鄂东程潮铁矿床磁铁矿的微量元素组成及其矿床成因意义

程潮铁矿床是长江中下游成矿带最大的矽卡岩型铁矿床,位于鄂东南矿集区北缘,矿体主要产于鄂城杂岩体与下三叠统大冶组碳酸盐岩的接触带。本文报道程潮铁矿床不同产状磁铁矿的LA-ICPMS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)微量元素分析结果,以讨论磁铁矿的微量元素组成和变化规律及其与成矿环境的关系,为深入认识程潮铁矿床的矿床成因及成矿演化提供重要制约。研究结果显示,程潮铁矿床与成矿有关岩体(花岗岩)中的岩浆磁铁矿(副矿物)与内矽卡岩和外矽卡岩中的热液磁铁矿在显微结构和微量元素组成上具有显著差异。花岗岩中的磁铁矿不发育环带,也没有遭受后期热液的交代。内矽卡岩以发育具有振荡环带的富Si磁铁矿为特征,而外矽卡岩中的磁铁矿则以无明显环带的富Mg磁铁矿为主。内矽卡岩和外矽卡岩中的原生磁铁矿都遭受了广泛的热液交代作用而形成次生磁铁矿,即具有明显的磁铁矿溶解-再沉淀作用。与矽卡岩矿石中的热液磁铁矿相比,岩体中的副矿物磁铁矿具有高得多的V、Ti、Ni、Cr、Co及Ga等亲铁元素(相容元素)和较低的Si、Al、Mg、Sr及Ba等亲石元素(不相容元素)。这种岩浆副矿物磁铁矿和矿石矿物磁铁矿微量元素组成的系统差异表明,程潮铁矿床属于典型的矽卡岩型矿床,而非矿浆型铁矿。另一方面,内矽卡岩和外矽卡岩矿石中的原生磁铁矿也具有明显不同的微量元素组成:前者具有较高的V、Ti、Ni、Cr、Ga、Sr和Ba等,而后者具有较高的Sn、Zn、U和Sn/Ga、Zn/V及Co/Ni比值,表明外矽卡岩中的磁铁矿受地层围岩成分的影响较大,而内矽卡岩中的磁铁矿则更多地受岩浆流体组分的控制。对原生磁铁矿和次生磁铁矿微量元素的系统分析结果表明,在磁铁矿的溶解-再沉淀过程中,内矽卡岩中的次生磁铁矿相对原生磁铁矿具有显著不同的微量元素组成,前者的Si、Al、Mg、Ti、Sr及Ga等元素含量大大降低,而Zn、V、Mn、Pb、Th及U等元素含量则升高,Co、Ni、Sn及Ba等元素基本不变。外矽卡岩中的原生磁铁矿被交代形成次生磁铁矿时,Mg、Mn、Al、Zn及Co等元素发生丢失,Pb、U、Nb及Sr等元素发生富集,而Sn和Ga的含量基本不变。根据不同产状、不同结构和不同成因磁铁矿的微量元素分析可以得出以下认识:(1)程潮铁矿床属于典型的热液成因,矿区不存在矿浆型铁矿;(2)磁铁矿的溶解-再沉淀作用使大部分微量元素发生明显亏损,少部分元素发生富集,表明流体交代对磁铁矿的微量元素组成具有显著影响;(3)对磁铁矿微量元素组成的研究可为磁铁矿及矽卡岩型铁矿床的矿床成因和成矿演化提供重要信息;对磁铁矿的原位微量元素分析必须建立在详细的显微结构研究基础上,对发生过溶解-再沉淀作用的磁铁矿,需要分别对原生和次生磁铁矿区域进行高精度、高分辨率的微量元素分析,只有这样才能对磁铁矿及含磁铁矿矿床的成因进行正确的分析和认识。     

东昆仑三岔口软玉成矿机制及成矿物源分析

岩石地球化学分析表明,东昆仑三岔口软玉矿床的成矿母岩主要为灰质白云岩,与新疆和田等著名软玉矿区的成矿母岩相比,该矿区软玉围岩贫Mg而富Ca,成矿Mg源相对不足而Ca强烈过剩.矿区出露的火成岩主要为基性辉长岩,软玉为灰质白云岩与基性辉长岩岩体接触交代的产物.通过对内外接触带常量元素含量变化趋势的分析,认为碳酸盐岩提供了软玉成矿所需的Ca,Mg及Fe2 ,而火成岩体则提供了Si,Fe3 以及K,Na,Mn,Al,P等物质.     

安徽新桥矿床矿相学与Fe同位素特征及其对矿床成因的制约

对安徽新桥矿床进行系统的野外地质调查和矿相学研究发现,层状矿体中的胶状黄铁矿交代矽卡岩磁铁矿矿体,为探讨层状硫化物矿床是早期沉积成因还是岩浆热液成因提供了新的地质约束。对铜陵矿集区内的新桥矿床层状菱铁矿矿体和凤凰山矽卡岩型矿体中的菱铁矿开展了Fe同位素组成的对比研究,结果显示：新桥矿床菱铁矿与典型低温热液脉型矿床和沉积铁矿中的菱铁矿在Fe同位素组成特征上有所不同,而与凤凰山矽卡岩型矿床中的菱铁矿更为接近;新桥矿床中胶状黄铁矿和菱铁矿相对于磁铁矿富集Fe的轻同位素,表明磁铁矿不是过去认为的由胶状黄铁矿和菱铁矿矿胚层经热液改造形成,而是与典型的岩浆热液有关。新桥矿区层状硫化物矿体和矽卡岩型矿体中,近岩体矽卡岩和最早形成的金属矿物磁铁矿比岩体更为富集Fe的轻同位素,而赋矿围岩比岩体更为富集Fe的重同位素。同时,不同矿化阶段形成的含铁矿物和不同空间位置的硫化物中的Fe同位素组成呈现出时空分带现象,Fe同位素组成的时空演化特征与流体出溶、流体演化非常一致,并且符合同位素分馏的基本理论,表明层状硫化物矿体和矽卡岩型矿体具有相同的成矿物质来源,为同一流体体系演化的产物。新桥矿区岩相学的研究结果和Fe同位素组成特征均表明,新桥层状硫化物矿床不是海西期喷流沉积成矿作用的产物,而是燕山期热液成矿作用的产物,为一个典型的热液成因矿床。     

江西武山铜矿床形成过程:来自岩相学和矿物学的证据

江西武山铜矿床是长江中下游地区具有代表性的叠加复合矿床之一。文章选取武山铜矿床典型剖面为研究对象,在野外地质调研和室内岩相学研究的基础上,识别出层状硫化物型、层状矽卡岩型和接触交代矽卡岩型三类矿体,及相对应的3种类型矿石。3类矿石在矿物组合、结构构造和矿物学特征等方面有明显差异,分别显示出原生沉积、叠加改造和岩浆热液成因特征。选择代表性脉石矿物和矿石矿物进行矿物化学研究,认为石榴子石是岩浆期后热液渗滤交代作用的产物,层状矽卡岩中石榴子石相对富Fe,而接触交代矽卡岩中石榴子石相对富Al;矿区内存在2类黄铁矿,即胶状黄铁矿和粒状黄铁矿,分别对应原生沉积成因和岩浆热液交代成因;磁铁矿是与矽卡岩有关的岩浆期后热液交代作用的产物,层状矽卡岩中磁铁矿相对富Mg O和Mn O,贫Al2O3,受地层影响明显,而接触交代矽卡岩中磁铁矿相对富Al2O3,贫Mg O和Mn O,受岩浆岩影响明显。武山铜矿床的形成经历了原生沉积作用、岩浆热液交代作用及叠加改造作用等复杂成矿过程。     

安徽安庆铜铁矿床成因:矿床地质特征与元素地球化学约束

安庆铜铁矿床是产于长江中下游铜(金)、铁成矿带内安庆-贵池矿集区中的一典型矽卡岩矿床,矿体赋存于下三叠统南陵湖组大理岩与月山闪长岩体之间的接触带上。典型剖面系统取样分析显示,矿体与围岩在空间上具有显著的矿物组合分带与岩石化学分带特征,即靠近大理岩带发育致密块状磁铁矿矿石与团块状矽卡岩型矿石,远离大理岩带发育浸染状矽卡岩型矿石,靠近闪长岩带发育透辉石矽卡岩。从大理岩到磁铁矿体, Fe₂O₃^T含量显著增加,之后随着靠近闪长岩体,其含量呈逐渐降低趋势;而CaO显示了与Fe₂O₃^T相反的成分变异特征。矿物与全岩微量元素研究表明,致密块状磁铁矿矿石及团块状矽卡岩型矿石均具有岩浆成因的稀土元素配分模式;而浸染状矽卡岩型矿石显示了交代成因的稀土元素配分特征。矿体地质、矿相学与元素地球化学综合研究表明,矽卡岩成矿经历了矿浆贯入期与热液成矿期,前者包括氧化物阶段和硫化物-碳酸盐阶段,后者包括进化交代阶段、早退化蚀变阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和晚退化蚀变阶段。结合已有的区域岩浆岩成岩机制研究成果,认为安庆铜铁矿床应是矿浆贯入与接触交代复合成因的矽卡岩型矿床,由于高位岩浆房中岩浆不混溶作用形成的富Fe熔浆是该矿床中成矿元素的主要来源。     

磁铁矿显微结构及化学成分对铜绿山矽卡岩型铜铁矿床成矿过程的指示

铜绿山矽卡岩型铜铁多金属矿床是长江中下游鄂东南矿集区的一个典型矿床,矿体产于铜绿山岩体与三叠系碳酸盐岩地层的接触带.磁铁矿是铜绿山铜铁矿床中广泛发育的矿石矿物,选取内矽卡岩和外矽卡岩中的热液磁铁矿以及岩体中副矿物磁铁矿为研究对象,对其开展系统的显微结构观察和电子探针分析.热液磁铁矿中普遍发育有钛尖晶石出溶结构和富硅环带结构,且没有明显的后期热液交代改造现象.钛尖晶石出溶结构指示铜绿山矿床的早期热液磁铁矿具有较高的Ti含量,磁铁矿结晶后经历了降温和氧逸度降低过程导致钛尖晶石出溶.热液磁铁矿中还普遍含有较高含量的Si、Al、Cr、V、Mn、Mg、Co和Ni等元素,Si4+、Al3+、Mg2+、Mn2+等以类质同象方式进入磁铁矿晶格;但在不同产状的磁铁矿中,替代强度和机制略有不同,说明流体成分、温度、压力等物理化学条件影响元素替代强度和方式.外矽卡岩中磁铁矿的Al₂O₃/MgO比值小于4,内矽卡岩中磁铁矿的Al₂O₃/MgO比值为5~8,而副矿物磁铁矿的Al₂O₃/MgO比值约为13.岩体副矿物磁铁矿具有最高的V₂O₃含量（平均值为0.31%）,与岩体接触的内矽卡岩中的磁铁矿次之（平均值为0.14%）,外矽卡岩中磁铁矿的V₂O₃含量最低（平均值为0.01%~0.03%）.Al₂O₃/MgO比值和V₂O₃含量说明磁铁矿生长环境（熔体/热液）、围岩的成分及水-岩反应等对磁铁矿的化学组成均有影响.铜绿山矿床从岩体到内矽卡岩、再到外矽卡岩,磁铁矿的形成温度逐步下降,其成分的变化指示了磁铁矿可以作为矽卡岩矿床成矿过程的重要指示矿物.      

陕西木龙沟矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床地质特征

陕西木龙沟铁矿床为接触交代矽卡岩型矿床,地质构造单元归属华北古大陆南缘华山一熊耳山陆缘带。矿床主要围岩地层为蓟县系巡检司组,岩体分叉侵入,矿体产于燕山中期花岗闪长斑岩体与巡检司组内、外接触带。矿石成分简单,以磁铁矿为主,其他具有工业意义的金属有钼、锌、铅、铜。通过对该矿床的矿体、矿石特征、蚀变特征的研究,认为该矿床成矿作用主要受构造及中酸性岩浆活动控制,钙镁碳酸盐是成矿的有利围岩。     

福建马坑铁矿辉石的成因矿物学研究

本文研究了福建马坑铁矿床中辉石族矿物的时空分布、产状、种属及其晶体形态标型、物理标型、化学成分标型。通过不同成因的辉石(308个不同成因辉石)化学成分标型对比、图解等综合判别方法确定马坑铁矿中辉石有火山岩变质、沉积变质、接触交代和岩浆四种成因。矿体底部成矿建造为富Fe、K、Mn火山岩建造,中下部为富F、Mn硅铁质沉积建造,上部为富Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Si碳酸盐沉积建造。马坑矿床主矿体为海底火山沉积变质型铁矿。提出利用辉石的种属、含铁系数、化学标型判断有无矿体及其贫富的矿物学标志。     

云南金平铜厂Cu-Mo矿床矽卡岩地球化学特征及成因

云南金平铜厂Cu-Mo矿床位于滨太平洋与特提斯构造域结合部位哀牢山构造成矿带南端,该矿床主要由矽卡岩Cu-Mo矿体组成,其中Cu储量0.862×104 t（品位1.24%）,Mo储量1.706×104 t（品位0.21%）。为查明矿区内与成矿关系密切的矽卡岩成因及其与围岩的关系,分析其不同元素的性质及分布规律,揭示矽卡岩矿床成岩、成矿地质过程,本文通过采集铜厂Cu-Mo矿区矽卡岩及矽卡岩化正长斑岩和大理岩样品进行主微量、稀土元素地球化学分析,研究其特征。研究表明：Si、Fe、Ca、Ti、Al、Mg、Mn等主量元素在矽卡岩、正长斑岩之间曾发生明显置换交代地质作用;三种岩性都具有富集LREE元素,亏损HREE元素,发育较弱Eu负异常,Ce异常不明显,REE配分模式相似的稀土元素特征,说明矽卡岩、正长斑岩和大理岩有一定的成因联系。结合三者REE配分模式、Eu弱负异常及Ce异常不明显等地球化学特征,推测矿区矽卡岩形成于低温弱氧化环境,由来自深部热液流体与围岩接触交代形成,成岩流体主要来源于深部岩浆。     

鄂东南程潮铁矿多世代叠加成矿作用:磁铁矿证据

湖北程潮铁矿是长江中下游成矿带最大的矽卡岩型铁矿床,主要产于早白垩世中酸性侵入岩与三叠系地层的接触带上。为了进一步探讨其富铁矿的形成机制,本文对该矿床中不同产状的磁铁矿和不同岩性侵入岩中的副矿物磁铁矿进行了详细的野外地质观察和显微结构分析,发现在多数磁铁矿矿石和矿化矽卡岩中均存在多世代磁铁矿矿化叠加现象。根据显微观察和BSE图像特征,程潮铁矿中热液期磁铁矿可以划分为四个世代,即Mt1、Mt2、Mt3、Mt4,其中Mt1颗粒表面不均匀,溶解-再沉淀现象明显;Mt2沿Mt1边缘生长,颗粒表面均匀,环带发育;Mt3沿Mt2边缘生长,颗粒表面均匀,环带不发育;Mt4多呈板条状或他形粒状,环带不发育。电子探针分析结果表明:同一世代不同产状或同一产状不同世代磁铁矿之间具有明显的成分差异,其中以Si、Al、Ca、Mg等含量较高的元素差异最为明显,而Ti、Cr、V、Zn、Ni等含量较低的元素差异则相对较小。这些差异性可能与磁铁矿结晶时成矿流体氧逸度、温度、元素浓度和水岩反应比例密切相关。不同世代热液磁铁矿与矿区岩体副矿物磁铁矿对比发现,二者在矿物结构和微量元素组成上存在明显差异,特别以微量元素Ti含量差异最大。程潮铁矿与不同成因类型矿床中的磁铁矿成分对比分析结果,进一步暗示出程潮铁矿中的磁铁矿为接触交代成因,并非矿浆成因。半定量模拟计算结果表明,Mt1、Mt2、Mt3在整个成矿过程中贡献了至少96%的铁质,对成矿起到了决定性作用。多世代磁铁矿矿化叠加过程不仅为揭示程潮大型铁矿的富集过程提供了重要依据,同时也为进一步理解矽卡岩型富铁矿的成矿机制提供了重要启示。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

藏北羌塘丁固—加措地区康托组的时代

自西藏区域地质调查大队创建康托组以来,康托组岩石地层单位广泛应用于羌塘地区,普遍认为其时代为新近纪.笔者于丁固-加措地区的康托组地层中采获古近纪轮藻化石Obtusocharat sp.,O.lanpingenis,Gyrogona qinajiangica和部分孢粉化石,并在康托组底部安山岩中获K-Ar年龄65.1～66.5Ma.上述轮藻组合与同位素年龄指示的地层时代为古新世-始新世,据此将测区康托组的时代确定为古近纪.由于测区康托组之上被唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组角度不整合覆盖,因此康托组时代的确定不仅进一步完善了测区新生代地层系统,还指示测区在康托组与唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组之间发生了一次强烈的构造运动.