ASCAT近岸风场产品与近岸浮标观测风场对比

利用美国西海岸7个近岸浮标2012年全年和中国近岸8个气象浮标2012年1—6月的风场观测数据,检验了卫星散射计ASCAT近岸风场产品中的风速和风向在近岸海域的精度。检验结果表明:在美国西海岸近岸海域,ASCAT近岸风场产品中的风速与浮标的风速一致性高,但ASCAT近岸风场产品中风向的精度受离岸距离、风速和风向等因素的影响,在离岸近的海域ASCAT近岸风场产品与浮标观测风场的一致性较差。统计发现,将低风速 (不超过3 m·s-1) 剔除可明显提高ASCAT近岸风场产品在近岸海域的精度。另外,ASCAT近岸风场产品的风向精度在不同风向上存在差异,表现为从陆地吹向海洋风向精度较小,而从海洋吹向陆地风向精度较高。在中国近岸海域,受地形影响,渤海海域ASCAT近岸风场产品与气象浮标观测的风向差异大,在其他近岸海域的ASCAT近岸风场产品和气象浮标的观测风场的对比结果与美国西海岸风场的对比结果特征相似。     

奥运会赛艇场馆逐时风场特征

应用2007年8月北京奥林匹克水上公园12个自动测风仪逐时风场资料、BJ-ANC对流临近预报系统提供的产品和自动气象站资料等,统计分析了8月奥林匹克赛艇场地的逐时风场各级风的出现频率,同时分析了逐时风速特征和风向特点.结果表明:08:00～18:00,0～2 m/s风速出现的最大频率为82%,出现在08:00;风速在3～5 m/s的最大频率为41%,出现在09:00,次之是15:00频率为36%;风速呈现在6～8 m/s的频率迅速降低,最大仅有14%.大于9 m/s的风速出现频率更小,这种风速一般与强对流天气相对应.BJ-ANC系统的强度产品弱窄带同波,能够预报风向的转变:当弱窄带回波经过奥林匹克水上公周时,有风向转变和风速变化,若两条弱窄带回波碰撞时,雷暴加强,这对奥运赛艇比赛有指导意义.     

泰山顶部近地层风的方差与谱分析

风在速度与方向上的不稳定性可引发结构振动并可导致损坏。山顶风较少受局地作用影响, 流场较稳定，作为典型风况对山顶风湍流脉动情形进行的观测和分析，对于研究建筑结构风载振动情形有着重要意义。在不同风况下对泰山气象站近地层风的风速和风向进行了同时、逐秒测记，所得样本经检验符合正态分布。计算表明，风向样本方差显著大于风速样本方差。绘制了各风速、风向样本自、互谱密度曲线图。谱图显示诸样本具有红噪声序列特征，不同样本自、互谱密度曲线具有相近形状，而以风速自谱曲线吻合程度最好，谱密度曲线在周期为4秒及2秒处有峰值。此后的研究应结合记录仪器的改进增加采样频率，对周期为2秒以下谱曲线作进一步分析。     

Impact of Air Pollution on Summer Surface Winds in Xi''an

By analysis of observation data,this paper demonstrates that pollution particles could reduce surface wind speed through blocking solar radiation to the ground.The comparation between temperature at the lowland meteorological station Xi'an and that over the nearby highland station Mt.Hun suggests that surface solar radiation at Xi'an is reduced due to the increasing anthropogenic aerosols.The reduced surface energy suppresses the atmospheric instability and convective flows,and thus the downward transfer of faster winds aloft is reduced.Consequently,wind speeds near surface are weakened.This reduction of surface winds is shown by the significant reverse trends of wind speeds over the two stations at different elevations.The aerosols' effects on winds are also manifested in the trends of radionsonde wind speed.The decreased surface winds in Xi'an have also reduced local pan evaporation.     

Impact of air pollution on summer surface winds in Xi’an

By analysis of observation data, this paper demonstrates that pollution particles could reduce surface wind speed through blocking solar radiation to the ground. The comparation between temperature at the lowland meteorological station Xi’an and that over the nearby highland station Mt. Hua suggests that surface solar radiation at Xi’an is reduced due to the increasing anthropogenic aerosols. The reduced surface energy suppresses the atmospheric instability and convective flows, and thus the downward transfer of faster winds aloft is reduced. Consequently, wind speeds near surface are weakened. This reduction of surface winds is shown by the significant reverse trends of wind speeds over the two stations at different elevations. The aerosols’ effects on winds are also manifested in the trends of radionsonde wind speed. The decreased surface winds in Xi’an have also reduced local pan evaporation.     

Comparison of Canadian daily ice charts with surface observations off Newfoundland,winter 1992

Abstract

Forecast ice drift rates and thicknesses displayed on daily ice charts and forecast winds for the Canadian east coast are compared to on‐ice observations made during the second Canadian Atlantic Storm Program (CASP II) of March 1992. Observed and 24‐hour forecasts of daily ice drift rates were weakly correlated even though long‐term means closely matched observations. Daily drift rates have an RMS error of 13 cm s^‐1 relative to a 15 cm s^‐1 mean in addition to an RMS direction error of 50 degrees. Contributions towards daily drift uncertainties were: the estimation of winds, unmodelled physics of ocean and ice cover processes; and the inconsistency in the methods used by the ice forecaster. Correlation coefficients between forecast winds and on‐ice observed winds decreased from 0.8 at 0‐hour to 0.7 for the 30‐hour forecast. Similar results were found between ice drift rates from forecast winds. Histograms of ice thicknesses observed along narrow swaths using a helicopter‐towed electromagnetic sensor compared well with undeformed ice thicknesses representing large areas on ice charts, with differences mainly caused by difference in ice type representation and by co‐registering the two data sets.     

Observational Study of Surface Wind along a Sloping Surface over Mountainous Terrain during Winter

The 2018 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held in Pyeongchang, Korea, during February and March. We examined the near surface winds and wind gusts along the sloping surface at two outdoor venues in Pyeongchang during February and March using surface wind data. The outdoor venues are located in a complex, mountainous terrain, and hence the near-surface winds form intricate patterns due to the interplay between large-scale and locally forced winds. During February and March, the dominant wind at the ridge level is westerly; however, a significant wind direction change is observed along the sloping surface at the venues. The winds on the sloping surface are also influenced by thermal forcing,showing increased upslope flow during daytime. When neutral air flows over the hill, the windward and leeward flows show a significantly different behavior. A higher correlation of the wind speed between upper-and lower-level stations is shown in the windward region compared with the leeward region. The strong synoptic wind, small width of the ridge, and steep leeward ridge slope angle provide favorable conditions for flow separation at the leeward foot of the ridge. The gust factor increases with decreasing surface elevation and is larger during daytime than nighttime. A significantly large gust factor is also observed in the leeward region.     

2009年11月汕尾红海湾海面风场的观测分析

广州亚运会帆船帆板的比赛项目于2010年11月在汕尾红海湾广东省水上运动基地举行。根据2009年11月海上浮标观测数据,分析了红海湾赛场的海面风场特征及日变化规律;并根据地面气压场特点和风场日变化特征对海面风场进行了分类;最后,结合海-陆气压差观测数据,初步探讨海陆热力差异与海面风日变化的关系。结果表明:11月红海湾赛场以偏北和偏东风为主,风向具有近似余弦函数的日变化特征;风速的日变化不明显,但午后14—18时弱风和强风的出现机会较少,最适合比赛。11月红海湾赛场的海面风可归纳为海陆型、系统转折型和阴天型三种类型,三种类型的海面风分别占月总日数的46.7%、33.3%和20%。浮标-海丰观测站的气压差与海面风南北分量的变化有密切关系,可作为海面风场的有效预报指标。     

南岳高山站1953—2010年风的气候特征分析

利用1953--2010年南岳高山站风观测资料,采用趋势分析、矢量分解、小波分析及M-K突变分析等方法,分析了南岳站风的气候变化特征。结果表明：（1）南岳山盛行风具有明显的季节变化,春夏盛行西南风,秋冬盛行北风。（2）年平均风速呈显著减弱趋势,减小速率为-0．25m·^-1／10年,四季中夏季变率最大,冬季变率最小,夏、冬季分别从20世纪70年代后期和80年代后期开始风速发生了明显减弱。风矢量分解后显示,经、纬向风速均呈减弱趋势,经向风速的减小速率远大于纬向,南、北风分量风速都在减弱,北风分量风速减小速率明显大于南风分量,西、南风分量仅在夏季显著减弱,而北风分量在春、秋、冬季都呈显著减弱趋势。分析还发现,南岳山风场年代际变化特征显著,年以及冬季平均风速16年周期振荡在20世纪90年代后发生了明显转折,与同时期的大气环流变化趋势基本一致。     

登陆台风影响下离地300 m高度内的强风特征

利用台风山竹（1822）和利奇马（1909）登陆期间固定式风廓线雷达、WindCubeV2激光雷达和测风塔的梯度观测数据,结合台风山竹（1822）登陆前后精细化风场模拟资料,分析了登陆台风不同影响象限内,离地300 m高度内的强风参数及其随距离、海拔高度及下垫面的变化特征。结果表明:（1）距离台风中心200 km水平范围内,最大风速所在高度及风切变指数沿台风半径向外增加,且陆地强风切变指数普遍高于0.12,而海洋下垫面拖曳作用弱,风切变较小,仅在岛屿群附近存在超出国标设计阈值的高切变区域。（2）台风移动方向的右前象限内强风切变指数稳定维持在0.17左右,且对海拔高度不敏感,左后象限存在类似于急流的风廓线,而左前象限内强风的垂直变化在空间上具有较强的非线性特征,边界层低层强风结构较复杂。（3）阵风因子和湍流强度随平均风速增大、离地高度升高呈现减小趋势。（4）过程最大风向变差角沿台风半径向外减小,且在空间上具有显著的非对称性,其中右后象限的风向变差角最大,半小时风向变化超过30°,且大多发生在台风登陆前或登陆时。研究成果可为我国近海及沿海风电场的微尺度风场模拟及台风风险防御提供帮助。     

冷空气强风在大型城市中的精细结构和形成机制

地面强风可直接造成人员伤亡和经济损失,严重影响出行安全、工农业生产等社会秩序。强风的发生与天气系统和复杂下垫面的共同作用密切相关,在城市区域尤为明显。受数值模拟技术和计算资源的限制,对实际天气条件下大范围城区的强风现象进行建筑物分辨率的大规模数值模拟研究仍是一个挑战。本研究利用中尺度气象模式嵌套流体计算动力模式的超高分辨率局地气象预报系统,对强冷空气过程造成广州市区的一次强风事件进行数值模拟,深入探讨强风的精细结构和形成机制。结果表明,伴随着强冷空气入侵,广州市区的平均风速和风场高频扰动均明显增强,且在城市冠层顶尤为明显,呈现区域不均匀的三维结构,数值模拟与地面观测相一致。较大范围的强风速和阵风主要出现在建筑物较为低矮的老城区上空,并持续影响下游河道等开阔区域。在高层建筑密集的新城区,虽然整体风速明显减弱,但能在平行风向的街道狭管和下游区域形成局地强风。特别是,超高层建筑群引起显著的垂直环流,导致强风扰动向下传播,造成最大风速达8 m s?1的地面局地强风,阵风指数接近2。上游建筑群引起的风场扰动呈现大尺度湍流结构,能沿着平均气流传播影响数公里之远的下游地区。当风场扰动经过广州塔等单体超高层建筑时,可在其两侧绕流区再次加强,形成局地强风。局地强风和阵风还出现在垂直于风向排列的沿江高层建筑群的侧边,与建筑屏风的阻挡效应和缺口溢出有关。研究结果促进认识城市强风的时空特征和物理机制,有助于提升城市气象的精细化预报水平。     

基于自动气象站和风廓线雷达资料的大理机场风切变分析与应用

根据2016—2017年大理机场航空器报告的风切变事件,利用同时段的自动气象观测资料、风廓线雷达资料对大理机场风切变进行了统计和分析。结果表明:①风切变均发生在每年的11月至次年4月,1月、2月最多;主要发生于07:00—13:00,一半出现在晴天;发生在350m以下占83%。②100m以下的风切变,地面均有阵性风,最大最小风速差6m/s;发生在15～91m的6次风切变,5次报告风切变的一端风向变化超过180°,南北两端地面风出现对头风,风速差异明显。AWOS(Automated Weather Observation System)捕捉到风向风速的明显变化可为近地层风切变预警提供参考。③发生在高度较高的风切变,雷达资料在遭遇风切变高度的上下层存在≥8m/s风速差,能确定上下层风不连续的准确高度、开始时间和结束时间。④机场区域常出现地面风速大而上空风速小或地面风速小而上空风速大的情况,结合地面风和风廓线雷达资料可为今后低高度风切变的初步预警提供参考。     

Assimilating QuikSCAT Ocean Surface Winds with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model for Surface Wind-Field Simulation over the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas

To achieve a high-quality simulation of the surface wind field in the Chukchi/Beaufort Sea region, quick scatterometer (QuikSCAT) ocean surface winds were assimilated into the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting model by using its three-dimensional variational data assimilation system. The SeaWinds instrument on board the polar-orbiting QuikSCAT satellite is a specialized radar that measures ice-free ocean surface wind speed and direction at a horizontal resolution of 12.5 km. A total of eight assimilation case studies over two five-day periods, 1–5 October 2002 and 20–24 September 2004, were performed. The simulation results with and without the assimilation of QuikSCAT winds were then compared with QuikSCAT data available during the subsequent free-forecast period, coastal station observations, and North American Regional Reanalysis data. It was found that QuikSCAT winds are a potentially valuable resource for improving the simulation of ocean near-surface winds in the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas region. Specifically, the assimilation of QuikSCAT winds improved, (1) offshore surface winds as compared to unassimilated QuikSCAT winds, (2) sea-level pressure, planetary boundary-layer height, as well as surface heat fluxes, and (3) low-level wind fields and geopotential height. Verification against QuikSCAT data also demonstrated the temporal consistency and good quality of QuikSCAT observations.     

延庆-张家口地区复杂地形冬季山谷风特征分析

基于2016年12月—2017年2月和2017年12月—2018年2月两年冬季的近地面自动气象站逐时观测数据以及张家口探空数据分析延庆-张家口一带（包括张家口崇礼、赤城、海坨、小五台山区,延怀、怀涿、洋河、蔚县盆地以及北京延庆、昌平、怀柔部分平原地区）复杂地形的风场精细化时、空分布特征,揭示不同复杂地形下局地风场的时、空变化规律,加深对复杂地形动力、热力作用对近地面风场影响的认识,为冬季山区风场预报以及复杂地形数值模式改进提供参考。结果表明:晴朗小风天风持续性作为矢量平均风速和标量平均风速的比值,可以作为研究风场变化规律的重要参数。根据风持续性的日变化特征,可以将研究区域内所有站点分为10种类型,分别代表不同局地地形特征的影响,风持续与风向变化的相关也很强。研究区域主要有3种类型的地形风:斜坡风、峡谷风以及较大尺度的山区平原风。不同地形特征下的风场、风持续性存在明显不同的日变化特征,山风和谷风相互转化的时间也不同,山区最早,盆地次之,平原区最晚;山风时段持续时间较谷风时段长,风速小;晴朗小风天实测风反映了实际风场的特征,而排除环境背景风场,弱化地形动力作用后整个冬季的局地风作为理论山谷风,更能反映热力作用下的山谷风特征。      

基于频谱补偿和数值模拟技术的江苏近海大气边界层百米高度处极端风速研究

在平均风速基本满足近海风力发电需求的前提下,近海大气边界层百米高度处极端风速的合理估算成为中国海上风电开发领域的研究热点。与低纬度海域台风极端风速的广泛研究不同,由于缺乏有效的技术手段,对于台风影响相对较少的中纬度海域,极端风速的科学认识明显不足。研究以江苏近海为例,通过频谱分析技术,定量刻画了数值模拟风速能谱在高频波段的能量衰减和截断特征;进而利用风速能谱曲线在频率域的积分及其在高频波段的补偿,实现无观测区域年最大风速的估算。与台风风场数值模拟技术相结合,综合考虑了中国中纬度海域受寒潮大风和热带气旋大风影响的复杂、特有气候特征,建立了一套可推广应用的近海大气边界层百米高度处极端风速估算的新方法。据此推算了江苏近海100 m高度处50年一遇的极端风速。结果表明:受寒潮大风影响,江苏北部海域的50年一遇风速超过40 m/s;少量北上的热带气旋则造成响水和如东附近海域40 m/s,甚至44 m/s以上的50年一遇风速;中部盐城附近海域的50年一遇风速则普遍低于35 m/s。研究成果不仅为该海域近海海洋工程的开发设计及安全运行提供重要的科学支撑,同时也有助于加深对中国极端气候事件的科学认识和大气边界层科学理论的发展。      

汕尾浮标站的风况特征分析

利用广东省汕尾红海湾大型浮标站的近4年观测资料,统计分析汕尾红海湾近海海面风的日变化特征、季节变化特征和大风特点.分析表明：红海湾近海海面秋、冬风速大,夏季风速小,风向以东北风为主;平均情况下中午前后风速较小,早晚较大,风向以东北风为主;冷空气和热带气旋是造成红海湾近海大风的主要天气系统;大风平均阵风系数较小,最大阵风系数在热带气旋影响下出现.     

Estimating the propagation velocity of atmospheric fronts from surface wind observations

Abstract

Surface mesonet winds recorded at 10‐min intervals are used to estimate the propagation velocities of atmospheric fronts in East Coast winter storms during the Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP). The frontal motion is modelled locally as the translation of a line across which there is an abrupt shift in wind direction. The mesonet is used to detect the propagation velocity of the windshift line.

Frontal velocities estimated using mesonet winds for all cases in which fronts passed through the mesonet (two cold fronts and three warm fronts) are in close agreement with those deduced from synoptic charts. Recommendations are given for using the method as a research tool to estimate frontal motions in oceanographic studies of wind‐driven circulation.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH WIND DISTRIBUTION IN CHINA'S COASTAL REGION AND THEIR CAUSES

This work investigates the distribution of high winds above Beaufort scale 6 in the offshore zones of China using high-resolution satellite measurements.A numerical experiment is carried out in order to find out the effects of Taiwan Island on the formation of strong winds.The analysis indicates that the distribution of high wind occurrence is similar to that of the average wind velocity in winter.High winds tend to be anchored in special topographical regions,such as the Taiwan Strait,the Bashi Channel and the southeast coast of Vietnam.High winds occur much more frequently over the warmer than the colder flank of Kuroshio front as it meanders from Taiwan to Japan.The frequency of high winds decreases drastically in spring.The Taiwan Strait maintains the largest high wind occurrence.Besides,high winds remain frequent in the Bashi Channel,the southeast tip of Taiwan Island and the warmer flank of Kuroshio front.In summer,high winds generally occur infrequently except over a broad region off the southeast coast of Vietnam near 10°N and the frequency there decreases from southwest to northeast.High winds around Taiwan Island present near axisymmetric distribution with larger frequency along southeast-northwest direction and smaller frequency along southwest-northeast direction.The dominant direction of high winds exhibits a counterclockwise circulation surrounding the island.The frequency of high winds increases rapidly in autumn and almost repeats the distribution that appears in winter.The simulation results suggest that the effects of Taiwan Island topography on high winds vary with seasons.In winter,topography is the major cause of high winds in the surrounding oceanic zones.High winds in both Taiwan Strait and the southeast corner of the island disappear and the frequency decreases gradually from south to north when the terrain is removed.However,in summer,high wind frequency derived from two simulations with and without terrain is almost identical.We attribute this phenomenon to the factors which are responsible for the formation of high winds.     

广汉机场春季地面风的变化特征及其对飞行训练的影响

利用广汉机场2010~2014年遥测地面风场资料,分析了春季地面风的年变化、月变化以及日变化特征,讨论了地面风对飞行训练的影响。结果表明:广汉机场春季盛行偏北风,此外主要还受到北西北、北东北风的影响,飞行训练易遭遇左侧风;4~5m/s以及6m/s以上的地面风日数年变化不大,但春季最大风速的年变化差异较大;3~5月月平均地面风速呈递增特征,从3月到5月主导风向由北风顺时针变化为东北风,东东南、东南、南东南风频率逐渐增加,左侧风以及逆风影响增大。地面风速的日变化呈现出“一峰一谷”的大陆型变化特征,即白天风速大,夜间风速小,午后风速最大,4~5m/s的风受日变化影响大,6m/s以上的风主要受天气系统的影响。      

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SEA SURFACE WIND ALONG THE COAST OF GUANGDONG PROVINCE IN CHINA

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of sea surface wind in Guangdong''s coastal areas were analyzed with data from four offshore observational stations between 2012 and 2015. The results are shown as follows: (1) The probability distribution of wind speed was basically consistent with Gaussian distribution characteristics; winds of Beaufort force 6 or higher were observed mainly in far offshore stations from October to March. (2) The probability distribution of wind direction was represented well by Weibull distribution. The deviation of wind direction of far station was relatively small for it was mainly controlled by monsoon over the South China Sea, while the near offshore station had a relatively large diurnal variation because of the influence of local synoptic systems such as sea-land breeze. (3) There were significant seasonal differences in wind speed and direction observed by different offshore observational stations. In strong wind seasons, the deviation of wind direction was relatively small while the deviation of wind speed was relatively large, and vice versa. In contrast with Class I station, the other three stations exhibited approximately normal distribution of wind direction and wind speed deviations. (4) Wind direction diurnal variation was moderate in windy periods, while it was obvious in relatively lower speed conditions. The deviation of wind speed in windy periods was generally greater because it was influenced by mesoscale weather systems for 10-20 h, and the influence was complicated, resulting in greater local differences in wind speed.