变化的响应并探讨了气候变化情景下青冈分布格局变化对中国亚热带北界移动的指示意义。结果表明：影响青冈分布的主导环境因子为年降水量、最冷季降水量、气温年变化范围和最冷月最低气温;随着气候变暖,青冈分布北界将向北移动,其分布质心亦向西北移动,预示着在气候变暖的背景下,到21世纪中叶中国亚热带北界将向北移动约1个纬度。     

A discussion on the distribution of international container junction ports in northern China

1 The Raising of the Problem 1.1 The development of the international container traffic At the end of the 1930s, the developed countries began to develop container traffic, following the first one established on land which prevailed marine transport after expansion in the 1970s and the 1980s. Then many junction ports had special container berths constructed throughout the world and all main transportation lines were containerized. With the development of the world trade and increase of the pr…     

Spatio-temporal analysis of human wellbeing and its coupling relationship with ecosystem services in Shandong province,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Rapid economic and social change promotes to improve human wellbeing (HW), but poses threats to ecosystems and the environment. Studying the coupling relationship...     

鄱阳湖流域史前人类遗址时空分布及其环境响应（英文）

The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China.     

Understanding cultivated land dynamics and its driving forces in northern China during 1983-2001

Based on the long-term serial NOAA/NDVI dataset during 1983-1999 and SPOT/VGT dataset in 2001, the land use/cover change information in the 13 provinces of northern China was extracted based on the analysis of the cultivated landscape characteristics at first, then the effects of human activities on cultivated land process were explored by GIS and the driving forces of cultivated land change were investigated. The conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The constant increase of weak ecological function land as desert and cultivated land and the decrease of the ecological function land of forest and shrub were the main characteristics of the land use/cover change in the 13 provinces from 1983 to 1999, which showed the effects on the ecological adjustment function. However, such situations were changed to some extent in the 2000s because of the eco-construction policy of the government. (2) From 1983 to 2001, the Barycenter of cultivated land tended to move from northeast to southwest with the topography and transportation situations being the main influences on the cultivated land distribution. It is found that the cultivated land use intensity decreased noticably with the increase of distance from the main communication arteries. (3) The improvement of the people's living standard is closely related with the cultivated land change. The structural adjustment in the agricultural land caused by economic development and the improvement of the people's living standard is an important factor affecting the cultivated land change in northern China from 1983 to 2001.     

关中地区新石器文化发展与环境演变耦合关系研究

通过对周原全新世古土壤和关中新石器文化的研究,认为新石器文化对环境变化有积极的响应,但这种响应在时间上有一定的滞后,其中5800~5000a B. P.间的以干旱为特征的环境恶化是造成关中仰韶文化衰落最主要的原因;探讨了环境因素在新石器文化发展过程中的地位和作用,认为人类文化是地球表层系统的组成要素之一,其发展受到自然环境的约束。     

20世纪下半叶中国地理环境的巨大变化--关于全球环境变化区域研究的思考

全球环境变化研究越来越重视全球问题与区域问题的结合,强调全球环境变化的问题应主要通过区域研究来解决。资源环境问题已经成为全球环境变化研究的一个重要内容。20世纪下半叶,强烈的人类活动与全球变化背景叠加,使我国地理环境发生了巨大变化。主要自然过程与环境要素的变化包括:全球变暖背景下气候带的明显摆动,降水南增北减使南方洪涝增加、北方干旱日趋严重,巨大的物质和能源需求与日趋严重的环境污染,天然水文过程的重大改变。在地理格局变化方面,工业化过程带来的产业与经济格局变化,改变了人口格局和城市格局以及自然资源供需格局,地表景观格局因此而发生显著的改变。资源环境已经从发展的条件演变为制约我国国家安全的一个关键因素。对中国地理环境特征与资源环境问题认识上的不确定性是未来社会发展的潜在威胁。对此,需要从全球的视角开展深入的研究。     

安徽淮河流域全新世环境演变对新石器遗址分布的影响

安徽淮河流域是我国自然条件多重过渡地带和古代文化交汇地区,新石器时代演绎了多期古文化,石山子文化时期以渔猎为主,大汶口文化时期渔猎与农耕并重,而龙山文化时期以农耕为主,渔猎为辅。利用野外考古资料和已有考古研究成果,系统地梳理本区新石器文化发展进程,利用钻孔孢粉、年代数据等恢复本区全新世自然环境演变过程,并将考古资料和环境演变研究有机地结合起来,探讨该地区全新世环境演变和古文化发展的关系。研究表明,随着全新世大暖期的开始,新石器早期出现石山子文化,地方特征明显。6.5 kaBP~ 5.5 kaBP气候暖湿,受高海面和洪涝灾害等的影响,地表环境恶劣,导致文化发展中断、考古遗址缺失,5.5 kaBP~4.0 kaBP气候趋干,自然条件有利于人类生存,大汶口、龙山文化逐渐繁荣。与中原、山东地区相比,本区在新石器文化发展阶段、遗址数量和分布变化等方面存在较明显差异。     

秦岭南北地区光合有效辐射时空变化及突变特征

基于秦岭南北地区47个气象站1960-2011年的逐日气象数据,通过Angstrom方程和Penman-Monteith公式计算了各站点的光合有效辐射(PAR),并借助Spline空间插值、Pettitt突变点检验和相关分析等手段对PAR的空间分布、时空演变、突变特征及其可能成因进行了分析。结果表明:① 秦岭南北地区PAR的时间和空间分布特征明显,在空间上呈北高南低的分布格局;在季节分布上,夏季、春季、秋季、冬季依次减小。② 52年间,该地区年PAR整体呈显著下降趋势,下降速率由南向北,由东向西递减;时间变化方面,春季PAR呈现不显著的上升趋势,其余季节均呈下降趋势,夏季减小最快,其次为冬季,秋季最小。③ 该地区89%的站点年PAR存在突变,突变站点中的85%发生于1979-1983年间;夏季89%的站点发生突变,突变站点中的90%发生于1979-1983年间;冬季68%的站点发生突变,但突变时间同步性和一致性较差;春季和秋季突变现象不甚明显。④ 气候变化(风速下降)、城市化进程加快以及工业生产导致的气溶胶增多是导致PAR显著下降的主要原因,而火山爆发引发的气溶胶增加则是PAR波动的主要原因。     

Environmental change and cultural response around 4200 cal. yr BP in the Yishu River Basin, Shandong

Neolithic culture series in the Yishu River Basin developed in the order of Beixin culture–Dawenkou culture–Longshan culture–Yueshi culture. During the early and middle stage of Longshan culture (4600–4300 cal. yr BP), the climate in the Yishu River Basin was warm and wet. Paddy-oriented agriculture planted paddy was very developed. The society was flourishing with great amount of archaeological sites. The cooling starting in 4200 cal. yr BP made the paddies shortfall in output or even no seeds were gathered. This situation in-tensified the discrepancy between population and resource. The scarcity in natural resource led to substantial decrease in population and subsequent drop in archaeological sites. About 4000 cal. yr BP Longshan culture was displaced by Yueshi culture which was relatively un-derdeveloped, simple and unsophisticated.     

山东沂沭河流域2000BC前后古文化兴衰的环境考古(英文)

Neolithic culture series in the Yishu River Basin developed in the order of Beixin culture-Dawenkou culture-Longshan culture-Yueshi culture. During the early and middle stage of Longshan culture (4600-4300 cal. yr BP),the climate in the Yishu River Basin was warm and wet. Paddy-oriented agriculture planted paddy was very developed. The society was flourishing with great amount of archaeological sites. The cooling starting in 4200 cal. yr BP made the paddies shortfall in output or even no seeds were gathered. This situation in-tensified the discrepancy between population and resource. The scarcity in natural resource led to substantial decrease in population and subsequent drop in archaeological sites. About 4000 cal. yr BP Longshan culture was displaced by Yueshi culture which was relatively un-derdeveloped,simple and unsophisticated.     

天山北坡中段草地类型的生态梯度组合格局与环境分析研究

通过对天山北坡中段草地类型的野外调查,利用典范主分量分析法(CCA)分析草地植物群落的垂直分布格局,研究了环境因子与草地群落之间的关系。结果表明:天山北坡中段草地类型沿生态梯度的排序分析结果与群落的实际分布情况是相吻合的,CCA排序给出了两个显著与主导的生态梯度,即热量梯度与湿度梯度。CCA第一轴反映了热量由低到高的梯度变化,而CCA第二轴与降水量有密切相关。正是这两个水热因子的复合梯度决定了天山北坡中段草地类型及其在空间上的地理分布。在热量梯度上是从高寒草甸、亚高山草甸、山地草甸、山地草甸草原、山地草原、山地荒漠草原、最终到山地荒漠。在湿度梯度上则是由旱生的荒漠植被到中生的草原植被过渡到草甸植被的过程。由CCA排序图,还能较好地反映草地群落的结构梯度。47个主要优势种有着各自不同的分布和分布范围,这与它们的生物、生态学特性有着密切的关系,是环境因素综合作用的结果,反映草地类型和环境因子之间的相互制约关系。     

山东沂沭河流域2000BC前后古文化兴衰的环境考古

Neolithic culture series in the Yishu River Basin developed in the order of Beixin culture-Dawenkou culture-Longshan culture-Yueshi culture. During the early and middle stage of Longshan culture （4600-4300 cal. yr BP）, the climate in the Yishu River Basin was warm and wet. Paddy-oriented agriculture planted paddy was very developed. The society was flourishing with great amount of archaeological sites. The cooling starting in 4200 cal. yr BP made the paddies shortfall in output or even no seeds were gathered. This situation intensified the discrepancy between population and resource. The scarcity in natural resource led to substantial decrease in population and subsequent drop in archaeological sites. About 4000 cal. yr BP Longshan culture was displaced by Yueshi culture which was relatively un- derdeveloped, simple and unsophisticated.     

近58 a中国北方地区极端气温时空变化及影响因素分析

基于北方地区404个气象站1960—2017年逐日最高气温、最低气温资料,应用线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall法、滑动t检验法、累积距平法和相关分析法,分析了极端气温的时空变化特征,并探讨了气温指数的影响因素。研究表明:极端气温暖指数和极值指数呈上升趋势,冷指数和气温日较差呈下降趋势;变化幅度中冷指数大于暖指数,夜指数大于昼指数,西北地区极端气温指数变化幅度最大,东北地区最小。突变时间上,极端气温指数突变主要发生在20世纪80年代和90年代,暖指数和极高值指数晚于冷指数和极低值指数,东北地区极端气温指数突变时间最早,西北地区最晚,突变后极端暖事件和气温极值事件进入多发阶段,极端冷事件进入少发阶段。1988—2012年极端气温指数的变化响应了全球变暖停滞现象。多数极端气温指数与经纬度、海拔高度显著相关。北极涛动(AO)指数对极端气温的影响最强,对冷指数影响最明显。气溶胶光学厚度与多数冷指数呈负相关,而与多数暖指数呈正相关。     

我国环境生态形势研究的一种方法

在分析国内外环境生态形势研究现状的基础上,结合我国的环境生态形势特征,综合自然、社会、经济因素,构建了评价我国环境生态形势的指标体系,建立各指标计算的数学模型,在地理信息系统和数据库管理系统支持下以全国县域为单元进行多因素综合性定量研究,采用指标权重的地域计算方法来反映区域差异,得出了全国各县的环境生态形势指标值,并绘制出我国环境生态形势图。