Dissolved and suspended organic mater in the Amur and Songhua River water

Results of studying the concentration of total, dissolved, and suspended organic matter in the water of the Amur and its main tributaries (the rivers of Bureya, Songhua, etc.) in 2005–2006 are presented. A high concentration of organic matter of anthropogenic origin was recorded in the water of the Songhua River, which has a significant effect on the Amur water quality. The export of organic matter with the Amur River water into the Amur Liman was accessed.     

Urease-Hemmtest für wirkungsbezogene Untersuchungen der Bindungsformen von Kupfer in Wässern und Bodeneluaten

Urease Inhibition Test for Effect-related Investigations of Copper Speciation in Water and Soil Extracts In 80 different water samples, the inhibition effect of cupric ions was measured by application of a simple urease inhibition test. In relation to the total copper concentration, the inhibition permits an effect-related classification of drinking water, rain water, spring water, surface water, leakage water, wastewater, and soil extracts. Drinking water contains high parts of cupric ions in the free hydrated form. Their copper content results in high urease inhibition and is caused by using copper pipes in house plumbing. In leakage water, wastewater, and soil extracts, cupric ions are mainly complexed by organic compounds in the sample matrix. Hence, the inhibition effects are low. In soil extracts, the urease inhibition increased after an UV-decomposition procedure, but a decreasing effect was observed for a surface and a drinking water sample, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand and UV-absorbance at 255 nm measured before and after the procedure were correlated to the content of organic compounds, i.e., humic acid. In most samples, the organic matrix was not decomposed completely. The oxidizing decomposition apparently forms further complexing agents, which suppress the inhibition effect of cupric ions. In the rain water samples investigated, the content of organic compounds depended on rain intensity. The chemical oxygen demand and UV-absorbance, respectively, were low for rain water collected during strong rain periods and increased with decreasing rain intensity. The rain water trickled over sheet-lead roof showed an increase of urease inhibition compared with the simultaneously collected rain. Consequently, a decomposition of organic matrix could be demonstrated in rain water by use of the urease inhibition test.     

The effects of soil organic matter on soil water retention and plant water use in a meadow of the Sierra Nevada,CA

Tuolumne Meadows is a groundwater dependent ecosystem in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA, that is threatened by hydrologic impacts that may lead to a substantial loss of organic matter in the soil. In order to provide a scientific basis for management of this type of ecosystem, this paper quantifies the effect of soil organic content on soil water retention and water use by plants. First, we show a substantial dependence of soil water retention on soil organic content by correlating Van Genuchten soil water retention parameters with soil organic content, independent of soil texture. Then, we demonstrate the impact of organic content on plants by simulating the degree to which root water uptake is affected by soil water retention with the use of a physically based numerical model of variably saturated groundwater flow. Our results indicate that the increased water retention by soil organic matter contributes as much as 8.8 cm to transpiration, or 35 additional water‐stress free days, during the dry summer when plants experience increased water stress.     

Hydrochemical regime components of Lena water

The concentrations of particulate and dissolved organic matter and mineral nutrients in the Lena River and its major tributaries are analyzed. The concentrations of these components are shown to be nonuniform and feature wide variations under the effect of matter input by major tributaries. The total fluxes of matter increase downstream the river in agreement with increasing water runoff. The effect of delta in matter accumulation is considered. The organic matter in the Lena was found to be represented mostly by soil terrigenous material.     

Impact of Recharge Through Residual Oil Upon Sampling of Underlying Ground Water

At an aviation gasoline spill site in Traverse City, Michigan, historical records indicate a positive correlation between significant rainfall events and increased concentrations of slightly soluble organic compounds in the monitoring wells of the site. To investigate the recharge effect on ground water quality due to infiltrating, water percolating past residual oil and into the saturated zone, an in situ infiltration experiment was performed at the site. Sampling cones were set at various depths below a circular test area, 13 feet (4 meters) in diameter. Rainfall was simulated by sprinkling the test area at a rate sufficiently low to prevent runoff. The sampling cones for soil-gas and ground water quality were installed in the unsaturated and saturated zones to observe the effects of the recharge process. At the time of the test, the water table was below the residual oil layer. The responses of the soil-gas and ground water quality were monitored during the recharge and drainage periods, which resulted from the sprinkling.
Infiltrated water was determined to have transported organic constituents of the residual oil, specifically benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and ortho-xylene (BTEX), into the ground water beneath the water table, elevating the aqueous concentrations of these constituents in the saturated zone. Soil-gas concentrations of the organic compounds in the unsaturated zone increased with depth and time after the commencement of infiltration. Reaeration of the unconfined aquifer via the infiltrated water was observed. It is concluded that water quality measurements are directly coupled to recharge events for the sandy type of aquifer with an overlying oil phase, which was studied in this work. Ground water sampling strategies and data analysis need to reflect the effect of recharge from precipitation on shallow, unconfined aquifers where an oil phase may be present.     

The impact of organic pollution on the macrobenthic fauna of Dubai Creek (UAE)

Dubai Creek is a tidal marine intrusion bisecting Dubai within the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The creek extends 14km inland from its opening into the Arabian Gulf, with a narrow lower creek channel leading to a lagoon section in the upper creek. The creek contains numerous sources of organic pollution including sewage outlet flows and boat waste. A survey of the creek was performed, assessing organic pollution, water properties, and the benthic macrofaunal community. The upper creek was heavily polluted with macrofauna communities commonly associated with organic pollution and eutrophication, while the lower creek contained low pollution and relatively healthy macrofauna communities. There is little net tidal flow of water within the creek and residence time in the lagoon is high, which may account for the high organic pollution levels. However, some evidence of the pollution effect moving into the lower creek was found. The results are considered in light of current and historic organic loading within the creek and future developments in the area.     

The Effect of Air Bubbles and Headspace on the Aqueous Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Sampling Vials

The presence of headspace and air bubbles in volatile organic analysis sampling vials lowers the actual aqueous concentration of these compounds due to the partitioning of solutes into the gaseous phase. This could make the sample invalid for analysis.
In this work, the effects of air bubbles and headspace on the aqueous concentration of 60 volatile organic compounds listed in U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Method 8260 were evaluated experimentally and theoretically. The results showed that for air to water ratios of 1 to 20 and less, there was no significant effect on the aqueous concentrations of target organic solutes in the sampling vials. When the air to water ratio was increased to 1 to 10, the recovery rates of four organic compounds were lower than the control. Laboratory experiments on sampling vials showed that the presence of air bubbles or headspace with the volumetric air to water ratios of 1 to 20 and less do not produce any significant effect on the original concentrations for most targeted volatile organic compounds.
The experimental results also indicated that in 40 mL sampling vials with headspace range of 2 to 8 mL, the recovery rates of most volatile organic compounds with high values of Henry's law constant (> 0.01 Atm m³/mol. at 25°C) were larger than the calculated rates.     

Madagascar

Untreated domestic and industrial wastes are discharged into Tolo Harbour via several major streams entering the harbour. These untreated wastes will cause a harmful effect because Tolo Harbour is a land-locked sea with only a narrow outlet and an ever-decreasing volume caused by the construction of Plover Cove Reservoir and the reclamation of Shatin New Town. In order to study the effect of polluted water discharged into the harbour, water samples and sediments near the mouths of the major rivers were collected. The analysis of the total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and water soluble phosphate contents of the samples showed that Lam Tsuen River, Tai Po Kau River, and Shing Mon River were grossly polluted by organic and inorganic wastes. Blue Snake River which passes through the iron ore tailings accumulated high contents of metal contaminants.     

Sulfate reduction in natural water bodies: 2. Empirical models for process rate assessment

Empirical models that are used to assess sulfate reduction rates in the aquatic environment and bottom sediments of water bodies are discussed. Such models, with different detail, take into account the effect of the major habitat factors (the concentrations of organic matter, its components, and sulfates; ambient temperature; the numbers and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria) on matter oxidation transformation during the sulfate reduction process. Improvements in the empirical models are proposed with the aim to more adequately account for the effect of environmental factors on the sulfate reduction rate distribution in water bodies. Validation of such models and the assessment of their parameters are demonstrated against available observational data collected at appropriate water bodies.     

Investigations on the Biodegradability of Chlorinated Fulvic Acids Untersuchungen zur mikrobiellen Verwertbarkeit gechlorter Fulvinsäuren

Microbial biodegradation of organic substances takes place during drinking water treatment, but also in the distribution net, if the drinking water still contains biodegradable organic substances. This phenomenon is called regrowth. The regrowth potential of a drinking water is high, when for instance ozonation is used as the last step of treatment. It was proved before, that ozonation increases the biodegradability of humic substances, which are the main fraction of organic carbon in drinking water. In this work the objective was to check, if chlorination has a similar effect on humic substances. Using the method developed by Werner of measuring the regrowth potential of a water it could be shown by dilution series with chlorinated and unchlorinated humic substances that the substrate quality of these organics is increased by chlorination. The better substrate quality is seen in the chlorinated solutions, which might contain also low molecular weight organic compounds, but also in the fulvic acid fraction after XAD-enrichment, which removes most of the low molecular weight organic compounds. The chlorination creates in the fulvic acid solutions a shift of molecular size to smaller molecules and higher polar substances, which might be the reasons for the better biodegradability. From these results it can be concluded, that chlorination produces substances, which are more easily biodegradable. But this will not produce regrowth problems as long as there is free chlorine present as a disinfectant. In contrast, when the chlorine demand is very high and no free chlorine is left, this might produce high colony counts in the distribution net.     

沉积物中有机质的环境行为研究进展

水体沉积物是重金属,有毒有机化合物等环境污染物及C,N,P等营养元素的汇和释放源,而有机质对灾些污染物和营养元素在沉积物中的迁移,转化等地球化学行为中起着至关重要的作用,本文就近期有关沉积物中有机质的环境地球化学行为为方面的研究进行了综述,重点评述了有关沉积物中有机质本身的来源,性质,迁移和矿化及其环境效应等方面的研究进展。     

鲂胚胎的发育

太湖湖区暴雨径流携带有大量的泥沙和土壤有机物质,对河湖水质造成污染,为了定量分析有机污染对太湖水体的影响,分水田和旱地两种土地利用条件,采用数学模型模拟了湖区丰。平,枯典型年的产流,土壤侵蚀和有机物流失过程及年总量。结果表明,湖区土壤侵蚀量和有机物流失量随地表排水强度的增加呈指数形式增大,尤其是每年暴雨期,湖区地表排水中有机物含量显著增大,建议在太湖流域水质规划和治理中加以重视并采取必要防治措施。     

太湖湖区有机物流失模拟

研究了１９９２－１９９４年女山湖大面积围栏养蟹利用与保护沉水植物资源的效果结果表明：围栏内河蟹的食物组成中,主要有菹草、苦草、金鱼藻、马来眼子菜、黄丝草和黑藻等沉水植物．其中菹草、黑藻的出现频率和概念生物量,分别在４、６、７、８和９月为最高;围栏内沉水植物的种类和生物量的变化与河蟹的放养密度关系密切,当河蟹的放养密度不超过３０只·ｈｍ~（－２）时,围栏内沉水植物的生物量与对照组均有明显的增加趋势,由此可证,女山湖大面积的围栏养蟹和适宜的放养密度,有效地利用和保护了围栏区内的沉水植物资源     

Fenton体系处理黑臭河道沉积物的效果初探

沉积物中有机质的削减是黑臭水体治理的关键.Fenton(Fe^2++H2O2)试剂在有机污染废水和土壤原位修复中的应用广泛且效果良好;Fenton试剂也能很好地去除黑臭水体中的色度和浊度,但其氧化沉积物有机质的研究未见报道.为探究Fenton试剂对黑臭水体沉积物的氧化效果,本研究通过室内模拟实验用Fenton氧化法对黑臭河道沉积物进行处理,考察氧化过程沉积物特征和性质的变化;分析覆水后沉积物中污染物的释放特征,并和H2O2体系(无Fe^2+)进行比较.结果表明:Fenton体系显著提高了沉积物与上覆水的氧化还原电位,对黑臭河道沉积物中的有机质具有很强的氧化效率.在温度为28℃、H2O2为20%Q(Q为体系中沉积物有机质完全矿化的理论H2O2用量)和Fe^2+∶H2O2(摩尔比)为0.5∶1时,反应1 d,酸挥发性硫化物去除率为70.13%,沉积物总有机碳减少了22.14%,总有机氮减少了87.60%,生成了较多的铵态氮和硝态氮;由于铁对磷的钝化,沉积物中溶解性反应磷含量大幅减少.H2O2体系的氧化速度较Fenton体系慢,覆水后对体系中的Eh提高不明显.值得注意的是,Fenton体系会降低上覆水的pH,释放较多的铵态氮.需要联合其他技术(如微生物法),强化水体中有机质和氨氮的降解,以取得理想的修复作用.     

Effect of Phototrophic Bacteria on Water Blooming

The eutrophication-induced blooming of sea or fresh water is found to be due to an anomalous burst of plankton development, which, in addition to diatom and euglena algae involves the predominance of blue-green and dinophytes (especially dinoflagellates). Characteristic representatives of plankton and toxin-generating algae are recognized. Data on the irrigation systems and drainage basins, subject to eutrophication as a result of a wide use of chemicals at paddy rice plantation in Oogata-Mura, Akita prefecture, Japan, are used to demonstrate the effect of phototrophic bacteria on organic matter decomposition in bottom sediment, which reduces water blooming and improves water quality.     

Organic diagenesis in sediment and its impact on the adsorption of bisphenol A and nonylphenol onto marine sediment

Hydrophobic organic contaminants in marine water are mostly adsorbed onto (partitioned into) sediment organic matter (SOM). To study the impact of SOM diagenesis on sediment adsorption properties, artificial sediment with rich SOM content was incubated for more than 120 days. The sediment was sampled every week, and batch sediment adsorption tests were conducted with bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) as the model pollutants. The results show that the amount of organic matter loaded in the sediment decreased by nearly 80% during incubation. For the incubated sediment, the BPA partition coefficient, Kd, decreased whereas the organic normalized partition coefficient, Koc, more than doubled. The experiments with NP show an even greater increase in Koc. Organic matter diagenesis shows a profound effect on the adsorption behavior of sediment, as the SOM residue has an increasing affinity and partition capacity for organic contaminants.     

The contribution of primary production to the overall organic matter pool in Volga reservoirs

The results of studies of the concentrations and the ratios between the forms of organic matter in Volga reservoirs are presented. The reservoirs under consideration have different morphometric characteristics. flowage, and trophic status. Total organic matter content varies from 7.1 to 11.8 g/m³ or from 39.1 to 70.8 g/m² with the proportion of labile fraction of 4.4–15.2%. The primary production of plankton, the daily value of which accounts for 14–40% of labile organic matter, has a notable effect on its concentration and input. Organic matter pool in Volga reservoirs forms under the effect of the morphometric features of reservoirs, water exchange, and the drainage area. The total characteristics of organic matter in the Upper Volga reservoirs have not experienced significant changes over the 20-year period. However, data for 2005 show that the contribution of primary production to the total concentration of organic matter and its labile fraction have decreased due to a decline in the productivity of planktonic communities recorded in recent years.     

Allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter in surface waters in Karelia

A relationship between indirect chemical indices of organic matter content of surface waters and light absorption in the visible and ultraviolet ranges is discussed. The allochthonous and autochthonous types of organic matter are found to essentially differ in the rate of light absorption. Techniques are proposed for the calculation of the concentrations of allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter by the integral rate of light consumption in the visible region and the bichromate oxidability of water, as well as by three indirect indices: chemical oxygen demand, permanganate oxidability, and water color index. The mean concentrations of allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter in large lakes (Ladoga, Onega, and Baikal) and in rivers and smaller water bodies in Karelia (>300 water objects) are analyzed. Allochthonous organic matter was found to predominate in most surface waters of Karelia (>80%), while allochthonous organic matter predominates only in lakes with a small specific catchment area (supposedly, <5) and in highly eutrophic lakes.     

Organic Contamination of Ground Water at Gas Works Park, Seattle, Washington

Gas Works Park, in Seattle, Washington, is located on the site of a coal and oil gasification plant that ceased operation in 1956. During operation, many types of wastes, including coal, tar, and oil, accumulated on-site. The park soil is currently (1986) contaminated with compounds such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, trace metals, and cyanide. Analyses of water samples from a network of observation wells in the park indicate that these compounds are also present in the ground water.
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds were identified in ground water samples in concentrations as large as 200 mg/L. Concentrations of organic compounds were largest where ground water was in contact with a non-aqueous phase liquid in the soil. Where no non-aqueous phase liquid was present, concentrations were much smaller, even if the ground water was in contact with contaminated soils. This condition is attributed to weathering processes in which soluble, low-molecular-weight organic compounds are preferentially dissolved from the non-aqueous phase liquid into the ground water. Where no non-aqueous phase liquid is present, only stained soils containing relatively insoluble, high-molecular-weight compounds remain. Concentrations of organic contaminants in the soils may still remain large.