南极斯科舍海涡旋分布及其内部水文结构特征分析

南大洋涡旋在跨锋面物质热量输送方面具有重要作用,斯科舍海位于德雷克海峡东面,属于重要的经济渔区,因此针对斯科舍海的涡旋分布及其影响进行研究具有迫切意义.本文基于2005-2019年卫星遥感数据对斯科舍海涡旋进行了探测与追踪,并统计了涡旋半径、传播距离、生命周期等特征参数,分析涡旋的地理分布特点、涡旋跨锋面情况以及移动特...     

南海北部次中尺度过程数值研究

近年来的观测与理论研究发现,海洋上混合层存在一类水平尺度为0.1~10km、时间尺度为~O(1天)的重要物理过程,称之为次中尺度过程。该过程具有较大的罗斯贝数(Ro)和较小的理查森数(Ri),它能有效地通过次级不稳定从中尺度地转过程中汲取能量,并向小尺度湍流混合串级,从而对上层海洋物质能量输运、中尺度过程变异、海气相互作用,以及混合层再分层等产生重要影响。利用区域海洋模式系统ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)进行水平分辨率约为1km的高分辨率数值实验,对南海北部的次中尺度过程进行了初步探讨。分析结果表明,南海北部海域有着丰富的中尺度涡旋与海洋锋面活动,且涡旋与锋区边缘存在显著的次中尺度现象。通过对次中尺度涡旋个例的稳定性和能量分析发现,锋面海域强烈的水平浮力梯度导致了涡丝边缘的Ertel位涡小于0,并引起对称不稳定,锋生作用是该次中尺涡旋南侧发生对称不稳定的主要动力机制。同时,对称不稳定能有效地从地转剪切中汲取能量并向小尺度湍流混合串级,其能量汲取的最大值出现在20m深度,约为4×10~(–7)W×kg~(–1)。     

我国近海陆架锋面与生态效应研究回顾

海洋锋面存在于特征明显不同的2种或多种水系或水团交界处,锋面区域形成的次生环流和辐聚作用可显著影响到海洋中的物质输运与生物生产,故受到海洋学家的广泛关注。研究发现,我国近海陆架存在14个永久性的准静止锋面（渤海海峡锋面、山东半岛沿岸锋面、苏北沿岸锋面、西韩湾锋面、京畿湾锋面、济州岛西锋面、长江环形浅滩锋面、闽浙沿岸锋面、黑潮锋面、台湾沿岸锋面、闽粤沿岸锋面、珠江口沿岸锋面、琼东锋面和北部湾锋面）,且部分海域观测到双锋面、穿刺锋面和锋面波等现象。它们与陆架环流及其他动力过程（如：涡旋、内波等）共同控制着我国边缘海的物质能量输运与交换以及生物生产力格局。近岸物质沿锋面、跨锋面输运与锋区的垂向输送过程对我国边缘海生物地球化学循环和生态过程存在显著季节性影响。冬季到春季,沿岸锋面松弛能够加强物质从近岸向陆架的输运,进而在空间上调制春季藻华暴发的时间与量级;夏季到秋季,我国边缘海存在显著的潮汐锋面系统,锋面的辐聚效应以及次级环流可显著提高锋面区域的营养盐浓度和改善光照水平,对浮游植物的生长聚集起到促进作用,故在富营养化的河口与沿岸海域,锋面区域容易成为赤潮或缺氧高发区。此外,锋面的物理屏障作用使得两侧水团保持相对独立的物理与化学特征,因而在我国边缘海生境区划和生物多样性梯度变化等方面扮演重要角色,这些研究对认识我国边缘海物质循环与生物生产的控制机制具有重要作用。未来仍需充分结合观测与卫星资料,运用多过程耦合的高分辨率模型,深入认识锋面的精细结构与动态变化,加强亚中尺度和小尺度过程及其生态效应的研究。     

基于2005~2019年卫星遥感观测的南大洋印度洋扇区中部涡旋特征分布研究

在南大洋印度洋扇区中部海域,除了地形控制(凯尔盖朗高台),南极绕极流和厄加勒斯回流的汇合流进一步加强了下游的斜压剪切强度,导致涡旋能量显著增强,因此,对该海域涡旋的研究有助于了解该海域的涡旋特征以及地形与涡旋的分布关系。基于2005~2019年卫星遥感数据,对该海域涡旋特征进行统计,并对涡旋产生地分布、跨锋面涡旋的移动状况进行分析,同时结合Argo剖面数据,进一步剖析涡旋内部水文分布特征。结果表明:该海域涡旋生命周期多在20 d以内(64.25%),平均半径多在30~100 km(96.13%);平均半径与平均振幅呈正相关关系(相关系数R=0.55);生命周期越大的涡旋平均传播距离也越大。2014年开始涡旋数量明显增加,主要由短寿命涡旋(<30 d)数量增加所贡献。反之, 21世纪10年代后期年平均涡动能异常呈减小趋势。涡旋产生地随着寿命增长,逐渐从亚南极锋与南极绕极流南部边界之间的锋面区域向亚南极锋以北移动。跨锋面涡旋中,暖涡向高纬,冷涡向低纬移动,大部分具有携带水团移动的能力。由涡旋内部水文特征分析结果可知,不同极性的涡旋能够实现完全不同来源水团的远距离输送,对同一来源水团,气旋涡具有抬升作用,而反气旋涡具有压沉作用。该研究工作有助于提升对南大洋涡旋特征及变动的认识,为进一步的涡旋动力研究提供支撑。     

黑潮延伸体海域典型涡旋的次中尺度特征分析

本文基于卫星遥感资料和高分辨率ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)数值模拟结果, 对黑潮延伸体海域典型中尺度涡旋的次中尺度特征进行了探讨。卫星观测和模拟结果显示, 黑潮延伸体涡旋海域伴随着活跃的次中尺度现象。涡旋演变与多尺度能量分析结果表明, 涡旋海域次中尺度动能的强弱与涡旋海域地转流动能有着密切联系, 锋生可能是涡旋边缘次中尺度动能增强的重要机制。次中尺度现象在中尺度涡旋海域具有沿地转流方向的复杂涡丝状结构特征, 意味着涡旋边缘较强的水平浮力梯度和地转流侧向剪切为次中尺度过程形成与发展提供了有利条件。此外, 垂向结构分析表明, 次中尺度过程能引起较大的垂向速度, 最大可达100m·day^-1, 该垂向速度可以影响至混合层下200m深度处, 对海洋内部的垂向物质能量交换、海—气相互作用等有着重要的影响。     

台湾以东黑潮锋的中尺度过程研究

采用海洋再分析结果,研究了海洋涡旋和锋面波动对台湾以东黑潮锋的影响,结果表明,Rossby波第一斜压模态形成的冷涡(暖涡),减弱(增强)台湾以东黑潮温度锋强度,减小(加大)锋的宽度.在再分析结果中,捕获到1991年1-2月台湾以东的一次黑潮锋面波动.锋面波动的波槽(波脊)到达时,该温度锋强度减弱(增强),宽度和厚度减小...     

冬季黑潮延伸体区域涡旋尺度海面温度季节内变化特征

利用ERA_interim再分析资料以及OISST高分辨率海面温度(Sea surface temperature,SST)卫星观测数据,通过小波分析、二维模态相关(Pattern correlation)等方法系统地分析了黑潮延伸体区域涡旋尺度SST信号的季节内变化特征。发现涡旋尺度SST季节内变化信号在冬季最强、夏季最弱。该信号主要分布在黑潮-亲潮海洋锋面区域,在日本沿岸振幅最强、并沿黑潮、亲潮锋面向东延伸,其标准差高达1℃,是该海域冬季SST的重要变化信号。涡旋尺度SST的季节内变化周期以40～100 d周期为主,会引起大气边界层的响应,激发海气界面湍流热通量、海面气温、边界层高度等同位相的季节内变化。在该区域涡旋信号较强个数较多的时间段SST异常的季节内变化信号更明显,边界层大气与涡旋尺度SST季节内变化信号的相关程度更大。     

台湾以东黑潮锋的中尺度过程研究

采用海洋再分析结果,研究了海洋涡旋和锋面波动对台湾以东黑潮锋的影响,结果表明,Rossby波第一斜压模态形成的冷涡(暖涡),减弱(增强)台湾以东黑潮温度锋强度,减小(加大)锋的宽度.在再分析结果中,捕获到1991年1-2月台湾以东的一次黑潮锋面波动.锋面波动的波槽(波脊)到达时,该温度锋强度减弱(增强),宽度和厚度减小...     

南海环流多尺度动力过程演变特征与机制研究进展

作为西太平洋最大的边缘热带海盆,南海具有季节性海盆尺度风生环流特性,具有越东偶极子、南海西边界流、黑潮入侵分支等主流系（空间尺度>100 km）,也具有丰富的中尺度涡旋、锋面、上升流等中尺度过程（空间尺度约为O(10～100 km)）和活跃的亚中尺度过程（O(1～10 km)）等,而这些多尺度运动之间的能量转化是全球海洋能量循环的主要组成部分。本文主要概述了南海贯穿流特征、南海陆架陆坡流和西边界流特征、主流系对中尺度涡旋的影响、（亚）中尺度对湍流混合的影响四个方面取得的研究进展。目前的研究已发现主流系主要通过斜压不稳定将能量传递给中尺度过程,中尺度涡旋能量主要通过正压不稳定、剪切不稳定等过程将能量传递给小尺度过程。但是,多尺度运动之间能量传递过程的观测、南海中小尺度过程的能量逆级串过程及其对局地天气与气候的影响仍需进一步研究。     

东海黑潮锋面涡旋在陆架水与黑潮水交换中的作用

根据NOAA卫星红外影像和水文、化学、生物的观测资料,分析了黑潮锋面涡旋中的黑潮水向陆架一侧倒卷,陆架混合水被卷入黑潮,以及深层富营养盐水被泵吸到上层海洋的基本形态。分析表明黑潮锋面涡旋在陆架水与黑潮水的交换中起十分重要的作用。本文对3个锋面涡中的水交换量进行计算得到:卷入到黑潮中的陆架混合水平均为0.44×105m3/s,而进入陆架的倒卷黑潮暖水仅为0.04×106m3/s.对于整个东海陆架边缘,锋面涡作用可使1.8×106m3/s的陆架混合水卷入黑潮。在锋面涡存在情况下,被泵吸到真光层并向陆架方向输运的NO₃-N,其单宽输运量为974μmol/(m·s),而无锋面涡存在时仅为79μmol/(m·s).锋面涡造成的陆架方向的NO₃-N输运量为1.7×105t/a.     

Fronts and strong currents of the upper southeast Indian Ocean

1 IntroductionBaroclinic component is the dominant part ofAntarcticCircum polarCurrent (ACC) (FandryandPillsbury,1979),and a baroclinictransportation asso-ciatedwithfrontsmakesupthem ajoritypartoftheto-talbaroclinictransportation oftheACC (Nowlin andCliff…     

Fronts and surface zonal geostrophic current along 115°E in the southern Indian Ocean

Altimeter and in situ data are used to estimate the mean surface zonal geostrophic current in the section along 115°E in the southern Indian Ocean,and the variation of strong currents in relation to the major fronts is studied.The results show that,in average,the flow in the core of Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC) along the section is composed of two parts,one corresponds to the jet of Subantarctic Front(SAF) and the other is the flow in the Polar Front Zone(PFZ),with a westward flow between them.The mean surface zonal geostrophic current corresponding to the SAF is up to 49 cm · s-1 at 46°S,which is the maximal velocity in the section.The eastward flow in the PFZ has a width of about 4.3 degrees in latitudes.The mean surface zonal geostrophic current corresponding to the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front(SACCF) is located at 59.7 °S with velocity less than 20 cm · s-1.The location of zonal geostrophic jet corresponding to the SAF is quite stable during the study period.In contrast,the eastward jets in the PFZ exhibit various patterns,i.e.,the primary Polar Front(PF1) shows its strong meridional shift and the secondary Polar Front(PF2) does not always coincide with jet.The surface zonal geostrophic current corresponding to SAF has the significant periods of annual,semi-annual and four-month.The geostrophic current of the PFZ also shows significant periods of semi-annual and four-month,but is out of phase with the periods of the SAF,which results in no notable semi-annual and fourmonth periods in the surface zonal geostrophic current in the core of the ACC.In terms of annual cycle,the mean surface zonal geostrophic current in the core of the ACC shows its maximal velocity in June.     

A view of ACC fronts in streamfunction space

The fronts and water masses in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) are examined with a streamfunction projection of historical hydrographic data. The study shows that only structural criterion provides circumpolarly consistent and time-invariant definition for ACC fronts. The Polar Front position varies little in the streamfunction space, but the Subantarctic Front exhibits significant meridional deflection. Two types of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are identified: the Pacific-Atlantic type represents the recently-formed AAIW through the along-isopycnal subduction of polar surface waters; the Indian–Australian type represents relatively old AAIW which is strongly modified by the Agulhas water. The Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) is located in the South Pacific and south of Australia. There is evidence that the SAMW in the southeast Pacific originates from polar surface waters. Therefore the eastward freshening and cooling of SAMW is ascribed to influences from the south.     

Fronts, baroclinic transport, and mesoscale variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the southeast Indian Ocean

Fronts,baroclinic transport,and mesoscale variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC) along 115°E are examined on the basis of CTD data from two hydrographic cruises occupied in 1995 as a part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment(WOCE cruise I9S) and in 2004 as a part of CLIVAR/CO2 repeat hydrography program.The integrated baroclinic transport across I9S section is(97.2×106±2.2×106) m3/s relative to the deepest common level(DCL).The net transport at the north end of I9S,determined by the south Australian circulation system,is about 16.5×106m3/s westward.Relying on a consistent set of water mass criteria and transport maxima,the ACC baroclinic transport,(117×106 ±6.7×10 6)m3/s to the east,is carried along three fronts:the Subantarctic Front(SAF) at a mean latitude of 44°-49°S carries(50.6×10 6 ±13.4×106)m3/s;the Polar Front(PF),with the northern branch(PF-N) at 50.5°S and the southern branch(PFS) at 58°S,carries(51.3×106 ±8.7×106)m3/s;finally,the southern ACC front(SACCF) and the southern boundary of the ACC(SB) consist of three cores between 59°S and 65°S that combined carry(15.2×106 ±1.8×106)m3/s.Mesoscale eddy features are identifiable in the CTD sections and tracked in concurrent maps of altimetric sea level anomalies(SLA) between 44°-48°S and 53°-57°S.Because of the remarkable mesoscale eddy features within the SAF observed in both the tracks of the cruises,the eastward transport of the SAF occurs at two latitude bands separating by 1°.Both the CTD and the altimetric data suggest that the mesoscale variability is concentrated around the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone(APFZ) and causes the ACC fronts to merge,diverge,and to fluctuate in intensity and position along their paths.     

Zonal structure of zooplankton communities in the Southern Ocean South of Australia: results from a 2150 km continuous plankton recorder transect

The Southern Ocean south of Australia is oceanographically complex, being characterized by double branches of the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF), Polar Front (PF) and Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current (SACCF), in addition to the Southern Boundary (SB) of the ACC. From 25 February to 3 March 2002 a 2150-km Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) transect was conducted along 140 °E, between 47.02 °S and 66.36 °S, crossing each of these frontal zones. Surface temperature, salinity, and fluorescence were measured at 1-min intervals in conjunction with CPR samples. Additional physical data for the region south of 61^oS was provided by nine CTD stations. Multivariate and Indicator Species analysis of the high resolution (∼9.2 km) zooplankton samples identified six distinct assemblages which were strongly correlated with frontal/oceanographic zones. These assemblages appeared to be structured by a combination of zonal differences in water mass structure, phytoplankton regimes, and small scale intra-zonal features (e.g. eddies). The northern branch of the SAF was the strongest biogeographic boundary, separating a high proportion of sub-tropical and temperate species from the waters to its south. The study area differed from other sectors of the Southern Ocean in that the northern PF, equivalent to the PF in other sectors, was not a zone of distinct ecological transition. Two of the identified assemblages were located with the seasonal ice zone, south of the northern SACCF. Although Euphausia superba larvae were a component of both of these assemblages, this species, together with appendicularia, was most abundant south of the SB. The seasonal ice zone north of the SB was dominated by small copepods (Oithona similis and Ctenocalanus citer), appendicularia and foraminifera. Although the physical characteristics of the frontal zones can be subtle, the demarcation between zooplankton assemblages was clear. Cross-frontal changes in zooplankton assemblages highlight their role in long-term monitoring programs as indicators of environmental change.     

巴西暖流和马尔维纳斯寒流交汇点的变动及其影响机制的探讨

西南大西洋的马尔维纳斯寒流(Malvinas Current,MC)和巴西暖流(Brazil Current,BC)交汇点(the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence,BMC)的南移是很多影响因子共同作用的结果。本文从海流流量的变化和风场的变化来分析交汇点变动的原因。利用1993年1月至2016年12月的月平均流场计算截面流量,分析得到MC流量呈现递减趋势,而BC流量则出现递增趋势。2014–2016年的Argo浮标的轨迹线表明MC的水体主要来自于南极绕极流(Antarctic Circumpolar Current,ACC)经过德雷克海峡的3个极锋中的其中之一—亚南极锋(the Subantarctic Front,SAF)。计算SAF的流量,得到其也表现出递减的趋势,这是MC流量减少的重要原因。而和SAF相邻位于其南边的极锋(the Polar Front,PF)的流量出现递增趋势。利用1993–2016年月平均风场数据分析得到南半球盛行西风风应力增加且有向南极偏移的趋势,这会使得ACC也有向南极收缩的趋势,这解释了SAF流量减少而PF的流量增加的原因,故得到南半球盛行西风的南移和BC流量的增加是BMC南移的原因。     

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism (CO1) of three dominant copepod species in the South Atlantic

The Southern Ocean is characterized by the complex system of oceanic fronts that maintain the latitudinal zonality of biotopes. These fronts are boundaries of water masses with different hydrophysical characteristics. We explore the genetic differentiation of the dominant zooplankton species in regards to the complex hydrophysical zonality of the Southern Ocean. The barcoding region of mitochondrial CO1 gene was sequenced for three copepod species, Calanus simillimus, Rhincalanus gigas, and Metridia lucens. These species are the most abundant in the Southern Ocean and form the basis of the zooplankton community. Genetic differentiation was found neither for Calanus simillimus nor for Rhincalanus gigas. The mitochondrial haplotypes of Metridia lucens cluster in two genetically distant groups (Subantarctic and Antarctic) found together only in the Polar Front Zone.