海水化学资源的开发

根据万里副总理关于“从海水中提取碘、溴、钾等,还有海水淡化,是不是应当列为近期项目,应当仔细研究一下”的指示,中国海洋湖沼化学学会于1986年11月初,在连云港召开了“海水资源化学专题讨论会”。与会专家一致认为:海水提溴、提钾、提镁,卤水提碘及海水淡化,可以列为近期的开发项目;海水提碘、提铀,则可列为高技术跟踪计划。     

胶州湾海水微表层粘度及其在海-气通量计算中的作用

物质海 -气通量计算新建议中将物质海 -气通量计算公式 F=K(CL- b Cg)中的 CL 用CL ( SML ) 代替。本文着重于对公式中质量迁移系数 K的讨论。在测定了海水微表层、次表层水粘度并同时测定了其它一些化学参量基础上 ,得出如下结论 :海水粘度与盐度、碱度有一定相关性 ;微表层与次表层海水的粘度变化小于 3%。因此 ,海水微表层效应影响 K值 ,与海水微表层效应影响物质浓度相比 ,可以不考虑。     

春季东海溶存氧化亚氮的分布和海气交换通量

于2011年5至6月在东海采集不同深度海水样品,研究了其中溶存氧化亚氮(N2O)的分布并估算其海-气交换通量。结果表明,春季东海表层海水中溶存N2O浓度范围为6.31~11.88 nmol/L,平均值为(9.13±1.45)nmol/L;底层海水中N2O浓度范围为7.53~39.75 nmol/L,平均值为(13.71±7.76)nmol/L。随着深度的增加,N2O浓度逐渐升高。温度是影响春季东海N2O分布的主要因素,N2O浓度与温度呈负相关关系。长江冲淡水和黑潮水是东海N2O的重要来源。东海表层海水中N2O的饱和度范围为92.5%~139.3%,平均值为118.5%±10.3%,绝大多数站位都处于过饱和状态,因此,春季东海是大气N2O的净源。利用LM86公式和W92公式求得东海的海-气交换通量分别为(4.96±6.12)μmol/(m2·d)和(10.25±17.18)μmol/(m2·d),初步估算出东海年释放N2O通量约为0.061~0.127 Tg/a,占全球海洋释放总量的2.0%,远高于其所占的面积比0.2%。     

强碱性阴离子交换树脂在浓海水提溴中的应用

研究201×7、201×4、D201 3种阴离子交换树脂对人工浓海水中的溴离子吸附性能,结果表明,201×7树脂的吸附效果最好。该树脂的静态饱和吸附量达到25.94 mg.g-1,流速为2.3 mL.min-1时的动态饱和吸附量为13.42 mg.g-1,因此选择201×7树脂作为吸附剂。通过静态吸附实验,测得298 K时吸附速率常数k298=1.7×10-3s-1;热焓ΔH=67.75 kJ.mol-1;在解吸过程中,确定了柠檬酸钠溶液作为解吸剂。201×7树脂吸附溴离子的过程符合Freundlich吸附等温式。通过动态吸附实验,研究了海水流速对201×7树脂吸附溴离子的影响。探讨了201×7树脂吸附溴离子的机理,结果表明,溴离子在201×7树脂上的吸附机理主要是Br-与—N+(CH3)3之间的静电作用。     

海带工业中甘露醇的纳滤膜渗滤纯化研究——工艺参数对纳滤提取甘露醇的影响

基于聚酰胺(PA)膜-甘露醇(M)-NaCl体系分离机理的研究,以及纳滤(NF)膜处理海带废水的前期实验,采用中试规模的NF膜分离装置,系统地进行海带废水中M的NF提取工艺实验。结果表明,影响NF膜分离的工艺参数主要是料液中的M浓度和NaCl浓度以及操作压力和操作温度。NF分离单组分M水溶液时,渗透通量(J)较高,M截留率(RM)大于80%。NF分离M-NaCl混合物水溶液时,RM值稳定在75%～80%,J值稳定在13L/m2·h。当料液中NaCl浓度(CF,S)分别为0.2wt%和0.8wt%时,NaCl透过率(SNaCl)分别约达50%和70%。比较两支NF膜组件的渗透性和选择性,1#优于2#。实验结果与优先渗透和空间位阻的集成效应传质机理预测的相一致。这种新型的去除NaCl和浓缩M双重效果的NF工艺,可以为NF膜纯化提取海带工业中甘露醇的工程应用提供实践基础。     

莱州湾南岸滨海平原地下卤水水化学特征

综合运用数理统计分析方法对莱州湾南岸滨海平原地下卤水样品的水化学特征进行分析,结果表明:莱州湾南岸地下卤水水化学总体特征与海水一致,rNa/rCl,rK /rBr和rMg/rCa系数反映出当地地下卤水来源于沉积古海水,并且海水浓缩程度很高,而变质作用较弱;主成分分析中,第一主分量可以用来解释地下卤水形成时的海水浓缩程度...     

2009—2010年南海北部浮游有孔虫通量和稳定同位素季节变化及其对东亚季风的响应

通过对南海北部2009—2010年获得的浅层、中层和深层时间系列沉积物捕获器的样品分析,发现浮游有孔虫总通量和主要属种Globigerinoidesruber,Globigerinoidessacculifer,Pulleniatinaobliquiloculata和Neogloboquadrinadutertrei的通量和百分含量存在明显的季节性变化,在东北季风和西南季风盛行期出现高值,特别在冬季风期间高值明显,在季风间歇期出现低值,展示出"双峰型"通量模式。浮游有孔虫通量与颗粒总通量、有机碳通量、总碳通量、总氮通量、碳酸钙通量和蛋白石通量变化一致,随叶绿素a浓度和风速大小变化而改变,表明南海北部生源颗粒通量主要受季风影响的表层生产力所控制。浮游有孔虫壳体氧同位素与表层海水温度的季节变化相吻合。壳体δ18 O主要受海水温度变化的影响,不同深度属种的δ18 O变化反映了上层海水温度梯度。此外,壳体碳同位素值总体上在东亚季风强盛期低、季风间期高,与表层海水中叶绿素a浓度和海表风速的变化趋势相反,说明浮游有孔虫δ13 C值反映了水体营养和表层生产力的变化。     

温度和浓度对氯化钾溶液电导率与35‰(Cl19.3740‰)的标准海水的电导率之比的影响

测定了15℃和24℃相同温度下己知浓度为K的KCl溶液与标准海水电导率的比值Z_(k,t),Z_(,15),在0.96到1.04之间。发现Z_(N,15)=1的标准浓度(N或K_N)为K_N=32.4356gKCl/kg溶液。测量了在15℃或30℃范围内温度对Z_(N,t)的影响,以Z_(15)的函数和反函数关系给出了KCl浓度的方程,以Z_(24)的函数关系给出了Z_(15)/Z_(24)的方程,(用实验室盐度计对KCl和海水进行比较)和以温度的函数关系给出了Z_(N,t)。     

北黄海二甲基硫(DMS)的海-气释放及其对气溶胶中非海盐硫酸盐的贡献

根据2006年7～8月和2007年1月对北黄海进行的大面调查,分析研究了夏冬季表层海水中二甲基硫(DMS)的浓度分布和海-气交换通量.研究表明:表层海水以及大气中DMS浓度季节变化明显,夏季平均值分别是冬季的3.2和3.7倍.相关性分析显示,海水中DMS和Chl a浓度存在明显的相关性,说明浮游植物生物量是影响DMS浓度分布的1个重要因素.利用Liss和Merlivat公式(LM86)估算了北黄海夏冬季DMS的海-气交换通量,其平均值分别为7.31和4.98 μmol·m-2·d-1.另外,根据测定的大气中甲基磺酸盐(MSA)和非海盐硫酸盐(Nss-SO2-4)的浓度及比例,估算出夏冬季北黄海生源硫释放对气溶胶中Nss-SO2-4的贡献比例分别为10.1%和2.8%.此结果表明北黄海大气中Nss-SO2-4主要来源于人为排放.     

冰冻成因卤水的水化学标志──Ⅰ.卤水的δD值

于１９９８年－７月间进行了一系列有关海水结冰析盐和海水蒸发浓缩形成卤水的室内模拟实验,并对实验中得到的冰样和卤水样进行了化学组成和同位素组成分析。实验结果表明,与原来的海水相比,在上述两个自然物理过程中形成卤水的δＤ值随卤水浓度的升高表现出两个明显相反的变化趋势：在海水结冰析盐形成卤水过程中,卤水的δＤ值表现出逐渐降低的趋势;而在海水蒸发浓缩过程中,卤水的δＤ值却表现出逐渐增高的倾向。因此,对同一     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.