硝化-膜生物反应器处理氨氮废水的研究

为充分考察膜生物反应器的硝化性能 ,采用活性污泥比消化速率 ,对膜生物反应器处理氨氮废水的硝化性能进行了研究。结果表明 :在容积负荷 1.0 96kgNH+ 4 -N/(m3 ·d)的条件下 ,硝化性能稳定 ,氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮的转化率可达 99% ;亚硝化菌和硝化菌在活性污泥中占优势 ,系统中出现了胞外多聚物和可溶性微生物产物的积累。     

源自生物絮团产絮凝剂的异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌xt1的鉴定及其脱氮特性

为了高效进行水体脱氮,本实验从形成于凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖水体的生物絮团中分离到一株具产絮能力的脱氮菌xt1,经16S r RNA基因测序与生理生化分析确定菌株xt1为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。在此基础上,本文研究了该菌的脱氮特性。结果表明:菌株xt1最佳碳源为葡萄糖,以其为底物对氨氮、硝态氮去除率分别达95.56%和57.40%。以蔗糖为碳源亦具较高脱氮率,对氨氮、硝态氮去除率分别达69.95%和49.50%;该菌能利用有机氮加速生长,添加0.25%、0.5%、1%和2%的蛋白胨能促进OD600,分别达到0.925、1.034、1.103和1.314,均高于未加蛋白胨下的生长,且氨氮去除率均超过90%,硝态氮去除率均超过88%;该菌能适应20—200mg/L无机氮浓度;该菌能以NH4+-N、NO2–-N或NO3–-N为唯一氮源进行异养硝化-好氧反硝化,反应84h去除率分别达到94.16%、47.60%和91.17%。其中,该菌的硝化形式是将氨氮转化为气态氮脱除,其硝态氮反硝化形式是先将硝态氮转化为亚硝氮,再以气态氮脱除。在进行异养硝化-好氧反硝化同时,菌株xt1体现絮凝特性,絮凝率最高分别达到82.28%、73.15%和75.60%;此外,添加该菌于养殖水体中能加速生物絮团形成,同时提高脱氮率。各项结果表明,菌株xt1可作为水产养殖水体脱氮的备选菌株。     

胶州湾水域异养细菌、大肠菌群和石油降解菌的生态分布

通过对1991～1998年的胶州湾10个常规监测站的有关微生物方面的分析研究,发现胶州湾水域中异养细菌、大肠菌群、石油降解菌的数量普遍较高,三者在表层水体中的最高值分别达1．1×106,4.6×104,4.6×102个／ml;异养细菌和大肠菌群的数量在胶州湾沿岸区域数量最高,湾心、湾口、湾外数量减少;大肠菌群和异养细菌的数量随季节变化明显,夏天数量多,冬天数量少,春、秋数量居中,与水温有着紧密的关系;石油降解菌的数量一年四季变化不大;异养细菌和大肠菌群之间存在着相关关系,且二者的数量与水域中的溶解有机碳、无机氮、无机磷等营养盐的含量有着一定的关系。     

竹环填料生物滤器在两种海水鱼养殖废水处理中的运行效果及微生物群落分析

以点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricas)、半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)养殖排放水为处理对象,在生产现场研究了竹环填料生物滤器处理高盐度、低氨氮负荷海水养殖废水的运行效果以及挂膜阶段和稳定运行阶段微生物群落变化规律。结果表明,点带石斑鱼养殖废水进水氨氮质量浓度为0.93～1.33 mg/L,氨氮去除率达到27%～39%,挂膜时间需45 d;半滑舌鳎养殖废水进水氨氮质量浓度为0.38～0.52 mg/L,氨氮去除率达到20%～30%,挂膜时间需65 d。另外,对生物滤器挂膜阶段和稳定运行阶段的氨氧化细菌数量和亚硝酸氧化细菌数量进行了统计,氨氧化细菌的数量在点带石斑鱼和半滑舌鳎养殖排放水处理系统中分别达到104～105 CFU/mL和103 CFU/mL,亚硝酸氧化细菌数量则分别达到104 CFU/mL和103 CFU/mL,并分析了温度、进水氨氮负荷、反硝化作用对半滑舌鳎养殖废水生物滤器亚硝酸盐积累现象的影响。     

闽南-台湾浅滩上升流区拮抗菌的初步研究

研究了闽南－台湾浅滩上升流区海洋拮抗菌的生态分布、种类组成及其抗 菌活性。结果表明：在该海区海水中桔抗菌占总异养菌数的１．２～９．４％，沉积物中 则占４．３～１５．６％；拮抗菌的分布具有明显的季节变化，夏季桔抗菌的丰度大于其 他季节，属的组成也较复杂多样。在所分离的桔抗菌中，有６株桔抗菌对多种试验 菌株有不同程度的抑制能力，被鉴定为假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ）、孤菌属（Ｖｉｂｒｏ）、 黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）和无色杆菌属（Ａｃｈｒｏｍｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）。作者讨论了海洋桔抗菌的 时空分布与环境因子的关系及其在海洋环境自净中的作用，阐述了开发、利用海洋 微生物资源的重要性。     

海洋围隔生态的油污染试验 Ⅰ.烃降解菌的生态分布

我们在厦门港东部海域进行围隔生态的油污染试验,研究烃降解菌的生态分布及其与环境因子的相互关系.结果表明:(1)异养菌的数量比烃降解菌数高2-4个数量级;(2)油浓度,颗粒有机碳、氮和磷与菌数有正的相关性;(3)烃降解菌的种类组成为革兰氏阴性菌占绝对优势,其中假单胞菌的检出率为100%;(4)加入分散剂有利于烃降解菌的生长,烃降解菌的数量直接影响降解率.     

高盐条件下pH对同步短程硝化反硝化脱氮性能及微生物群落的影响

本研究采用复合序批式生物膜反应器(HSBBR)处理高盐废水,考察了进水pH对反应器性能和微生物群落结构的影响。进水pH值由7.8降至6.0和5.0以及由5.0恢复到7.8,对污染物去除效能和稳定性影响较小,COD、NH⁺₄-N和总无机氮的平均去除率保持在96%、99%和91%以上。进水pH改变对NO^-₂-N积累产生明显影响,pH为7.8条件下周期内NO^-₂-N最大积累量为7.07～8.15 mg·L^-1,明显高于pH值为6.0和5.0时的值(4.81和2.23 mg·L^-1)。进水pH由5.0提升至7.8悬浮污泥和生物膜的微生物多样性均降低。进水pH为5.0时,反应器内相对丰度前三位的菌属为反硝化菌Defluviicoccus(14.7%～27.3%)和Candidatus＿Competibacter(22.7%～26.0%)及聚磷菌Candidatus＿Accumulibacter(11.8%～17.8%);p...     

海洋亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的多样性分布及其生态功能研究进展

微生物介导的硝化过程是全球氮循环的一个重要环节, 其中催化亚硝酸盐氧化过程的功能菌亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)受到越来越广泛的关注。目前已鉴定的NOB涵盖4个菌门, 分属7个菌属。其中, 亚硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)由于多样性高、分布广泛成为近年来的研究热点。文章综述了NOB多样性组成、系统进化关系、生态分布特征以及亚硝酸盐氧化和自养固碳的过程机制, 阐述了其在海洋碳氮生物地球化学循环中的功能, 并展望了本领域的研究热点。     

草鱼混养系统细菌数量变动和群落功能多样性研究

为了解草鱼混养系统不同养殖模式的细菌数量变动和群落功能多样性,采用平板菌落计数法和吖啶橙直接镜检计数法(AODC)研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)混养系统水体和底泥的异养菌和总菌的数量,并应用BIOLOG生态微板对3个模式中水体和底泥的微生物群落功能多样性进行探讨。结果表明,3个模式的水体中异养菌数和总菌数均随月份呈先下降后上升的趋势,而底泥中异养菌数量和总菌数则为先升高后降低再升高的趋势。不同模式比较,草鱼、鲢鱼和鲤鱼混养系统(GSC)中水体和底泥中异养菌数和总菌数要显著高于其它模式(P<0.05)。BIOLOG生态微板实验结果显示,不同养殖模式环境中细菌群落对碳源利用以及细菌群落多样性均存在差异。随着养殖时间延长,GSC三元混养模式水体和底泥中细菌功能多样性和代谢活性均显著高于其它模式(P<0.05)。研究表明,草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidellus)、鲢鱼(Hypophythalmichthys molitrix)和鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)的三元合理混养使得系统中微生物的结构和功能得到优化,细菌群落的组成与代谢功能更趋于丰富化和多样化。     

不同污染负荷对移动床生物膜反应器处理海水养殖废水的性能及微生物群落的影响

应用缺氧/好氧—移动床生物膜反应器(Anoxic/Aerobic-Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor,A/O-MBBR)系统,通过固定进水COD与无机氮之比C/N为12,将COD依次设置为150、300、350和450mg·L~(-1)时,探讨反应器对海水养殖废水中氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮及COD的去除效果,并分析微生物群落变化及响应。结果表明,在进水COD为150mg·L~(-1)、无机氮12.5mg·L~(-1)时,反应器运行效果最佳,此时氨氮、硝氮、COD和亚硝氮的去除率分别为93.7%(出水0.3 mg·L~(-1)),87.5%(出水0.7mg·L~(-1)),98.2%(出水3mg·L~(-1)),86.9%(出水0.1mg·L~(-1))。当COD提高至450mg·L~(-1)时,氨氮去除率逐渐降低到40.7%,亚硝氮在COD为350mg·L~(-1)时去除率降低至22.5%。在整个系统运行过程中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是反应器中的绝对优势类群。当COD由150mg·L~(-1)上升到350mg·L~(-1)时,变形菌门的相对丰度却由63.9%~75.2%提高到88.1%~92.4%;拟杆菌门的相对丰度则由11.9%~13.0%降低到4.5%~5.4%;引起污泥膨胀的发硫菌属(Thiothrix)的相对丰度由6.24%~7.08%增加到58.16%~76.74%,表明反应器污泥膨胀趋势加剧。应用A/O-MBBR工艺处理海水养殖废水时,在COD为150mg·L~(-1)时效果较好,随着COD浓度提高,引起污泥膨胀的微生物开始大量滋生。     

Abundance and biomass of heterotrophic microbes in the Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

1Introduction Heterotrophicmicrobesarenowconsideredtobe significantcomponentsofthestructureandfunctionof marinepelagicecosystems.Heterotrophicbacteriacon- stituteamajorpoolofbiomassinopenecosystem (WilhelmandSuttle,1999).Theyconsumealargepor- tionofprimaryproduction(Li,1998;Sherryetal., 2002;Lietal.,2004),andtheymineralizemostofthe dissolvedorganiccarbonthattheyconsume(Azamet al.,1983;Richetal.,1997;Azam,1998).Therolesof planktonicprotists,suchasheterotrophicflagellates andciliates,inmicro…     

海洋微微型蓝藻与异养细菌相互作用的研究进展

菌藻相互作用是海洋生态学领域研究的重要方向之一.海洋微微型蓝藻(Marine picocyanobacteria)是遍布全球海洋的重要初级生产者,在全球碳循环和微食物网中发挥重要作用.原绿球藻属(Prochlorococcus)和聚球藻属(Synechococcus)是海洋微微型蓝藻最重要的两个类群.原位调查和培养实验...     

Mesoscale and microscale spatial variability of bacteria and viruses during a Phaeocystis globosa bloom in the Eastern English Channel

Sampling was conducted within inshore and offshore sites, characterized by highly dissimilar hydrodynamic and hydrobiological conditions, in the Eastern English Channel. The eutrophic inshore site was dominated by the influence of a dense bloom of the Prymnesiophyceae phytoplankton species Phaeocystis globosa, while the offshore site was characterized by more oceanic conditions. Within each site the microscale distributions of chlorophyll a and several flow cytometrically-defined subpopulations of heterotrophic bacteria and viruses were measured at a spatial resolution of 5 cm. The inshore site was characterized by comparatively high levels of microscale spatial variability, with concentrations of chlorophyll a, heterotrophic bacteria, and viruses varying by 8, 11 and 3.5-fold respectively across distances of several centimeters. Within the offshore site, microscale distributions of chlorophyll a and bacteria were markedly less variable than within the inshore site, although viruses exhibited slightly higher levels of heterogeneity. Significant mesoscale variability was also observed when mean microbial parameters were compared between the inshore and offshore sites. However, when the extent of change (max/min and coefficient of variation) was compared between meso- and microscales, the variability observed at the microscale, particularly in the inshore site, was substantially greater. This pattern suggests that microscale processes associated with Phaeocystis globosa bloom dynamics can generate heterogeneity amongst microbial communities to a greater degree than large scale oceanographic discontinuities.     

Seasonal Changes in Nano/Micro-Zooplankton Herbivory and Heterotrophic Nano-Flagellates Bacterivory off Cape Esan, Southwestern Hokkaido, Japan

Seasonal changes in nano/micro-zooplankton grazing on pico-, nano- and micro-size phytoplankton and heterotrophic nano-flagellates (HNF) feeding on heterotrophic bacteria were quantified by the dilution technique in the surface layer off Cape Esan, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan. Pico- and nano-size phytoplankton were major components throughout the year except in spring when a diatom bloom was observed. Although there was little seasonal variation in bacteria and HNF biomass throughout the year, the micro-zooplankton biomass varied appreciably with a peak in spring. Nano/micro-zooplankton grazing or feeding on pico-size chl-a and bacteria were well balanced throughout the year. However, nano-size and micro-size chl-a growth were much greater than grazing in summer. Nano/micro-zooplankton ingestion of phytoplankton was greater than their ingestion of bacteria almost throughout the year, which suggests phytoplankton are more important as food sources of nano/micro-zooplankton in microbial food webs off Cape Esan than bacteria off Cape Esan. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of an Artificial Breakwater on the Distributions of Planktonic Microbial Communities

The summer distributions of planktonic microbial communities (heterotrophic and phtosynthetic bacteria, phtosynthetic and heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliate plankton, and microphytoplankton) were compared between inner and outer areas of Lake Sihwa, divided by an artificial breakwater, located on the western coast of Korea, in September 2003. The semienclosed, inner area was characterized by hyposaline surface water (<17 psu), and by low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (avg. 0.4 mg L¹) and high concentrations of inorganic nutrients (nitrogenous nutrients >36 μM, phosphate <4 μM) in the bottom layer. Higher densities of heterotrophic bacteria and nanoflagellates also occurred in the inner area than did in the outer area, while microphytoplankton (mainly diatoms) occurred abundantly in the outer area. A tiny tintinnid ciliate, Tintinnopsis nana, bloomed into more than 10⁶ cells L¹ at the surface layer of the inner area, while its abundance was much lower (10³-10⁴ cells L¹) in the outer area of the breakwater. Ciliate abundance was highly correlated with heterotrophic bacteria (r = 0.886, p < 0.001) and heterotrophic flagellates (r = 0.962, p < 0.001), indicating that rich food availability may have led to theT. nana bloom. These results suggest that the breakwater causes the eutrophic environment in artificial lakes with limited flushing of enriched water and develops into abundant bacteria, nanoflagellates, and ciliates.     

膜生物反应器的建模模拟

膜生物反应器相对于传统污水处理方法对污水有较好的处理效果,有着良好的应用前景。文中介绍了膜生物反应器建模的发展和现状,分别就污泥模型、膜污染模型和整合膜生物反应器模型进行了论述,介绍了模型的应用和今后的发展方向。     

Diel microbial variations at a coastal Northern Adriatic station affected by Po River outflows

Diel sampling was performed during an early spring survey in the Northern Adriatic Sea at a coastal station off the Po River delta. Samples were taken every 6 h at spring tide maxima and minima in the sub-superficial layer, at the maximum fluorescence depth (∼3 m). Variations in microbial community structure and its processes were assessed by considering heterotrophic bacteria, picocyanobacteria, viruses, exoenzymatic activities, microphytoplankton, nanoplankton and bacterial/cyanobacterial Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles. A considerable diatom bloom, mostly supported by Skeletonema marinoi was detected. All microbial parameters except viruses, showed a sinusoidal trend with a 12 h period; only picocyanobacteria expressed relative maxima during high tide, showing a phase in opposition to the other parameters. No substantial changes in DGGE band patterns were detected. Even though the results showed bacterial activities to be influenced by the phytoplankton bloom, all microbial parameters' diel trends (except viruses) preferentially followed the tidal fluctuation rather than the light:dark cycle.     

两种微藻对凡纳滨对虾养殖环境中细菌数量变化的影响

往凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)养殖水体中引入波吉卵囊藻(Oocystisbor gei)和微绿球藻(Nannochlorisoculata),检测对虾养殖水体及虾体中异养菌和弧菌数量的变化,研究这两种微藻对对虾养殖环境细菌数量变化的影响.结果表明:引入波吉卵囊藻和微绿球藻能有效地抑制异养菌和弧菌的生长.实验组中养殖水体、凡纳滨对虾肌肉及肝胰脏中的异养菌和弧菌的数量都比对照组明显降低,特别是肝胰脏中弧菌数量在实验后期比前期降低了两个数量级;波吉卵囊藻实验组的抗弧菌作用最强.由此可见,采用选择优良藻种进行微藻生态调控对防治对虾疾病有着重要作用.     

北部湾北部海域水体异养细菌的时空分布特征研究

为探讨环境因素对异养细菌丰度的影响,2016年9月至2017年8月通过月度航次调查对北部湾北部海域异养细菌丰度的时空分布特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,调查海区异养细菌丰度介于（2.75~56.86）×105 cell/mL,平均值为（11.01±6.31）×105 cell/mL。各季节细菌丰度从高至低依次为:夏季、春季、冬季、秋季。异养细菌丰度由近岸海域向西南深水区方向逐渐降低,在近岸浅水区垂直分布均匀,在水深大于20 m的海区出现季节性分层现象:表层细菌丰度较高,底层细菌丰度较低。主成分分析显示温度对异养细菌时空分布有重要影响,秋、冬季异养细菌丰度与温度呈显著负相关,在春、夏季呈显著正相关。细菌丰度与盐度呈显著负相关,说明海水盐度变化是细菌时空分布重要影响因素。异养细菌丰度与叶绿素a和溶解氧含量呈显著正相关,表明浮游植物初级生产过程影响了异养细菌的时空分布。在秋、冬和春3季异养细菌丰度与营养盐水平呈显著负相关,二者关系受浮游植物生物量间接影响。异养细菌时空分布差异取决于环境条件的变化,温度、盐度、叶绿素a和溶解氧含量是影响异养细菌丰度分布的主要因素。