山东省极端强降水天气概念模型研究

利用山东省1971—1999年逐日降水资料,采用百分位法确定各站极端强降水阈值。据此阈值,在2000—2009年中挑选了39个极端强降水天气过程并进行天气分型,得到高空槽类、副高外围类、切变线类、气旋类、热带气旋类5类极端强降水概念模型。研究表明:切变线类、气旋类和热带气旋类暴雨区范围较大,而高空槽类和副高外围类暴雨区范围较零散;5类极端强降水均伴有低空急流,暴雨区一般位于700 hPa与850 hPa切变线(或槽线)之间、低空急流左侧风向风速辐合处;高空槽类、副高外围类、切变线类一型和气旋类均有冷空气影响,暴雨区位于850 hPa冷温度槽前部;5类极端强降水的产生机制不同,落区与θse的配置也不尽相同。     

贵州中西部地区一次台风暴雨天气过程的诊断分析及数值模拟

利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2014年9月16—18日发生在贵州中西部地区的一次台风暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析,并利用中尺度模式WRF对该次过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明:此次暴雨天气过程具有降水强度大、持续时间长的特点。强降水时段主要有两个时段,且两个时段降水时空特征存在区别及其主要影响的天气系统也不一致。第1时段主要受1415号台风"海鸥"外围云系影响,降水强度较大且持续时间长;第2时段为700 hPa低涡切变系统配合冷空气侵入台风尾流云系,强降水持续时间比第1时段短但强降水范围更为集中,且最大小时雨强比第1时段强。台风云系带来的深厚湿层与暖湿气流沿地形抬升的动力作用,使得贵州累积的不稳定能量得到释放,加上后期700 hPa低涡切变带来的冷空气补充影响,导致此次贵州中西部地区连续强降水天气过程的形成。WRF模式较好地模拟出了台风的演变特征,并揭示了此次暴雨过程形成的重要机理,但WRF模式不能够较好地分离第1时段和第2时段的降水分布特征。总体来说,模式对于700 hPa切变系统降水的模拟略优于台风系统降水的模拟。     

2005年初夏云南严重干旱的诊断分析

利用MM5V3.6模式对2005年4月25日一次典型的西南涡影响下的广西强降水过程进行了数值模拟与诊断分析,结果表明,在500hPa低槽、700hPa西南涡东南移的过程中,在西南涡的南端,由于对流层高层高值干位涡下传引起低层气旋性涡度增加,低涡向南伸出一低槽,使西南涡发展成“北涡南槽”形式,广西强降水出现在西南涡的南伸低槽附近。西南涡的南伸低槽附近垂直剖面上为等θe线陡立密集区,700hPa上MPV1<0,MPV2>0,低层有强烈辐合,高层有强烈辐散,从低层到高层都有上升运动。螺旋度对强降水的落区以及造成强降水的中尺度系统的发展有较好的指示性,它反映了大气的动力场特征,运用螺旋度作强降水预报还要结合水汽和不稳定条件。     

浙北地区一次飑线天气的数值模拟分析

利用NCEP1°×1°的再分析资料对2014年3月29日发生在浙北地区的一次飑线天气过程进行诊断分析,并用中尺度数值模式WRF3.2.1对该过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,高空槽、低层冷涡和地面气旋为这次飑线天气的主要影响系统;K指数和θse等值线反映了浙北地区大气层结的不稳定性。此外,WRF模式基本上能模拟出本次飑线过程的中β尺度结构特征。数值模拟结果显示,低层正涡度,高层负涡度的配置有利于强对流的产生和发展;850hPa的流场特征能够很好地分析出飑线系统经历发生、发展到消亡的演变过程。     

低纬高原地区南支槽强降水中尺度MCS系统的模拟与分析

选取2002年5月11～13日云南地区的一次南支槽强降水过程，利用MM5非静力中尺度数值模式对这次降水过程进行了数值模拟，利用模式高分辨率的输出结果分析了这次强降水中尺度对流系统的结构特征。分析结果表明：强对流系统的低层环境风场为西南和东南气流辐合，高层则为一致的槽前西南气流。低层强正涡度暖湿气流辐合上升区紧邻辐合线的西南侧，槽前西南暖湿气流在辐合线附近冷空气的作用下辐合上升，形成强降水，强降水落区位于低层700hPa强正涡度暖湿气流辐合上升区的西南侧。对物理量要素的时间演变分析表明：在对流发展初期，沿辐合线的正负涡度、辐合辐散、上升与下沉运动在垂直方向和水平方向上相间分布，呈多个模态；当对流发展较强时演变为单一模态分布，即辐合线附近低层为正涡度辐合气流上升区，而高层为负涡度辐散气流下沉区。其中低层辐合较为浅薄，位于地面到600hPa高度，而正涡度和垂直速度较为深厚，可以从地面向上分别伸展到400hPa和200hPa高度。研究还揭示了低纬高原地区中尺度对流辐合系统的垂直轴线随高度向辐合区东北侧（高纬度地区）倾斜的特征，这是低纬高原地区南支槽强降水中尺度对流系统与其它切变线、准静止锋和低涡等中尺度对流系统不同的最主要特征之一。     

豫北一次区域性大暴雨的数值模拟分析

利用NECP 1°×1°6 h再分析资料和WRF中尺度数值模式对2006年7月2-3日豫北区域性大暴雨过程进行数值模拟,并用模拟结果对该过程作中尺度分析.结果表明:暴雨中尺度系统发展和维持期间,基本上是强涡度区对应强辐合区,使得垂直对流运动发生发展,为强降水发生和持续提供了动力条件;θse值大小和实况降水强弱演变对应关系很好,θse值越大,实况降水越强,反之,实况降水越弱;豫北地区出现强降水时,水汽通量中心位于豫南且分布在西南急流轴上,豫中南部始终维持一条明显的水汽输送带,水汽被源源不断地输送到豫北地区;豫北地区处于明显的水汽辐合区,强辐合区有一自西向东的移动过程,与实况强降水过程演变趋势一致;大暴雨区域上空从低层到对流层顶层垂直螺旋度均为正值,且强降水时段与螺旋度最强时段对应关系很好,降水峰值与正螺旋度中心出现时间吻合.     

甘肃东南部一次暴雨天气的数值模拟和螺旋度分析

利用NCEP每6h一次的1°×1°格点资料和中尺度模式WRF(V3.1),对2005年7月1～2日发生在甘肃东南部的一次暴雨天气进行了诊断分析和数值模拟,运用模式输出资料对本次天气过程的螺旋度与降水的关系进行了分析讨论。结果表明:高原短波槽的生成,以及来自南海和孟加拉湾的水汽输送是造成此次暴雨天气过程的主要原因;WRF模式对西北暴雨具有一定的模拟能力;螺旋度的空间分布对西北地区东部暴雨的预报具有一定的指示意义;700hPa正值螺旋度的分布形状与高原短波槽和700hPa切变线的形状存在对应关系;而400hPa以下大值正螺旋度的产生可能是西北暴雨发生发展的重要原因之一。     

两类涡度矢量对四川盆地一次暴雨过程的分析应用

利用WRF模式、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、常规观测资料对2013年6月29日至7月2日四川盆地的一次暴雨过程进行数值模拟和诊断分析。结果表明,此次暴雨过程是由高原低涡和西南低涡共同作用引起,西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)西伸稳定在四川盆地,形成阻塞作用,导致高原低涡和西南低涡停滞不前。WRF模式能较好地模拟出降水的影响系统、降水落区以及强度。θe分析表明暴雨区位于高温高湿区内,暴雨区低层为对流不稳定区,中高层θe线密集且等θe面陡立,随着降雨的发生,对流不稳定能量释放,θe有所减弱。运用对流涡度矢量(CVV)和湿涡度矢量(MVV)对暴雨过程进行诊断分析后得出:CVV和MVV垂直分量的垂直积分及水平分布的正值带走向与暴雨落区相一致,且其大值中心与降水中心也有较好的对应。CVV和MVV垂直分量大值区的分布和发展与暴雨区的移动和发展较为一致,暴雨区从低层到高层一致的正值分布对暴雨发展具有指示意义。CVV和MVV垂直分量可以很好地指示四川盆地暴雨系统的发展和演变。     

同化MWHS-2/FY-3C资料对一次西南涡暴雨数值模拟的影响研究

利用WRF模式及WRFDA同化系统,循环同化风云三号微波湿度计资料（MWHS-2）,对2019年6月4日四川西南涡暴雨天气过程进行数值模拟试验。结果表明:WRF模式成功预报出本次暴雨天气过程,同化MWHS-2观测资料对模式初始场盆地中东部的相对湿度有明显调整,较控制试验对盆地降水的模拟结果更接近于实况,不仅改善了700hPa低涡模拟路径与实况路径的差距,也改善了模拟结果中850hPa西南涡在盆地东部打转的虚假活动路线。整个过程中水汽辐合区与强降水区有很好的对应关系,强降水主要出现在700hPa低涡东南侧偏南气流气旋性曲率最大值区与850hPa低涡切变南侧的重叠位置。      

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度对比模拟分析

使用新一代细网格WRF中尺度数值模式和MM5（V3）模式,对2003年7月4～6日发生在江淮流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟对比分析。结果表明：WRF和MM5都能较好的模拟这次暴雨过程雨带的分布和走向,而WRF能更好的模拟降水中心的位置和雨量;与暴雨过程相联系的低空急流和涡度场等分布特征的模拟,WRF模式亦优于MM5模式。此外,在云贵高原东麓山地,与WRF模式相比,MM5模式在低层模拟出虚假的低压环流,这可能与两模式所采用的垂直坐标差异有关。对WRF的模拟结果分析发现,700hPa湿位涡异常区与暴雨发生区对应很好。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.