无人机遥感海洋监测应用探讨

无人机遥感系统的应用在民用领域不断拓展,与遥感卫星、有人机系统形成优势互补。在海洋监测方面,无人机系统成为"数字海洋"建设的必备信息获取平台,具有任务出动灵活快速、成本费用低等优点,可多种载荷更换和协同搭配,遥感数据时间分辨率和空间分辨率高,在海洋灾害监测、海洋测绘、海洋环境参数反演、海事监管等领域具有较高的应用价值。在将来,无人机遥感系统在管理规范、数据链带宽、任务载荷、智能性方面也将随着海洋需求不断提高。     

自升式平台上外载荷的分析计算

海洋平台由于其作业的要求，而不可避免地受到各种海洋环境的考验。因此在设计平台时，必须考虑平台可能受到的各种外载荷，以保证平台海上作业的安全性。本文讨论了一种小型的自升式平台在外载荷作用下的受力分析，包括在外力作用下平台抗倾覆能力以及外载荷与平台承载力之间的关系。     

无人机海洋测绘应用进展与展望

无人机作为一种新的测量平台,是卫星遥感和常规航空摄影的有效补充,在海洋测绘领域的应用正在不断拓展,已成为重要的海洋信息获取平台。本文从海洋地形图测绘、环境监测、海冰监测、海洋航磁测量和机载激光雷达测深5个方面系统阐述了无人机在海洋测绘领域的应用与实践现状,指出了发展无人机测绘系统的必要性与意义,并就无人机在海洋测绘领域的发展趋势进行了分析与展望。     

无人机在围填海动态监测中应用探讨

开展围填海工程的海域使用动态监测是海洋管理部门加强监管、规范项目用海和施工、保护海洋资源环境的有效手段。围填海项目动态监测现场勘测耗费大量的人力物力,而且时效性差,而无人机具有结构简单、易操作、使用成本低、风险小、响应快、适应性强、平台自主性强、可获得高分辨率数据等优势。文章对无人机在围填海动态监测的应用进行了探讨和展望。     

海域无人机监视监测业务流程设计

文章主要探讨海域无人机监视监测业务流程,针对目前海域动态监视监测工作中无人机管理模式及作业流程的现状,结合海域资源开发管理业务需求,阐述规范无人机作业流程的必要性。按照无人机监测任务的紧迫程度分为常规监测任务和应急监测任务,以规范无人机业务流程、提高无人机作业效率、保障无人机作业安全为目的,并结合无人机业务工作中的实际情况对两类监测任务的无人机作业流程进行了探讨与设计。     

近岸海洋放射性监测预警技术支持平台的设计与研发

为适应我国滨海核电事业的快速发展,提高我国海洋核应急准备与响应能力。本研究根据海洋放射性监测与评价的工作内容和特点,设计了一款海洋放射性监测预警技术支持平台。该系统平台以计算机软、硬件及网络通信为依托,具有查看滨海核电厂及邻近海域环境变化,模拟研判放射性液态流出物在海洋环境中的迁移扩散趋势,制定和生成海上应急监测方案,审核与评价海洋放射性监测数据以及开展海洋生物辐射风险评估等功能模块。系统的建设与运营将为我国海洋核事故应急监测提供技术支持,增强海洋核应急管理和指挥决策的科学性。     

无人机海洋航磁测量技术进展与展望

无人机海洋航磁测量具有操作简单、作业效率高、数据分辨率高等诸多特点,是船载海洋磁力测量和航空磁力测量的有效补充,有望成为一种新的海洋磁测技术手段。在详细介绍国内外无人机海洋航磁测量技术及装备发展现状的基础上,基于海洋航磁测量现实需求,提出了开展无人机海洋航磁测量技术的主要难点,为下一步开展技术研究指明方向。     

导管架平台拆除过程稳定性及影响因素分析

现有服役海洋平台正逐步走向老龄化,海洋平台拆除成为海洋工程新的经济增长点。针对达到服役年限的导管架平台,基于数值分析方法模拟拆除过程,开展平台在不同拆除阶段和环境载荷等参数下的稳定性及影响规律研究。基于钢结构整体稳定性理论,以导管架平台拆除过程中顶点位移为参考,定义导管架平台拆除作业稳定性指标,提出拆除作业阶段划分方法,通过分析导管架平台在不同影响因素作用下拆除过程稳定性响应,给出拆除作业建议。选取我国南海某4裙12腿进行实例分析,结果表明:主桩腿对导管架平台起决定性承载作用,拆除部分主桩腿后需要引入外部支撑力,以保证拆除作业安全进行;拆除构件越多,来浪方向和环境载荷大小对平台影响越加显著。研究结果可为导管架平台拆除作业提供参考。     

无人机技术在海洋监视监测中的应用研究

随着无人机技术的发展,无人机遥感越来越多的应用于国民生产的各个领域,文章主要研究利用无人机技术进行海洋监视监测,发挥无人机在海洋监测中的优势,发展无人机在海洋中的业务应用,为海洋管理与执法提供决策支持。     

海域海岛监视监测体系研究及在南沙区的应用

海域海岛动态监视监测业务是加强海域海岛管理的有效手段。文章对海域海岛监视监测业务体系进行研究梳理,分析无人机低空遥感技术在监视监测工作中的优势,设计建立无人机监视监测业务管理系统,应用于南沙区海域海岛监视监测工作,并介绍了监视监测工作中的几个实际应用。采用无人机低空遥感技术为主并建立无人机监视监测平台的办法,拓展和丰富了监视监测成果,有效促进了海域海岛监管能力提升。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.