基于"标准化"背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对太湖五里湖重金属污染的主动监测

将人工繁育的"标准化"背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)移殖至太湖五里湖,并以仍养殖在未受污染的中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心南泉基地的同批蚌作为对照,进行为期9个月的主动监测研究.每3个月回收一次蚌样,应用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定15种重金属(Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Ag、Cd、Ba、Tl和Pb)的含量.结果表明,南泉基地对照组和五里湖移殖组的蚌样对重金属均产生了明显的生物积累.培养3个月的五里湖移殖组蚌样中As的含量显著高于同期南泉基地对照组,而前者Mn、Fe、Zn和Ba含量显著低于后者;培养6个月的五里湖移殖组蚌样中Al和Pb的含量显著低于同期南泉基地对照组;培养9个月的五里湖移殖组蚌样中Pb含量显著低于同期南泉基地对照组.然而,南泉基地对照组和五里湖移殖组蚌样中重金属(Cr、Cu、As、Cd和Pb)含量均低于我国及国际上的相关标准.培养3、6和9个月的南泉基地对照组及五里湖移殖组蚌样的重金属污染指数分别为1.8、1.8,2.4、2.1和8.3、16.8,均值综合污染指数分别为0.0218、0.0289,0.0337、0.0218和0.0560、0.0732,属于正常背景水平,并且两水体蚌样的重金属污染指数和均值综合污染指数无显著差异,提示五里湖和南泉基地均未受到明显的重金属污染.     

Metal accumulation in four molluscs

Specimens of mussels (Mytilus edulis), winkles (Littorina littorea), dogwhelks (Nucella lapillus) and limpets (Patella vulgata) were collected from the north-east coast of England in 1980–1981 in order to analyse the dried whole soft tissue for zinc, copper and iron. In each case, only a narrow size range of organisms was collected from a small environmentally homogeneous site and sex was taken into account. Most of the frequency distributions of metal concentrations obtained were found to show significant positive skewness. This skewness could not be explained either by the degree of mobility or type of feeding mechanism of the organisms or by any other known parameter, e.g. size, sex, habitat variation. Some individual mussels were found to be extremely good regulators of their zinc concentrations. On the other hand, other individual mussels had the ability to accumulate unusually high levels of zinc.     

Assessment of tributyltin contamination in a shipyard area using a mussel transplantation approach

Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were transplanted to seven stations around a large shipyard for 126 days to evaluate tributyltin (TBT) contamination. Although the application of TBT-based paints to ships is totally banned in Korea, butyltin compounds were found to accumulate in mussels following transplantation. Concentrations of TBT and total butyltins in transplanted mussels near the shipyard were in the range of 40–350 ng Sn/g and 74–530 ng Sn/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Obviously, low TBT concentrations (6.0–53 ng Sn/g dw) were determined in mussels at four stations outside the shipyard. A negative gradient of TBT concentrations and TBT portion to total butyltin concentrations were found in both the surface water and transplanted mussels according to distance from the shipyard. In addition, TBT concentrations in surface water and transplanted mussels showed significant correlation (r² = 0.71; p < 0.001). These results indicate that the shipyard still releases fresh TBT into surrounding waters even after TBT regulation in Korea, and mussel transplantation is useful in evaluating TBT contamination in shipyard area.     

Impact of rainfall on the hygienic quality of blue mussels and water in urban areas in the Inner Oslofjord,Norway

The effects of precipitation on the hygienic quality of water and blue mussels collected from five different localities in the urban areas in the Inner Oslofjord were investigated, with samples analysed for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., pathogenic Vibrio spp., Norovirus, Sapovirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. The sampling sites were located at varying distances from the outlet of combined sewer overflows (CSO)-impacted rivers/streams. In general, 1–3 log₁₀ increases in fecal indicator bacteria and human pathogens were observed after heavy rainfalls. Blue mussels appeared to be a useful indicator of the impact of sewage at these sites, and generally a good correlation was identified between concentrations of E. coli and other human pathogens in the mussels. Provision of general advice to the public of avoiding areas near the outlets of CSO-impacted rivers after heavy rainfall may reduce the risk of gastroenteritis by bathers and others that may swallow water during recreational activities.     

Field validation,in Scotland and Iceland,of the artificial mussel for monitoring trace metals in temperate seas

The artificial mussel (AM), a novel chemical sampling device, has been developed for monitoring dissolved trace metals in marine environments. The AM consists of Chelex-100 suspended in artificial seawater within Perspex tubing and enclosed with semi-permeable polyacrylamide gel at both ends. To validate the field performance of the AM in temperate waters, we deployed AMs alongside transplanted blue mussels Mytilus edulis in coastal environments in Scotland (Holy Loch, Loch Fyne, Loch Striven and Millport) and Iceland (Reykjavikurhöfn, Gufunes, South of þerney, Hofsvik, Hvalfjörður and Sandgerði) for monitoring trace metals. While uptake patterns of Cd between the AM and M. edulis were highly comparable, discrepancies were found in the accumulation profiles of the other metals (Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn), in particular Zn. Nonetheless, the AMs gave a better resolution to accurately reveal the spatial difference in dissolved metal contamination when compared with M. edulis. AMs complement the use of mussels since AMs indicate dissolved metals in seawater, whereas uptake by mussels indicates a mixture of dissolved and particulate metals. Our results also indicated that historical metal exposure of the transplanted M. edulis could significantly confound their metal concentrations especially when the deployment period was short (i.e. <34 d). This study suggested that the AM can overcome problems associated with variable biological attributes and pre-exposure history in the mussel, and provides a standardized and representative time-integrated estimate of dissolved metal concentrations in different marine environments.     

Mercury pollution in the waters around Harboøre Tange and Limfjord,Denmark

High concentrations of mercury have been measured in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected in two ‘hot spot’ areas: (1) near a closed-down chemical factory on the west coast of the Limfjord, and (2) on groynes in the immediate vicinity of a chemical deposit in the dunes on the Danish west coast. By collecting comparable samples of mussels from chains of buoys, the mercury pollution in the western Limfjord could be traced 50–100 km into the central and innermost parts of the Limfjord as a gradual decreasing mercury concentration gradient. By collecting mussels from groynes north and south of the chemical deposit, it was possible to monitor the relative extent of the mercury leakage to the North Sea before and after the excavation of the deposit. The investigations have demonstrated the applicability of M. edulis as a monitoring organism for mercury when importance is attached to concentration gradients and distribution patterns in well defined and homogeneous samples of mussels collected from natural populations.     

Application of artificial mussels (AMs) under South African marine conditions: A validation study

Over the last three decades there has been a significant decline in the number of marine pollution monitoring-related studies in South Africa. Thus, the current study was conducted to assess the current state of metal contamination within the South African marine environment through the validation of the artificial mussel (AM). Indigenous reference mussels (Perna perna) were deployed alongside the passive device within the South African marine environment for a 6 week exposure period. Analysis of metal uptake (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) was determined by filtration and elution of the AM chelex resins, microwave digestion of the transplanted mussels, and determination of their metal concentrations by ICP-MS and ICP-OES analysis. Uptake patterns between the AM and transplanted mussels showed significant temporal and spatial correlation for the majority of the elements analysed. While the AM provided relevant and complementary information on the dissolved metal concentrations, limitations were also observed.     

Uptake and loss of zinc and lead by mussels (Mytilus edulis) and relationships with body weight and reproductive cycle

The uptake and loss of zinc and lead from the whole soft parts of the mussel Mytilus edulis were investigated under natural conditions in north-east England. Mussels in which high concentrations of these metals were found were transferred to an area where low concentrations were found, and vice versa. Mussels from both areas were also kept in tanks and periodic measurements of metal contents were made. Indications of uptake and loss were greatly affected by changing body weights and the work suggests that phase of reproductive cycle (for animals in the environment) and condition (for animals in tanks) have to be closely considered when reporting on levels of metals in mussels, especially in terms of concentration.     

Measurement of environmental trace-metal levels in Mediterranean coastal areas with transplanted mussels and DGT techniques

Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) devices were deployed together for three one-month periods in coastal waters of Sardinia (Italy), in order to assess the levels of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb in areas differently affected by anthropogenic activities. DGT devices were more sensitive than mussels in detecting differences in metal concentrations between sites, while interpretation of the biomonitoring data revealed difficulties related to the biotic and abiotic factors that can influence the measurements. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation between Cd and Pb concentrations measured in the mussel tissues and bioavailable metal levels in seawater. Moreover transplanted mussels did not accumulate Cu and Ni following pre-exposure, although DGT showed significant concentrations of bioavailable forms of these metals in seawater. The results provided an estimate of the water quality with respect to dissolved metals and pointed out the usefulness of a combination of biomonitoring and DGT techniques for a better understanding of trace metal availability in coastal waters.     

Comparative petroleum hydrocarbons levels and biochemical responses in mussels from hydrothermal vents (Bathymodiolus azoricus) and coastal environments (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

Aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs in the whole soft tissues of Bathymodiolus azoricus from three Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents (Menez-Gwen, Lucky Strike and Rainbow), and Mytilus galloprovincialis from three contaminated coastal sites in South Portugal were analysed, and its effects on the digestive gland microsomes mixed-function oxygenase system (MFO) were assessed.Aliphatic hydrocarbons levels were present in the same magnitude in both coastal and hydrothermal environments, while the UCM (unresolved complex mixture) for coastal mussels were higher than in vent mussels. In general, significantly higher PAHs concentrations were found in coastal mussels, compared to B. azoricus where low molecular weight PAHs (2–3 rings) represented the majority of PAHs contrarily to what was observed in M. galloprovincialis. The MFO components were present in both mussel species, and were detected in vent mussels for the first time. However this system seems to have different roles in species from these contrasting environments. In coastal mussels MFO responded to hydrocarbon contamination while response in hydrothermal organisms appeared to be related mainly to endogenous factors.     

Mussels (Mytilus edulis) as ‘point source’ indicators of trace metal pollution

Using X-ray Energy Spectroscopy trace metal concentrations including Pb, Cu and Zn were studied in the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. These organisms, sampled at intervals of only 1 km and less for a line transect study of the port of Vancouver, Canada, exhibited dramatic concentration variations. In particular, mussels only 30 m from a point source of lead displayed essentially base-line concentrations, representing a decline of two orders of magnitude.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in native and caged mussels.

During 1999, a biological monitoring study was conducted at four sites along the Ligurian coast (Cornigliano, Voltri, Vado Ligure and Sanremo). At each site the concentration and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were investigated in native and caged mussels. The mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), sampled in the Spring and the Autumn, showed different accumulation patterns according to the source of pollution they were exposed to. The PAH concentrations were higher in the native than in the caged mussels. The coastal sites were classified according to PAH concentrations found in mussel tissue samples: Native mussels: Vado Ligure < Voltri < San-remo < = Cornigliano, Caged mussels: Vado Ligure = Voltri = San-remo < Cornigliano. The different classification is explained by the different location of the organisms: native mussels were located near the air-water interface, while caged mussels were situated at -3 m from the water surface. The PAH concentrations in the native and caged mussels showed a similar seasonal variability, and can provide the same information about the sources of PAHs.     

Richards Bay Harbour: metal exposure monitoring over the last 34 years

Richards Bay Harbour is South Africa’s premier bulk cargo port. It was constructed in the Mhlathuze estuary in 1976 and over the past 34 years has become South Africa’s most modern and largest cargo handling port. Although no official monitoring programme is in progress various studies by different groups have provided relevant data with respect to changing metal levels in brown mussel tissue (Perna perna) over the last 34 years. Eleven elements were analysed in brown mussels from the main channel in Richards Bay Harbour using ICP-MS. The results indicate that the metal concentrations in the mussel tissue remained relatively constant between 1974 and 2005. The mean metal concentrations increased significantly in 2005 possibly due to the construction of the new coal terminal and associated dredging activities. Mean metal concentrations in the 2008 sampling event were also elevated due to increased run off during an above average rainy season.     

Adaptation strategy of bivalve Modiolus modiolus from upwelling regions of the Kuril Islands shelf (Sea of Okhotsk) to heavy metal effects

Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn concentration in the organs (muscle, gonads, mantle, gills, digestive gland, kidney) of mussel Modiolus modiolus was studied. Mussels were collected from shelf upwelling sites of Kuril Is. Sea of Okhotsk (104 and 85 m) and, for comparison, coastal high contaminated and clean sites (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). It was found that mussels from shelf upwelling regions accumulated unusually high Cd concentration in studied organs, excepting digestive gland. Shelf mussels have evolved passive adaptation to elevated level of ambient heavy metals (distribution of heavy metal load between all organs, especially, muscle). In contrast, mussels from high contaminated sites have evolved active adaptation (strong regulation of metal concentration in the organs at the maximal permissible concentration due to increased kidney function). We supported that under natural condition, passive adaptation of aquatic organisms to increased ambient metal level have been evolved only under constant low-water temperature.     

Heavy metals and polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds in benthic organisms of the Upper Gulf of Thailand

Concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in bivalves collected in the Upper Gulf of Thailand. PAHs detected included acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, benzo[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, methylphenanthrene, phenanthrene and triphenylene. Benzo[a]pyrene was detected in all species at concentrations varying from 1.0 to 8.2 ng·g^?1. Concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead and nickel were significantly lower in bivalves from the Gulf than in green mussels collected from the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. No correlation was found between metal concentrations in animals and sediment, with the exception of copper. Copper concentrations in polychaetes and clams appeared to correlate with the copper:iron ratio of sediments. High rates of degradation were observed when radiolabelled chlorobenzene, phenanthrene and chrysene were added to water and sediment of the Chao Phraya River. Rates were lower in the waters and sediment of the Gulf of Thailand. The calculated half-lives of chlorobenzene in the Gulf of Thailand and the Chao Phraya River were about 130 and 68 days, respectively.     

Assessment of tributyltin contamination in a shipyard area using a mussel transplantation approach

Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were transplanted to seven stations around a large shipyard for 126 days to evaluate tributyltin (TBT) contamination. Although the application of TBT-based paints to ships is totally banned in Korea, butyltin compounds were found to accumulate in mussels following transplantation. Concentrations of TBT and total butyltins in transplanted mussels near the shipyard were in the range of 40-350 ng Sn/g and 74-530 ng Sn/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Obviously, low TBT concentrations (6.0-53 ng Sn/gdw) were determined in mussels at four stations outside the shipyard. A negative gradient of TBT concentrations and TBT portion to total butyltin concentrations were found in both the surface water and transplanted mussels according to distance from the shipyard. In addition, TBT concentrations in surface water and transplanted mussels showed significant correlation (r(2) = 0.71; p < 0.001). These results indicate that the shipyard still releases fresh TBT into surrounding waters even after TBT regulation in Korea, and mussel transplantation is useful in evaluating TBT contamination in shipyard area.     

Alteration of physico-chemical and microbial properties in freshwater substrates by burrowing invertebrates

The hyporheic interstitial provides habitat for many different organisms – from bacteria to burrowing invertebrates. Due to their burrowing and sediment reworking behaviour, these ecosystem engineers have the potential to affect hyporheic processes such as respiration and nutrient cycling. However, there is a lack of studies that characterize the interactions between bioturbators, physico-chemical habitat properties and microbial communities in freshwater substrates. In a standardized laboratory experiment, we investigated the effects of three functionally different bioturbators, duck mussels (Anodonta anatina, Linnaeus 1758), mayfly nymphs (Ephemera danica, Müller 1764) and tubificid worms (Tubifex tubifex, Müller 1774), on the physico-chemical conditions and bacterial communities in hyporheic substrates. We hypothesized that different invertebrates distinctly alter habitat conditions and thus microbial community composition, depending on the depth and the manner of burrowing. A. anatina and E. danica caused an increase in interstitial oxygen concentration, whereas strong declines in oxygen concentration and redox potential were detected in the T. tubifex treatment. These effects on physico-chemical habitat properties were even detectable in open water. Mussels and tubificid worms also significantly influenced the composition of bacterial communities in the hyporheic zone. A loss or replacement of bioturbators in stream ecosystems due to anthropogenic habitat alterations is expected to result in shifts in microbial community compositions, with effects on nutrient fluxes, pollutant degradation and benthic food webs. An understanding of the effects of functionally different native and invasive bioturbators is crucial to predict changes in stream ecosystem functioning.     

The usefulness of transplantation studies in monitoring of metals in the marine environment: South African experience

Due to their close proximity to the point sources of pollution, estuaries and harbours are exposed to metals. Mussels are used worldwide to monitor marine pollution due to their ability to take up contaminants and the ease of transplantation. Mussels were collected from two reference sites and transplanted in Richards Bay Harbour (2006 and 2010) and in three harbours. Transplanted and resident mussels were removed after 6 weeks exposure and metal concentrations were analysed using ICP-MS techniques. Transplanted mussels had higher metal concentrations than the resident mussels. This was attributed to regulation of metals by the resident mussels. Metal regulation was greater in mussels that are continuously submerged as opposed to those that undergo tidal influences. For monitoring it is essential that the reference population for transplantation is considered carefully as upwelling events in the pristine reference location results in significant increases in metal bioaccumulation.     

Toxicity of tributyltin in the marine mollusc Mytilus edulis

Our previous studies have demonstrated that tributyltin (TBT) is genotoxic to the early life stages of marine mussels and worms. Here, the toxicity of TBT to adult organisms was determined using a suite of biomarkers designed to detect cytotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic effects. Exposure of adult mussels, Mytilus edulis, to environmentally realistic concentrations of TBTO for 7 days resulted in a statistically significant decrease in cell viability at concentrations of 0.5 μg/l and above. TBT had no effect on phagocytic activity or antioxidant capacity (FRAP assay). There was a statistically significant increase in DNA damage detected using the comet and micronucleus assays between the controls and 0.5, 1 and 5 μg/l of TBTO (P > 0.0005). Furthermore there was a strong correlation between DNA strand breaks (comet assay) and formation of micronuclei (P = 0.0005; R² = 61.5%). Possible mechanisms by which TBT could damage DNA either directly or indirectly are discussed including the possibility that TBT is genotoxic due to its ability to disrupt calcium homeostasis.     

Comparison of the effects of pollution on the marine bivalve Donax trunculus in the vicinity of polluted sites with specimens from a clean reference site (Mediterranean Sea)

The physiological and biochemical characteristics of tissue samples of the marine mussel, Donax trunculus, from an oil-polluted site (Qiryat Yam) and from a site adjacent to an industrial factory (Frutarom) producing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were compared with samples from a clean reference site (Akko). All sites were located along the sandy shores of the Israeli Mediterranean Sea. The mussels from the oil-polluted site showed increased activity of the system of active transport of organic anions (SATOA) in the gills and the renocardial organ and also of the multixenobiotic resistance transporter (MXR) in the gills. In contrast, samples collected near the PVC factory showed a decrease in SATOA activity and no increase in the activity of MXR in the gills. Specimens from the reference site demonstrated a redox state of equilibrium between energy production and utilization, while in Donax from both the oil polluted and the PVC-polluted sites, the mitochondrial redox state reflected intensive consumption of energy. No significant changes were found in the activity of reduced glutathione s-transferase (GST) in the cytosolic fraction of the digestive gland of Donax collected from any of the three sites. The data demonstrate a differential increase in the anti-chemical defense systems and an intensification of energy metabolism in the mussels exposed to pollution.