勉略构造带硅质岩元素地球化学特征及其形成环境

勉略构造带古生代硅质岩发育,其对西秦岭造山带古生代沉积环境与构造背景具有重要指示意义。本文研究了勉略构造带西段文县地区泥盆纪硅质岩的野外露头产状、岩石学与矿物学及全岩主微量元素地球化学特征,对比分析了该带东段硅质岩性质,综合剖析了勉略构造带古生代硅质岩的沉积环境,探讨了西秦岭造山带古生代岩相古地理环境及大地构造背景。文县硅质岩有灰白色块状硅质岩和灰黑色角砾状硅质岩两种类型,两者均具层状、条带状等沉积构造,并与上覆、下伏地层整合接触,为典型热水沉积硅质岩。岩石主要组成矿物为细晶-微晶石英,含有少量的方解石、绢云母及泥质等。岩石地球化学分析显示,硅质岩SiO2含量较高,为84.85%~99.07%,平均为91.99%,且灰白色硅质岩质地更纯,SiO2含量明显高于灰黑色硅质岩。硅质岩主微量、稀土元素Fe2O3/TiO2-Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)、V/Y-Ti/V及LaN/CeN-Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)图解表明该区硅质岩主要形成于大陆边缘及近大陆边缘环境。稀土元素显示灰黑色角砾状硅质岩稀土总量较高,为171.3×10-6~236.1×10-6,而灰白色块状硅质岩仅为11.96×10-6~51.06×10-6,表明前者所含陆源物质组分更多;稀土元素北美页岩标准化后两者整体显示了相似的轻重稀土分异不明显的平坦型稀土配分模式,其中灰黑色硅质岩δCe为0.95~1.05、δEu为0.66~0.87、(La/Yb)SN值为0.95~1.10,反映基本无Ce异常、弱Eu负异常及轻重稀土分异不明显;灰白色硅质岩的δCe为1.07~1.12、δEu为0.70~0.90、(La/Yb)SN值为1.64~4.07显示了弱Ce正异常、弱Eu负异常及弱轻重稀土分异,两者稀土元素特征与世界典型大陆边缘(裂陷)盆地硅质岩相近。文县硅质岩地质、元素地球化学特征表明其整体形成于大陆边缘及近大陆边缘沉积环境,但相比于灰白色块状硅质岩,灰黑色角砾状硅质岩有更多陆源物质加入。结合勉略构造带东段古生代硅质岩野外产出及地球化学特征分析,该区在早古生代-晚古生代早期主要处于扬子板块北部大陆边缘海盆沉积环境,有较多的陆源物质加入到富硅的热水沉积中,在勉略构造带内自西向东形成了一系列不同时代的热水沉积硅质岩。与此同时,西秦岭主要处于大陆裂陷构造背景之中,多期次的裂陷活动形成了一系列裂陷盆地及深大断裂,这对西秦岭古生代热水沉积硅质岩的形成具有重要意义。     

贵州剑河圭深铀矿床物质来源和沉积环境研究

贵州剑河圭深铀矿床位于南明向斜东南翼,含矿岩系为老堡组和牛蹄塘组碳质页岩,围岩为老堡组硅质岩。为了探究该矿床的物质来源和沉积环境,文章在野外地质调查的基础上,开展了全岩元素地球化学特征研究,结果表明：硅质岩和碳质页岩的Zr/Hf和Y/Ho值变化较大,且具有平坦的稀土元素配分模式,指示成岩成矿物质来源受大陆风化和海水作用共同控制;硅质岩和碳质页岩都具有较低的Th/U值（最大值为0.25）、较高的δU值（最小值为1.84）和V/(V+Ni)值（最小值为0.87）,在稀土元素配分模式图上具有Ce负异常,指示圭深铀矿床形成于缺氧还原的沉积环境。     

云南墨江金矿床硅质岩沉积环境的地球化学探讨

墨江金矿床金厂组中下段硅质岩的形成与热水沉积作用有关，但中段受到正常化学沉积作用的影响。根据硅质岩的地球化学特征，初步讨论了硅质岩的沉积（构造）环境。硅质岩的δCe，稀土元素对Ce/La-La／Yn图解、δ^30Si和Sr/Ba值的特征表明它形成于海水较深的沉积环境。根据硅质岩MnO/TiO2,Al/(Al Fe),(La/Ce)N,δCe和（La/Yb)N的特征推测它形成于大陆边缘－远洋盆地过渡位置。结合岩石组合、地球化学特 征和同位素年代学，认为墨江金矿床硅质岩的沉积环境可能为晚泥盆世后期扬子地块被动大陆边缘快速裂陷的深海槽盆，它不是哀牢山蛇绿岩套“三位一体” 中的一部分。     

白银矿田外围横湾沟硅质岩的研究意义

热水沉积硅质岩既有一定的找矿意义 ,又有重要的理论意义。由硅质岩的常量元素、稀土元素等地球化学特征研究表明 ,横湾沟硅质岩具有热水沉积硅质岩地球化学特征 ,在Al -Fe-Mn三角图上 ,属热水沉积硅质岩。由δCe值分析表明 ,本区硅质岩沉积环境主要为大陆边缘。     

甘肃省肃南县西水地区奥陶纪硅质岩地球化学特征及其形成环境

北祁连奥陶系阴沟群硅质岩对该地区的沉积环境和构造背景具有重要的指示意义,目前多认为其形成于大陆边缘环境。北祁连西水地区奥陶系阴沟群中的硅质岩w(SiO_2)值、Si/Al值、Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值、Fe/Ti值、(Fe+Mn)/Ti值、w(∑REE)值等地球化学特征均指示硅质岩为热水沉积成因;Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值、U/Th值、Ti/V值、(La/Ce)_N值、δCe值指示其形成于大陆边缘环境;w(Al_2O_3)值与w(MgO)值、U/Th值、Al_2O_3/TiO_2值均反映硅质岩在形成过程中受到了陆源碎屑的影响;Al_2O_3、TiO_2、Cr、Rb、Ba、Zr质量分数特征及稀土元素配分模式表明硅质岩的形成与岛弧以及弧后盆地有关。综合分析与奥陶系硅质岩伴生的火山岩岩石组合特征以及区域构造演化背景,认为西水地区奥陶系阴沟群硅质岩应属大陆边缘背景下,其弧后盆地靠近岛弧一侧的产物。这为进一步细化研究北祁连奥陶纪沟-弧-盆体系的空间格局提供了重要的沉积学依据。     

刚果(金)Kalumbwe-Myunga铜钴矿区硅质岩地球化学特征及其意义

罗安群矿山组是研究区的主要赋矿层位,发育有硅质岩。通过野外观察和岩石主量元素、微量元素以及稀土元素等研究,对硅质岩的地球化学特征、沉积环境及成矿作用进行了分析。结果表明,研究区硅质岩SiO_2平均含量为82.12%。在Fe-Mn-Al、SiO_2/Al_2O_3-Al_2O_3判别图上,显示硅质岩为非纯热水沉积成因,且有陆源碎屑物质混入。样品的Ba/Sr值为2.35～50.47,U/Th值为1.32～24.37,表明硅质岩沉积时海底热水作用强烈。稀土元素分配模式、∑REE、LREE/HREE和(La/Ce)N值表明硅质岩主要形成于大陆边缘,沉积时还受到热水作用影响。由于脆性和裂缝的发育,硅质岩有利于金属矿物富集成矿,金属矿物及其氧化物沿其裂隙分布。     

湘中震旦纪—寒武纪之交硅质岩地球化学特征及成因环境研究

震旦纪(埃迪卡拉纪)—寒武纪之交华南地块处在伸展扩张的构造背景下,在扬子板块东南缘发育了广泛的硅质岩沉积。湘中地区发育了自震旦系陡山沱组、留茶坡组及寒武系牛蹄塘组连续的深水相沉积,岩性以层状硅质岩为主,夹炭质、硅质页岩。通过对硅质岩的主量、稀土元素的地球化学特征分析表明,本区硅质岩Si O2含量极高(普遍92%),Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值普遍大于0.6,稀土元素澳大利亚后太古代平均页岩(PAAS)标准化配分曲线显示中—弱Ce负异常且有明显的重稀土富集特征。震旦纪陡山沱期硅质岩样品中Ce/Ce*值、LaN/YbN值、Y/Ho值分别为0.34~0.54、0.05~0.10、38.00~51.44;灯影期硅质岩样品中Ce/Ce*值、LaN/YbN值、Y/Ho值分别为0.70~0.85、0.06~0.37、35.91~46.79;寒武纪初期硅质岩样品中的稀土元素地球化学特征与灯影期相似,Ce/Ce*值、LaN/YbN值、Y/Ho值分别为0.58~0.78、0.26~0.40、34.75~45.58。湘中地区震旦纪—寒武纪之交的硅质岩地球化学特征显示本期硅质岩为正常的海水沉积成因,整体受热液和陆源影响较小,但从震旦纪陡山沱期至寒武纪初期陆源输入有增加趋势,硅质来源可能与硅质浮游生物有关,硅质岩沉积环境始终保持在深水盆地中,湘中地区沉积盆地符合被动大陆边缘伸展型盆地特征。     

西藏果芒错蛇绿混杂岩中硅质岩的地球化学特征及其形成环境

果芒错蛇绿混杂岩位于狮泉河—永珠—嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带中段,是该带中保存较好的一套蛇绿混杂岩,其形成环境是确定狮泉河—永珠—嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带构造属性的重要依据。对果芒错蛇绿混杂岩中的硅质岩进行了地球化学分析,为判断蛇绿混杂岩的形成环境提供新的约束条件。硅质岩通常呈几十厘米夹层产于玄武岩中,含有大量晚三叠世—白垩纪放射虫化石。硅质岩SiO2含量为71.38%~77.67%,Al2O3含量为8.62%~11.51%,MnO/TiO2值为0.28~0.35,(Ce/Ce*)SN值为0.92~0.94,(La/Ce)SN值为1.13~1.17,反映了陆源物质的影响,而V、Ni、Cu和V/Y值高于大陆边缘硅质岩,与洋中脊和大洋盆地硅质岩相似,说明果芒错硅质岩可能形成于受陆源物质影响且与大陆边缘有一定距离的环境中。结合变质橄榄岩、镁铁质岩墙和玄武岩的地球化学特征,初步认为果芒错蛇绿混杂岩的形成环境为靠近大陆边缘的弧后盆地。     

内蒙古阿拉善北部杭乌拉地区早古生代硅质岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

内蒙古阿拉善北部杭乌拉地区位于中亚造山带的中段南缘,处于西伯利亚板块、塔里木板块和华北板块之间,是研究中亚造山带和古亚洲洋演化的重要区域。文中以杭乌拉地区硅质岩地球化学特征为主要研究内容,结合前人研究结果,对阿拉善北部地区早古生代构造背景进行分析。杭乌拉地区下古生界西双鹰山组和班定陶勒盖组硅质岩镜下可见黏土、陆源粉砂和放射虫等,表现为明显的沉积成因特征。硅质岩地球化学特征一致性较差,其中Fe、Mn、Al等主量元素、Sc/Th值、(La/Ce)_n值和δCe值反映出硅质岩为大陆边缘沉积,(La/Yb)_n值反映硅质岩接近于远洋沉积背景,δEu 值表现为无热液作用影响,V、V/Y、Ti/V值多接近于洋中脊和大洋盆地硅质岩特征,U/Th、Ba/Sr值也属于热水成因硅质岩特征。硅质岩稀土元素配分曲线呈平坦状,无明显的右倾(大陆边缘轻稀土元素富集配分模式)和左倾(开放洋盆重稀土元素富集配分模式)特征。研究区早古生代地质记录相对较少,但是鉴于该地区晚古生代复杂的构造演化特征及其对早古生代古地理格局的继承,并结合上述硅质岩地球化学特征,认为研究区在早古生代为一个多岛洋环境。     

内蒙古阿拉善北部杭乌拉地区早古生代硅质岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

内蒙古阿拉善北部杭乌拉地区位于中亚造山带的中段南缘,处于西伯利亚板块、塔里木板块和华北板块之间,是研究中亚造山带和古亚洲洋演化的重要区域。文中以杭乌拉地区硅质岩地球化学特征为主要研究内容,结合前人研究结果,对阿拉善北部地区早古生代构造背景进行分析。杭乌拉地区下古生界西双鹰山组和班定陶勒盖组硅质岩镜下可见黏土、陆源粉砂和放射虫等,表现为明显的沉积成因特征。硅质岩地球化学特征一致性较差,其中Fe、Mn、Al等主量元素、Sc/Th值、(La/Ce)_n值和δCe值反映出硅质岩为大陆边缘沉积,(La/Yb)_n值反映硅质岩接近于远洋沉积背景,δEu值表现为无热液作用影响,V、V/Y、Ti/V值多接近于洋中脊和大洋盆地硅质岩特征,U/Th、Ba/Sr值也属于热水成因硅质岩特征。硅质岩稀土元素配分曲线呈平坦状,无明显的右倾(大陆边缘轻稀土元素富集配分模式)和左倾(开放洋盆重稀土元素富集配分模式)特征。研究区早古生代地质记录相对较少,但是鉴于该地区晚古生代复杂的构造演化特征及其对早古生代古地理格局的继承,并结合上述硅质岩地球化学特征,认为研究区在早古生代为一个多岛洋环境。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。