浅层地下水人工回灌应用于上海市工程性地面沉降防治的试验研究

上海地面沉降主要由过量开采地下水资源和大规模工程建设等因素共同影响,工程性地面沉降引起的地面沉降漏斗严重影响了周边地区生命线工程的建设及运营安全。通过开展试验研究,将深部承压含水层中应用成熟的地下水人工回灌技术引入浅部含水层中,但由于浅部含水层砂层结构及水动力条件与深部含水层差异较大,回灌工艺及方法也存在差异。本次试验工作中,改进了地下水人工回灌工艺流程,并通过同步地面形变监测分析了浅层地下水人工回灌对控制地面沉降的作用效果。结合上海地区实际地层特征以及各种回灌工艺的实际效果,评价了浅层地下水人工回灌技术在防治工程型地面沉降中推广应用的可行性及适用性。     

河南省新乡市小店工业园区地表水回渗与管井回灌试验研究

要:为了缓解新乡市小店工业园区地下水水位持续下降问题,避免工业园区与周围村镇居民生活和农业灌溉用水矛盾加剧,采用柳青河地表水回渗与管井回灌2种试验方法,探讨补充浅层地下水有效水量的可行方法.该区包气带岩性为粉细砂、粉土,试验目的层为浅层含水层(第Ⅰ含水层组),其岩性为细砂、中砂和粗砂,上部包气带地层孔隙与下部浅层含水层孔隙连通性较好,有利于地表河流回渗补给地下水,地表回渗试验效果显著.管井回灌量选用与之对应的抽水时的单位涌水量,试验第Ⅰ含水层组的回灌能力,单位回灌量与单位涌水量之比小于50％,说明第Ⅰ含水层组回灌能力较差,不适宜本地区或类似地区.     

河南省新乡市小店工业园区地表水回渗与管井回灌试验研究

要:为了缓解新乡市小店工业园区地下水水位持续下降问题,避免工业园区与周围村镇居民生活和农业灌溉用水矛盾加剧,采用柳青河地表水回渗与管井回灌2种试验方法,探讨补充浅层地下水有效水量的可行方法.该区包气带岩性为粉细砂、粉土,试验目的层为浅层含水层(第Ⅰ含水层组),其岩性为细砂、中砂和粗砂,上部包气带地层孔隙与下部浅层含水层孔隙连通性较好,有利于地表河流回渗补给地下水,地表回渗试验效果显著.管井回灌量选用与之对应的抽水时的单位涌水量,试验第Ⅰ含水层组的回灌能力,单位回灌量与单位涌水量之比小于50％,说明第Ⅰ含水层组回灌能力较差,不适宜本地区或类似地区.     

上海市承压含水层系统应力-应变特征及地面沉降防治对策

1990年以来，上海市地下水开采与人工回灌格局发生了较大的变化。承压含水层地下水位变化与压缩变形均表现为新的特点与发展趋势。通过对上海中心城区含水层系统的应力一应变特点分析，总结了承压含水层随地下水位下降所表现出的弹性一弹塑性一塑性变形的演化规律。上海中心城区第Ⅱ、Ⅲ承压含水层总体上处于地下水开采与人工回灌的平衡状态，表现为弹性变形；而第Ⅳ、Ⅴ承压含水层由于地下水位目前已严重低于其“临界水位”，表现为持续压缩的塑性变形。目前，第Ⅳ承压含水层对中心城区地面沉降贡献率已达到了49．3％，西部华漕地区第Ⅴ承压含水层变形的贡献率为46．7％。针对各承压含水层不同的变形特点，提出了地下水资源管理与地面沉降防治对策。     

上海市地下水超采现状及防范措施

本文通过对上海市各承压含水层采灌现状的分析,进行了地下水可开采量的预测。针对上海市因过量抽取地下水,造成大范围的地下水水位降落漏斗,并导致地面沉降等环境地质问题,提出了做好人工回灌、调减限制地下水开采量等防治措施。     

深层地下水人工补给研究分析

随着社会经济的飞速发展和城市规模的不断扩大,西安市需水量迅猛增长,导致了地下水严重超采,地下水位持续下降,引发了一系列的环境地质问题.本文对西安市的水文地质条件,设计出对深层承压含水层进行人工补给的方案,并通过实验室模拟,进行了可行性论证,提出了对地下水资源进行调节和防止含水层枯竭的的技术措施.     

人工回灌过程中地下水微生物群落变化

人工回灌过程中,回灌水的注入使目的含水层地下水环境发生变化,微生物条件也会随之改变,从而影响地下水环境质量及水文地球化学作用。以上海市某人工回灌试验场为例,在分析人工回灌过程中水化学演化特点的基础上,应用DGGE技术对场地回灌过程中地下水中的微生物群落结构变化进行研究,为评价人工回灌对地下水水质安全的影响提供科学的理论依据。结果表明:人工回灌作用使目的含水层地下水中的Eh值及DO质量浓度升高,分别由64.0 mV、1.12 mg/L升至534.4 mV、1.44 mg/L;同一位置处微生物群落结构与原始地下水状态的相似性随时间降低;同一时刻距离回灌井越远的监测井的微生物群落结构越接近于原始地下水状态。随着回灌的进行,目的含水层地下水中优势菌属(种)共有7种,其中Rubrivivax gelatinosus和Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis clade IIA str.的反硝化能力以及Rhodoferax ferrireducens对Fe³⁺的还原能力,对地下水水化学组分产生影响。     

人工回灌条件下的水岩作用室内实验研究

人工回灌过程中所发生的水岩作用是影响含水层地下水环境质量的重要因素。本次采用室内实验技术对人工回灌过程中的水文地球化学作用和各主要离子的来源进行了分析。结果表明：人工回灌过程中地下水中的Na＋不仅受混合作用的影响,还伴随有相应的阳离子交换反应和含Na矿物的溶解反应等,而且回灌过程对原始地下水中的Na＋、Cl-有稀释作用;K＋主要受到钾长石矿物溶解的影响;人工回灌过程中存在石膏、方解石等矿物组分溶解,并且介质中的含锰矿物和含铁矿物发生了溶解反应。     

地下水回灌技术在浅层承压含水层中的实践与探讨

上海地区承压含水层埋深较深,深基坑围护的止水帷幕难以深入到承压含水层底板进行地下水水平向的完全阻隔,减压降水过程势必对周边环境产生一定影响。以上海盛大国际金融中心深基坑回灌试验为依据,表明人工回灌地下水对控制承压水位具有一定效果,并运用数值方法模拟了不同回灌条件下坑外承压水位的变化。     

太原市地下水人工回灌的初步分析

针对太原市地下水开发利用所引起的严重问题,文中提出用人工回灌解决这一问题的设想.并指出汾河泾流和汾河水库汛期弃水有1.77亿m~3,另有兰村以下的各支流洪水、及城市污水和雨水,都可作为回灌水源;作为回灌库址,西山古交区、兰村至三给地垒、三给地垒至小店约有9.12亿m~3的库容。通过拦河闸坝和打回灌孔,便可解决地下水的回灌问题.文中还对回灌涉及到的煤矿突水、水质、下游供水、河道堵塞,含水层泥沙淤积等问题,提出了见解和措施.     

Groundwater resources protection and aquifer recovery in China

The groundwater resources in China and especially the northern part represent a vital water resource. Both the shallow and deep aquifers are highly overexploited in a large area of north China. The heavy overexploitation of groundwater resources is causing major environmental damage. To protect groundwater resources, several technical feasibility studies were performed. Artificial recharge using floodwater and wastewater was tried. Surface spreading systems are applicable in many areas of the Yellow River basin and Hai River basin. Deep aquifer injections were undertaken in the urban area. A far better strategy is to reduce the extraction of groundwater, especially to stop or slow down land subsidence and seawater intrusion. To address the problem of falling groundwater levels and aquifer recovery, there is a need reduce groundwater extraction and artificial recharge.     

吉林省西部潜水资源与生态环境风险分析

吉林省西部是我国主要粮食产区,但区内农业水利规划管理同时面临潜水资源与生态环境双重风险。近20年来,区内曾尝试多种水资源利用模式,但缺少不同模式应用效果的定量化对比。文章建立了不同水资源利用模式,对比分析各模式的水资源与次生盐碱化风险。以洮儿河流域为例,采用循环神经网络预测2019—2023年该地区大气降水和地表水对地下水补给量;通过随机数值模拟预测现状开采、连续干旱、无序开采、地下水库建设、节水灌溉、旱田改水田6种情形下,区内潜水水位空间分布特征。以防止次生盐碱化为目标,定义水位埋深上限为1 m;以含水介质厚度为参考,定义水位埋深下限为12 m。遴选适合吉林省西部地区地下水资源可持续利用模式。结果显示:无序开采是导致区内水资源枯竭的主要诱因;地下水库建设和旱改水工程有助于潜水资源维护,但长期运行可加剧生态环境风险。节水灌溉（净采强度为2.0×108～3.0×108 m3/a）是降低区内水资源风险和生态环境风险的最佳方式。文章采用的神经网络—随机模拟分析方法成功预测了地下水位变化驱动因子和地下水位中长期变化趋势,为我国干旱半干旱地区潜水资源利用方案制定提供了新方法。     

A conceptual framework of groundwater flow in some crystalline aquifers in Southeastern Ghana

A conceptual groundwater flow model was developed for the crystalline aquifers in southeastern part of the Eastern region, Ghana. The objective was to determine approximate levels of groundwater recharge, estimate aquifer hydraulic parameters, and then test various scenarios of groundwater extraction under the current conditions of recharge. A steady state groundwater flow model has been calibrated against measured water levels of 19 wells in the area. The resulting recharge is estimated to range from 8.97 × 10^?5 m/d to 7.14 × 10^?4 m/d resulting in a basin wide average recharge of about 9.6% of total annual precipitation, which results in a basin wide quantitative recharge of about 2.4 million m³/d in the area. This compares to recharge estimated from the chloride mass balance of 7.6% of precipitation determined in this study. The general groundwater flow in the area has also been determined to conform to the general northeast–southwest structural grain of the country. The implication is that the general hydrogeology is controlled by post genetic structural entities imposed on the rocks to create ingresses for sufficient groundwater storage and transport. Calibrated aquifer hydraulic conductivities range between 0.99 m/d and over 19.4 m/d. There is a significant contribution of groundwater discharge to stream flow in the study area. Increasing groundwater extraction will have an effect on stream flow. This study finds that the current groundwater extraction levels represent only 0.17% of the annual recharge from precipitation, and that groundwater can sustain future increased groundwater demands from population growth and industrialization.     

云应盆地东北部含水层结构特征及地下水转化模式

云应盆地东北部属鄂北贫水地区,赋存于古近系—第四系含水层中的地下水是当地生产、生活用水的主要来源,亟需查明含水层的结构、含水层间地下水的转化关系等基本条件,为研究区内合理开发利用地下水提供依据。本研究通过野外水文地质调查、水文地质钻探工作,将研究区划分为单层含水层与双层含水层结构两个亚区（6个小区）。并通过地下水水位动态长期监测,获取了区内不同含水层的水位动态变化特征,分析各含水层之间的水力联系,建立了区域地下水转化的概念模式,即:研究区地下水以接受山前降雨入渗及风化裂隙水侧向径流补给为主,主要以水平径流的形式经古近系孔隙-裂隙含水层及第四系孔隙承压含水层往澴水方向运移,而后进入第四系孔隙潜水含水层。地下水和地表水在不同季节补排模式不同,雨季地表水（澴水）补给地下水,旱季地下水向地表水（澴水）排泄。古近系孔隙-裂隙水与上覆第四系孔隙水联系密切互为补给,共同构成具有统一水力联系的垂向多层结构的含水系统。独特的含水层结构决定了区内地下水接受降水补给的条件较差,地下水可开采资源量总体较贫乏,建议重点利用区域地表水资源,适度开发地下水资源,推进农业节水灌溉工程,实现水资源可持续利用。     

Hydrogeological framework and water balance studies in parts of Krishni–Yamuna interstream area, Western Uttar Pradesh, India

The Krishni–Yamuna interstream area is a micro-watershed in the Central Ganga Plain and a highly fertile track of Western Uttar Pradesh. The Sugarcane and wheat are the major crops of the area. Aquifers of Quaternary age form the major source of Irrigation and municipal water supplies. A detailed hydrogeological investigation was carried out in the study area with an objective to assess aquifer framework, groundwater quality and its resource potential. The hydrogeological cross section reveals occurrence of alternate layers of clay and sand. Aquifer broadly behaves as a single bodied aquifer down to the depth of 100 m bgl (metre below ground level) as the clay layers laterally pinch out. The depth to water in the area varies between 5 and 16.5 m bgl. The general groundwater flow direction is from NE to SW with few local variations. An attempt has been made to evaluate groundwater resources of the area. The water budget method focuses on the various components contributing to groundwater flow and groundwater storage changes. Changes in ground water storage can be attributed to rainfall recharge, irrigation return flow and ground water inflow to the basin minus baseflow (ground water discharge to streams or springs), evapotranspiration from ground water, pumping and ground water outflow from the basin. The recharge is obtained in the study area using Water table fluctuation and Tritium methods. The results of water balance study show that the total recharge in to the interstream region is of the order of 185.25 million m³ and discharge from the study area is of the order of 203.24 million m³, leaving a deficit balance of −17.99 million m³. Therefore, the present status of groundwater development in the present study area has acquired the declining trend. Thus, the hydrogeological analysis and water balance studies shows that the groundwater development has attained a critical state in the region.     

Determination of water balance equation components in irrigated agricultural watersheds using SWAT and MODFLOW models : A case study of Samalqan plain in Iran

Increasing water demands,especially in arid and semi-arid regions,continuously exacerbate groundwater as the only reliable water resources in these regions.Samalqan watershed,Iran,is a groundwater-based irrigation watershed,so that increased aquifer extraction,has caused serious groundwater depletion.So that the catchment consists of surface water,the management of these resources is essential in order to increase the groundwater recharge.Due to the existence of rivers,the low thickness of the alluvial sediments,groundwater level fluctuations and high uncertainty in the calculation of hydrodynamic coefficients in the watershed,the SWAT and MODFLOW models were used to assess the impact of irrigation return flow on groundwater recharge and the hydrological components of the basin.For this purpose,the irrigation operation tool in the SWAT model was utilized to determine the fixed amounts and time of irrigation for each HRU(Hydrological Response Unit)on the specified day.Since the study area has pressing challenges related to water deficit and sparsely gauged,therefore,this investigation looks actual for regional scale analysis.Model evaluation criteria,RMSE and NRMSE for the simulated groundwater level were 1.8 m and 1.1%respectively.Also,the simulation of surface water flow at the basin outlet,provided satisfactory prediction(R²=0.92,NSE=0.85).Results showed that,the irrigation has affected the surface and groundwater interactions in the watershed,where agriculture heavily depends on irrigation.Annually 11.64 Mm3 water entered to the aquifer by surface recharge(precipitation,irrigation),transmission loss from river and recharge wells 5.8 Mm3 and ground water boundary flow(annually 20.5 Mm³).Water output in the watershed included ground water extraction and groundwater return flow(annually 46.4 Mm³)and ground water boundary flow(annually 0.68 Mm³).Overally,the groundwater storage has decreased by 9.14 Mm3 annually in Samalqan aquifer.This method can be applied to simulate the effects of surface water fluxes to groundwater recharge and river-aquifer interaction for areas with stressed aquifers where interaction between surface and groundwater cannot be easily assessed.     

Ground water origin and movement in the upper Yarmouk Basin,Northern Jordan

The Upper Yarmouk basin in northern Jordan has become an increasingly important groundwater resource in recent years. Despite this, studies of groundwater recharge and movement in the area are limited, and mostly parts of larger scale regional data syntheses. Detailed analysis of the hydrogeology, hydrochemistry and isotopic data indicate a more complex system than previously presented. Whereas earlier studies suggested that groundwater is derived from a single aquifer, this study suggests abstraction from multiple aquifers. Moreover, faults and lineaments in the area may be causing segmentation and limited flow within individual aquifers. The isotopic and hydrochemical data suggest that local recharge plays a significant role in the hydrogeologic situation in the study area. This appears to be mostly happening in the hilly zone in the central part of the study area.     

利用环境同位素识别酒泉-张掖盆地地下水补给和水流系统

详细了解干旱区地下水的补给机制对地下水资源管理来说是非常重要的,天然环境同位素在过去的40年里广泛应用于解决有关地下水补给、流动等问题。笔者通过分析酒泉-张掖盆地水的环境同位素变化特征,识别地下水的补给和流动.研究结果表明,酒泉-张掖盆地地下水的补给源主要来自山区出山河流,补给发生在祁连山前戈壁带,在山前冲积扇带地下水主要为1963年以来的快速补给,而部分深部地下水为1952年以前补给。同时,环境同位素指示盆地存在深部区域流系统和浅部局域流系统,酒泉盆地和张掖盆地之间不存在明显的水力联系。该研究不仅对黑河流域地下水的开发管理有着重要意义,对我国西北类似的内陆盆地地下水的开发管理有着借鉴意义。     

Groundwater flow in an ‘underfit’ carbonate aquifer in a semiarid climate: application of environmental tracers to the Salt Basin,New Mexico (USA)

The Salt Basin is a semiarid hydrologically closed drainage basin in southern New Mexico, USA. The aquifers in the basin consist largely of Permian limestone and dolomite. Groundwater flows from the high elevations (～2,500 m) of the Sacramento Mountains south into the Salt Lakes, which are saline playas. The aquifer is ‘underfit’ in the sense that depths to groundwater are great (～300 m), implying that the aquifer could transmit much more water than it does. In this study, it is speculated that this characteristic is a result of a geologically recent reduction in recharge due to warming and drying at the end of the last glacial period. Water use is currently limited, but the basin has been proposed for large-scale groundwater extraction and export projects. Wells in the basin are of limited utility for hydraulic testing; therefore, the study focused on environmental tracers (major-ion geochemistry, stable isotopes of O, H, and C, and ¹⁴C dating) for basin analysis. The groundwater evolves from a Ca–HCO₃ type water into a Ca–Mg (Na) – HCO₃–Mg (Cl) water as it flows toward the center of the basin due to dedolomitization driven by gypsum dissolution. Carbon-14 ages corrected for dedolomitization ranged from less than 1,000 years in the recharge area to 19,000 years near the basin center. Stable isotopes are consistent with the presence of glacial-period recharge that is much less evaporated than modern. This supports the hypothesis that the underfit nature of the aquifer is a result of a geologically recent reduction in recharge.     

中国地下水资源演变趋势及影响因素分析

中国地下水资源发生了显著变化,全面摸清地下水资源演变趋势及其影响因素是治理和管理地下水资源的基础。基于全国水资源调查评价、中国水资源公报等资料,对中国60余年来地下水资源的演变规律与影响因素进行了系统分析。结果表明:全国地下水资源量总体稳定,但区域演变趋势差异明显,海河区、辽河区、黄河区呈明显衰减态势;地下水补给结构发生重大变化,由自然补给演变为自然与人工补给并存的模式;地下水排泄结构发生巨大变异,由天然排泄逐渐演变为以人工排泄为主。海河区、松花江区、黄河区、西北诸河区等区域地下水补给排泄关系严重失衡,超采问题突出;降水变化、下垫面条件改变、人类活动干扰是地下水资源变化的主要原因。