武水河上游区域土壤重金属污染风险及来源分析

生态功能区在涵养水源、保持水土、维系生物多样性等方面具有重要的作用。本文以位于南岭生态功能区的流域——武水流域为研究对象,采集流域上游交通运输用地、采矿用地、工业用地、耕地及林地5种土地利用类型土壤样品,分析7种重金属Cd、As、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量特征,采用内梅罗综合污染指数评价重金属污染的程度,Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价土壤重金属潜在生态风险,并应用主成分分析法探究重金属污染的来源。研究结果显示,武水河上游地区土壤重金属Cd、As、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为1.28、72.44、54.62、0.27、68.32、72.29和158.42mg/kg,均高于土壤背景值,其中采矿用地土壤重金含量除Hg外均高于其他类型土壤。均值状态下土壤中Cd和As单因子污染指数分别为5.07、3.25,其中采矿用地中Cd单因子污染指数可达13.59;土壤重金属综合污染指数表明,采矿用地污染最为严重,其次是工业用地,林地呈安全状态。潜在生态危害指数评价结果显示,采矿用地和工业用地达到了强生态危害,其他类型土壤为轻微生态危害,而采矿用地土壤中Cd达到极强生态危害,As为强生态危害。土壤重金属来源研究结果表明,As、Cd、Cu和Zn来源于矿山开采及工业活动,Ni和Hg主要来源于成土母质,Pb则来源于交通运输。研究认为:武水流域上游区土壤重金属污染情况较为严重,Cd和As是区内主要的风险因子,主要来源于矿山开采以及工业活动。     

Heavy metal anomalies in the Tinto and Odiel River and estuary system,Spain

The Tinto and Odiel rivers drain 100 km from the Rio Tinto sulphide mining district, and join at a 20-km long estuary entering the Atlantic Ocean. A reconnaissance study of heavy metal anomalies in channel sand and overbank mud of the river and estuary by semi-quantitative emission dc-arc spectrographic analysis shows the following upstream to downstream ranges in ppm (μg g^?1): As 3,000 to <200, Cd 30 to <0.1, Cu 1,500 to 10, Pb 2,000 to <10, Sb 3000 to <150, and Zn 3,000 to <200. Organic-rich (1.3–2.6% total organic carbon, TOC), sandysilty overbank clay has been analyzed to represent suspended load materials. The high content of heavy metals in the overbank clay throughout the river and estuary systems indicates the importance of suspended sediment transport for dispersing heavy metals from natural erosion and anthropogenic mining activities of the sulfide deposit. The organic-poor (0.21–0.37% TOC) river bed sand has been analyzed to represent bedload transport of naturally-occurring sulfide minerals. The sand has high concentrations of metals upstream but these decrease an order of magnitude in the lower estuary. Although heavy metal contamination of estuary mouth beach sand has been diluted to background levels estuary mud exhibits increased contamination apparently related to finer grain size, higher organic carbon content, precipitation of river-borne dissolved solids, and input of anthropogenic heavy metals from industrial sources. The contaminated estuary mud disperses to the inner shelf mud belt and offshore suspended sediment, which exhibit metal anomalies from natural erosion and mining of upstream Rio Tinto sulphide lode sources (Pb, Cu, Zn) and industrial activities within the estuary (Fe, Cr, Ti). Because heavy metal contamination of Tinto-Odiel river sediment reaches or exceeds the highest levels encountered in other river sediments of Spain and Europe, a detailed analysis of metals in water and suspended sediment throughout the system, and epidemiological analysis of heavy metal effects in humans is appropriate.     

金矿区河水和底泥中重金属含量分布与耦合关系

河流中河水与底泥中重金属含量之间的关系对于河流污染防治意义重大。对某金矿区3种典型河流的河水与底泥中的重金属含量进行分析,发现4条河流均有超过国家标准限值的情况,河水中7种重金属元素均出现超标,Cr、As元素超标不严重;底泥中Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn超标,其中Hg超标最严重,河水和底泥中Hg最大超标倍数分别达到3099倍和244倍。河流中重金属主要赋存形态为沉积态,底泥的吸附解吸作用是河流底泥和河水中重金属沿程变化的主控因素;金矿区区域上河水和底泥中重金属很好地服从Langmuir等温吸附模式。矿业活动、地层岩性均会影响底泥对重金属的平均最大吸附容量,流径黄土区的双桥河平均最大吸附容量最大。研究结果为矿山河流污染防治与预警提供了参考依据。     

河流沿岸土壤对上游矿山及矿山开发的环境地球化学响应——以广西刁江流域为例

刁江流域上游的矿山和矿山开发引发了显著的土壤环境地球化学变化,突出表现是沿岸形成了严重的土壤重金属污染带。污染带的分布与近20多年来的洪水淹没区和引水灌溉区呈现高度的一致性。上游地带的土壤污染区有明显的尾砂沉积,污染呈显性状态,而下游地带的尾砂沉积现象不明显,污染表现为隐性。无论是上游还是下游,土壤中的As、Pb、Zn、Cd含量均异常高。水田的犁底层对污染物质具有明显的隔断作用,而旱地淀积层中的污染物含量比较高,对污染物质的隔断作用不明显。污染耕地上生产的玉米中的Cd、Pb、Zn含量和大米中的Cd、Pb含量超过国家食品卫生标准。     

Accumulation and risk of heavy metals in relation to agricultural intensification in the river sediments of agricultural regions

The enrichment characteristics and risk of heavy metals were studied in the sediments of Liucha River in Chao Lake Valley, where agricultural intensification has developed rapidly since the 1980s. The results revealed that Cd, Pb and Zn showed the lowest levels in the upper reaches and peak values in the lower reaches, increasing from 0.064, 7.75 and 59.75 mg/kg to 0.176, 12.33 and 96.82 mg/kg on average, respectively. Enrichment factor (EF) analysis showed that the EF values of Cd, Pb and Zn (maximum 4.76, 2.51 and 2.74, respectively) all increased from the upper reaches to the lower reaches (>1.5), while correlation analysis and cluster analysis showed that they primarily originated from the extensive use of phosphate fertilizer. In addition, the comprehensive potential ecological risk due to Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sediments showed low degree, but Cd showed moderate and high risk at some sites. Therefore, heavy metal pollution due to agricultural intensification in the agricultural regions of Chao Lake Valley should be given great attention during management of the water environment.     

湘江入湖河段沉积物重金属污染及其Pb同位素地球化学示踪

湘江是我国重金属污染最严重的河流之一.本次工作利用等离子质谱(ICP-MS)和多接收同位素质谱(MC-ICP-MS)等技术,对湘江入湖河段沉积物进行了系统的重金属微量元素和Pb同位素分析.结果表明,湘江河床沉积物明显富集Bi、Sc、V、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Sn、Sb等多种重金属微量元素,而湖盆沉积物重金...     

滇西沘江流域水体中重金属元素的地球化学特征

通过测定流经兰坪金顸铅锌矿区的沘江水体中Pb、Zn、Cd、As的含量和底泥中重金属元素的化学形态的含量,分析了重金属元素的分布和化学形态的变化。结果表明,沘江水遭到了Cd污染,底泥已经成为重金属元素的蓄积库,以国家土壤环境质量标准（Ⅲ级）衡量,Pb、Zn、Cd和舡分别超标3．4倍、15．8倍、106倍和2．6倍。沘江水中重金属元素含量的峰值在矿山附近的下游,而底泥中重金属元素的峰值在矿山下游30-50km的地方,矿业活动、水流变缓、pH等水体环境条件的变化都能影响水和底泥中重金属元素的含量。底泥中的Pb以碳酸盐结合态为主,Zn和Cd以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,而As以残渣态为主。Pb、Cd、Zn三种元素的环境有效态含量比较高,对沘江流域生态环境具有潜在的巨大的危害。     

铜陵矿区主要河流水质分析与污染评价

铜陵矿区是长江下游重要的铜铁资源基地,也是典型的含硫多金属矿区,矿山酸性废水是矿业开发活动不可避免的环境问题,对地表水体有很大影响。本文以铜陵矿区主要河流为研究对象,通过野外调查采样和室内测试分析,从常规理化性质、矿山酸性废水和重金属元素三方面分析了的水质现状,采用单因子指数和内梅罗水质指数法进行了污染评价。结果表明:(1)矿区河流污染成分以有机污染和矿山酸性废水污染为主,其次是重金属污染。(2)在检测的46个河段中, 按综合污染指数大小分级,共计有93.48%的河段受到不同程度的污染,其中,水质严重污染的河段占 4.35%,水质重污染的河段占13.04%,水质污染的河段占 65.22%,水质轻污染的河段占10.87%;共计有6.52%的河段水质较好,均为清洁状态。(3)3条河流按污染程度大小依次为新桥河>顺安河>红星河,除顺安河外,其他均受到了矿山酸性废水污染。今后应重点关注矿山酸性废水的污染机理与风险评估,加强矿区水环境保护与恢复治理工作。     

Speciation and mobility of heavy metals in mud in coastal reclamation areas in Shenzhen,China

Coastal reclamation has been carried out along the coastal areas near Shenzhen, China in a large scale since 1980s by dumping fill materials over the marine mud at the sea bottom. Usually the area to be reclaimed is drained first and some of the mud is air-dried for a few weeks before it is buried by fill. After reclamation, the terrestrial groundwater, which is relatively acidic and with high dissolved oxygen, gradually displaces the seawater, which is alkaline with high salinity. The changes in the burial conditions of mud and the properties of the pore water in the mud may induce the release of some heavy metals into the mud. Field survey confirms that the pH and salinity of the groundwater in the reclamation site are much lower than the seawater. Chemical analyses of mud and groundwater samples collected from the reclamation sites reclaimed in different years indicate that most of the heavy metals in the mud decrease gradually with time, but the heavy metals in the groundwater are increased. The release of heavy metals into pore water due to reactivation of heavy metals in the mud is of environmental concern. To understand why some of the heavy metals can be released from the mud more easily than others, a sequential extraction method was used to study the operationally determined chemical forms of five heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in the mud samples. Heavy metals can be presented in five chemical forms: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe–Mn oxide, organic, and residual. Ni and Pb were mainly associated with the Fe–Mn oxide fraction and carbonate fraction; Zn was mainly associated with organic fraction and Fe–Mn oxide fraction, while Cu and Cd were associated with organic fraction and carbonate fraction, respectively. If the residual fraction can be considered as an inert phase of the metal that cannot be mobilized, it is the other four forms of heavy metal that cause the noticeable changes in the concentration of heavy metals in the mud. On the basis of the speciation of heavy metals, the mobility of metals have the following order: Pb (36.63%) > Cu (31.11%) > Zn (20.49%) > Ni (18.37%) > Cd (13.46%). The measured metal mobility fits reasonably well with the degree of concentration reduction of the metals with time of burial observed in the reclamation site.     

江西省德兴矿区土壤重金属污染的综合评价分析

在对德兴矿区可能存在重金属污染的地区进行取样、检测的基础之上,采用了不同方法对德兴矿区土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,德兴地区存在不同程度的砷、汞、铬、镉、锌、铜和铅重金属污染,尤其以德兴矿区为中心的区域污染最为严重。此外,乐安河中下游沿岸地区、西北方向的煤矿区均有不同程度的重金属污染。     

雄安新区白洋淀表层沉积物重金属地球化学特征及生态风险评价

【研究目的】白洋淀为雄安新区核心生态功能区,为支撑白洋淀湿地生态修复与保护,系统开展了全淀区表层沉积物环境质量调查。【研究方法】在白洋淀湿地采集表层沉积物样品484组,查明了白洋淀表层沉积物重金属地球化学特征,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法等多种方法开展了重金属生态风险评价。【研究结果】白洋淀表层沉积物重金属含量普遍偏高于河北省表层土壤重金属含量背景值,府河入淀口及白沟引河入淀口为重金属元素主要富集区,入淀河流输入为白洋淀重金属主要来源;环境地球化学综合评价结果为清洁无污染等级分布面积144.54 km²,占表层沉积物分布总面积的96.68%;各重金属污染程度由重到轻排序为Cd＞Cu＞Hg＞Pb＞Zn＞Ni＞Cr＞As,Cd元素污染程度等级以中度和偏中度为主,Cu元素以轻度和清洁为主,其他元素以清洁无污染为主;重金属潜在生态风险以轻度和中度为主,河流入淀口所在淀区重金属潜在生态风险高于其他淀区,潜在生态风险由高到低排序为南刘庄＞烧车淀＞小白洋淀＞王家寨＞藻苲淀＞捞王淀＞池鱼淀＞泛鱼淀。【结论】白洋淀表层沉积物环境质量总体较好,南刘庄等局部淀区存在重金属污染潜在生态风险,以Cd元素污染最为突出。创新点：采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法等多种方法,系统评价白洋淀湿地表层沉积物重金属污染程度和生态风险;重金属地球化学特征分析与主成分分析法相结合,揭示表层沉积物重金属污染主要来源为河流输入。     

Heavy metal accumulation in river sediments: A response to environmental pollutionSchwermetall-anreicherung in fluviatilen sedimenten als ausdruck der verschmutzung unserer umwelt

As evidenced by catastrophic cadmium and mercury poisonings in japan, heavy metals belong to the most toxic environmental pollutants. Through the investigation of sediments, the extent, distribution and provenance of heavy metal contamination in rivers and lakes can be determined and traced. Eight heavy metals from the clay fraction of sediments from major rivers within the Federal Republic of Germany were determined by means of atomic adsorption spectrometry. Heavy metals especially known for their high toxicity are enriched most: mercury, lead and zinc by a factor of 10; cadmium by a factor of 50, as compared with the natural background of these elements. A mobilisation of heavy metals from the suspended load and from the sediments, as to be observed in rivers approaching the marine enviromment, could endanger marine organisms, thus negatively influencing the acquatic food chain. With a further increase of heavy metal pollution, a threat to the drinking water supplied by rivers and lakes cannot be excluded.     

Distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Ganges- Brahmaputra-Meghna river system in the Bengal basin

 The lower Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (G-B-M) drainage basin occupies the total Bengal Basin, which is one of the unique basins of the world because of its location and size, density of population, and catastrophic deposition of sediments. The increased heavy metal concentration in the 63 m fraction of surface sediments shows similarity among major segments of the G-B-M system in the basin, which reflects the homogenization of lithologic and chemical diversity of the greater denudation regime by the river processes. The differences in heavy metal concentation in the lower G-B-M system with that of its upper and middle counterpart is mainly related to the contrast between Himalayan rivers and the other major South Asian rivers, and may be due to the geological differences of their denudation regime. Heavy metals in the Lower G-B-M system have an affinity towards the clay fraction of the sediments. The correlation matix of heavy metals in the lower Brahmaputra and Meghna suggests the importance of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides in their accumulations. Iron, Ti and Mn are higher in the Meghna main channel, Zn is higher in the Meghna tributaries, and Cr is higher in both the Brahmaputra and Meghna compared to the value for standard shale. The enrichment factor is ≤1 for most of the metals except Mn which is relatively higher in the Meghna and lower Ganges main channels. The geoaccumulation index (I_geo) for most of the heavy metals lies below grade zero, suggesting unpolluted sediment quality. The lower Ganges system shows relatively higher concentration in the nondetrital fraction of heavy metals, probably due to the presence of petroleum refinery, industrial and mining effluents, and agricultural runoff in the drainage basin. The relative uniformity in concentration of heavy metals in vertical profiles may be due to the uniformity in sediment grain size and catastrophic deposition of sediments, where the time period represented by the vertical sediment column is not enough to reflect the cultural accumulation of heavy metals. The Bengal basin thus represents a relatively unperturbed alluvial basin with regards to heavy metal pollution. Received: 21 July 1997 · Accepted: 13 October 1997     

吉林省部分河流与湖泊表层沉积物中重金属的分布规律

河流的水化学组成具有多样性和易变性,而湖泊水则因其交换缓慢,即使与河流所在地区的气候条件和地球化学条件相似,其化学组成也明显区别于河流,沉积物中重金属的分布也不同.利用形态分析、相关分析和地累积指数法研究了吉林省境内部分河流、湖泊沉积物重金属分布规律.研究结果表明,伊通河和南湖重金属元素生物可利用态含量都很高,存在较大的、潜在的生态危害,Pb、Cu在有机物态中表现出明显的赋存趋势;河流沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn与pH值显著相关,但湖泊中却相关性不显著.河流沉积物受重金属污染较严重,污染程度最高达到4级,属强污染,湖泊污染程度较轻.     

Metal fractionation and pollution risk assessment of different sediment sizes in three major southwestern rivers of Caspian Sea

To assess the risk of release and percentage of heavy metals in river sediment, nine stations were set up to sample surface sediments from three important rivers situated southwest of the Caspian Sea (the Shafaroud, Karaganroud, and Choubar Rivers). Chemical analyses were conducted on sediment with particle sizes of >38, 63–38, 63–125, 125–250, 250–500 and 500–1000 µm using metal fractionation to determine the degree of risk release and the heavy metal pollution. Common risk indices were used including the cumulative indices of pollution intensity assessment and risk release standards (the modified pollution degree and ecological risk). Generally, when sediment sizes are decreased, the concentration of heavy metals is both larger and greater than the mean concentration of global sediments and earth crust. However, in this research, the concentration of all the metals did not necessarily increase with a decrease in the size of particles. In fact, concentration of cobalt, vanadium, cadmium, and chromium was greater in sediment particle sizes over 63 μm. The results of chemical fractionation analyses indicated that the release risk of metals has two initial phases for: (1) exchangeable bond (F1) and (2) carbonated bond (F2). When compared with other metals, nickel had the greatest tendency to bond within the loose exchangeable phase (F1) across all the stations. Furthermore, with changes in the size of particles, the percentage of heavy metal changes across different bond phases, but will be the greatest in the loose exchangeable phase (F1). This was observed with cobalt, nickel, and chromium at particle sizes larger than 63 μm. The results of ecological risk and modified pollution degree indices indicated that the highest level of pollution was related to sediments with sizes between 63 and 250 μm. Eventually, in order to assess the risk extent of metals present in sediment, a cumulative index referred to as the modified risk assessment code was utilized. It suggested that the greatest risk of toxicity in some stations has been related to particles larger than 63 μm.     

Spatial variations and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments on the upper reaches of Hun River, Northeast China

The distribution, accumulation, and ecological risk of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, and As) in the surface sediment were investigated in the upper reaches of Hunhe River, Northeast China. Sediment samples from 51 points throughout the upper reaches of Hunhe River were collected and measured for heavy metal concentrations, TN content, and TP content. Results showed that heavy metal concentrations at the vicinity of mines and towns were higher than those at other locations. According to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), Cd and Zn were enriched in the sediments. The correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted to assess the heavy metal sources. Close correlations between metal distribution and TP indicated that the sediments may be affected by application of phosphate fertilizer. Elements, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and As, were grouped together, reflecting they were released from the same sources. PCA suggested that their primary sources were anthropogenic, namely mining and extensive use of fertilizers. Therefore, heavy metal pollution due to mining and agricultural intensification in the upper Hunhe River basin should be taken into account during the formation of regional management strategies for the water environment.     

北京市密云水库上游土壤重金属污染调查评价

2002年9月在密云水库周边及上游地区(北京境内)总共采集土样98个,以《土壤环境质量标准》GB15168-95Ⅰ级标准为评价标准,对密云水库上游地区土壤重金属Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的污染状况作了初步评价。研究结果发现密云水库周边及上游地区重金属污染以Cr和Hg为主,牤牛河上游为污染最严重地区,清水河上游、潮河下游放马峪地区、德田沟--崎峰茶地区受Cr元素轻度污染。该地区土壤重金属污染,主要原因是金属矿山不合理排放的尾砂及废矿石等人为因素所致。     

攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿区土壤重金属地球化学特征及污染评价

为了解攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿区土壤重金属的特征及污染程度,采集了矿区表层土壤样品和两个土壤剖面,用多种分析方法有针对性地分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Ti、V、Co、Ni、As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Mn十二种元素。在分析分布特征基础上,对重金属进行了污染物负荷指数评价,结果发现:1)攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿矿区表层土壤大部分属于中等污染,少数属于强污染,个别达到了极强污染;2)Co、V、Cu、Cd、Ti几种元素的最高污染系数大,Zn、Mn、Ni、Cr四种元素的最高污染系数次之,Hg、Pb两种元素的最高污染系数较小,As的最高污染系数最小;3)从各区域的污染物负荷指数来看,排土场周围和朱矿采矿场下游附近污染程度较大,远离矿区以及矿区上游污染较小。     

内蒙古废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染生态环境评价及成因分析

为研究内蒙古赤峰市废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染特征、潜在生态风险及成因分析，共采集83份表层土壤样品和6个土壤钻孔。采用ArcGIS空间插值分析方法研究As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Mo和Zn的空间分布，构建重金属扰动指数函数研究重金属受人类活动的污染程度，利用地累积指数法验证矿区周围土壤重金属污染程度，通过相关性分析判断重金属来源并讨论污染成因。结果表明：矿区周围土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Mo平均含量明显高于矿区周边背景值，高含量主要分布尾矿库周围，主要来源为矿山采选活动；Cr和Ni基本无污染，主要来源为母岩风化。通过重金属扰动指数函数计算发现：采用区域背景值对矿区周围进行重金属污染评价夸大了矿山采选活动对矿区周围土壤重金属的污染，矿区周围土壤重金属污染是由于天然重金属富集和采矿活动共同作用下的“双驱动模式”导致，尾矿库周围土壤重金属污染程度随着与尾矿库水平距离的增加和深度的加大而逐渐降低。降水量丰富程度是影响重金属迁移能力的关键因素，该矿处于降水量匮乏地区，尾矿库对周围土壤重金属污染范围有限，对生态环境影响轻微。     

Immobilization of Cd,Zn and Pb in sewage sludge using red mud

Sewage sludge is an inevitable end by-product of sewage treatment. Land application provides a cost-effective alternative for sewage sludge disposal. However, sewage sludge contains heavy metals that may limit its application. In this work, red mud was employed for the immobilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge. The effect of red mud amendment on heavy metal immobilization was evaluated using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) method. The TCLP results showed that the immobilization efficiency of Cd, Zn and Pb was 100, 92, and 82%, respectively, when sewage sludge was mixed with 10% red mud. Tests carried out in leaching columns demonstrated that heavy metal concentrations in the leachate of 10% red mud amended sludge were lower than those of the unamended sludge. Moreover, red mud decreased plant available heavy metal (Cd, Zn and Pb) content from 18.1, 17.2 and 14.6% to 6.9, 11.4 and 7.6%, respectively. Sequential chemical extraction experiments showed that after sludge was amended with 10% red mud, exchangeable fraction was reduced and iron and manganese oxides fraction was increased. Red mud amendment can effectively immobilize Cd, Zn and Pb in sewage sludge before land application.