饵料、温度和个体规格对脉红螺摄食的影响

利用实验生态学方法,通过分析摄食喜好系数、单位体质量摄食量等参数,研究脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的摄食选择性,以及饵料种类、温度和个体规格对脉红螺摄食量的影响。结果表明,脉红螺(壳长100~120mm)具有明显的摄食选择性,喜食缢蛏(Sinonovacula constrzcta)、竹节蛏(Solen gouldi)和中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis),但不同饵料对其摄食量的影响不显著。随着温度的升高,不同规格脉红螺的摄食量变化趋势相似,即温度低于7℃时基本不摄食,温度高于16℃时开始大量摄食,22℃左右时达到摄食高峰。不同规格的脉红螺,随壳长的增加,单位体质量摄食量逐渐减小。不同壳长的脉红螺(38~108 mm),随壳长的增加,最低摄食温度先降低(壳长50~70 mm脉红螺最低摄食温度最低)后升高。本研究为脉红螺的人工养殖提供了理论依据,同时为脉红螺的生态影响评估提供参考。     

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)贝壳与外套膜中黑色素的提取和鉴定

为了提取和鉴定长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)贝壳与外套膜中的黑色物质,选取贝壳与外套膜颜色均为黑色的长牡蛎,将贝壳及外套膜进行粉碎、盐酸水解、水浴加热、乙醚抽脂,从3份贝壳中提取出3份黑色固体物质,从3份外套膜中提取出3份黑色固体物质,将提取的黑色固体溶解于0.01m L/L氢氧化钠水溶液中,在150—500 nm的范围内测定紫外吸收光谱,发现其最大吸收峰在210 nm左右,随着波长增加,其吸光值迅速大幅度下降,与公认的黑色素紫外吸收光谱特征一致,从而首次确定长牡蛎贝壳与外套膜中的黑色物质为黑色素。     

脉红螺Rapana venosa变态过程中自噬与凋亡研究

自噬与凋亡是细胞程序性死亡的主要形式,参与昆虫与两栖类动物的变态,并在旧器官的退化中发挥重要作用,但其在软体动物变态中的作用尚不清楚。本文对脉红螺Rapana venosa变态过程中自噬与凋亡的表达特征进行了研究,并通过药理学手段对脉红螺幼虫变态时期的自噬与凋亡进行了诱导和抑制。组织细胞学结果显示,在变态开始后,脉红螺幼虫面盘细胞自噬与凋亡的发生遵循严格的时序性关系,自噬的发生先于凋亡的发生;分子表达定位结果显示自噬与凋亡首先发生在脉红螺幼虫面盘的纤毛细胞中;对脉红螺变态时期进行自噬与凋亡的诱导和抑制后发现,面盘细胞中高水平的自噬会诱导凋亡发生,高水平的凋亡则会抑制自噬的表达。除此之外,脉红螺变态时期自噬与凋亡的诱导有助于脉红螺完成变态。这说明在脉红螺幼虫变态过程中,自噬对面盘进行充分利用后会诱导凋亡产生,自噬与凋亡协同作用使面盘退化。该结果有助于软体动物变态机制的研究,为自噬与凋亡在软体动物中的作用提供了新见解。     

不同内倾角海螺笼对脉红螺的诱捕效果

作者对不同内倾角海螺笼对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的诱捕效果进行了实验研究。在实验室水槽中,观察了4种不同内倾角(35°、45°、55°和65°)的海螺笼对脉红螺的诱捕效果,同时还研究了光照和温度对海螺笼诱捕效果的影响,为优化海螺笼捕捞技术提供理论依据。实验结果表明:在相同的实验条件下,不同的内倾角对海螺笼诱捕效果影响十分显著(P<0.01),其中内倾角为45°的海螺笼诱捕效果最好,内倾角为35°和55°的海螺笼较好,而内倾角为65°的海螺笼诱捕效果则最差。同时发现,内倾角对脉红螺的个体大小具有选择性,随着内倾角的增大,壳高<7cm的个体占相应笼诱捕总数的百分比越来越小。光照对海螺笼的捕捞效果有十分显著的影响,而温度的影响则不明显。     

Biochemical and histological responses in mussel (Mytilus edulis) exposed to North Sea oil and to a mixture of North Sea oil and alkylphenols

Several environmental chemicals are suspected to be responsible for adverse health effects on the reproductive system in various organisms. During this work, environmentally relevant concentrations of North Sea oil were used alone or in combination with alkylphenols and additional PAH to study the effect on vitellogenin-like protein expression and gonadal development in mussels. North Sea oil (0.5 ppm) induced the expression of phospho-proteins in both sexes indicating that some compounds are oestrogen-mimics. This induction was not seen in samples dosed with the mixture but signs of toxic effects were observed in the gonads. Indeed, numerous degenerating ovarian follicles in females and foci, similar to vertebrate melanomacrophage centres, were observed in testes.     

A 15-month study of zooplankton ingestion by farmed mussels (Mytilus edulis) in Bantry Bay, Southwest Ireland

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that bivalve molluscs routinely ingest zooplankton. To elucidate further these observations, a 15-month study of zooplankton ingestion by farmed mussels was conducted using mussel long-lines in Bantry Bay, Ireland. Stomach content analysis of the mussels showed that there was evidence of zooplankton ingestion throughout the sampling period, but that highest mean numbers of zooplankters were ingested by mussels in the spring and summer months. Various zooplankton species were present in mussel stomachs. Harpacticoid copepods were found more often in stomach contents than calanoid copepods, probably due to their proximity to the bivalves' inhalent siphons. Barnacle cyprids featured in large numbers in stomach contents, but only for a period of 3 months which broadly corresponded with their pelagic phase. Sizes of ingested zooplankton ranged from 126 μm to 6 mm, but more of the smaller zooplankters (e.g. crustacean nauplii) were ingested. When lengths of ingested copepods were compared with those found in plankton net samples, it was found that the net-sampled copepods were significantly larger than those found in mussel stomachs, suggesting that mussels select for smaller categories within the zooplankton available to them. Soft bodied zooplankton was rarely found in mussel stomachs but their absence may be due to rapid digestion or they may have been destroyed in the preservation process. Ingestion of zooplankton by bivalves is discussed in the context of the impacts mussel farms have on resident zooplankton populations.     

3月龄脉红螺表型性状对体质量影响效应分析

随机抽取3月龄脉红螺稚螺103粒,开展其表型性状对体质量性状影响分析,以期为脉红螺人工选择育种提供较好的测度指标。实验测量了脉红螺壳长（X₁）、壳宽（X₂）、壳厚（X₃）、壳口长（X₄）、壳口宽（X₅）等5种表型性状和体质量性状（Y）,运用相关性分析、多元回归分析、通径分析及决定系数分析等方法分析了表型性状对体质量性状的影响。结果表明,脉红螺各性状间的相关性均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,拟合的多元线性方程为Y=-18.484 4+0.348 35X₁+0.463 79X₂,经自助法检验,在95%置信区间条件下,该方程决定系数（R²）范围为0.863 5~0.939 4,拟合度较好;壳长和壳宽对体质量的决定系数之和大于0.85,是最适宜用来预测体质量性状的两个表型性状指标。本研究成功分析出对脉红螺体质量直接影响作用最强的表型性状,为脉红螺选择育种理想测度指标的挑选提供了依据。     

三种典型POPs对紫贻贝不同组织DNA损伤的比较研究

采用彗星电泳技术,比较研究了Aroclor 1254、BaP、DDT三种典型POPs对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)鳃、性腺、消化腺细胞的DNA损伤效应的差异,以期为进一步评价这三种典型POPs遗传毒理机制及其预警监测提供科学依据.结果表明,Tail DNA%是评价DNA损伤的理想指标,另外,在急性毒性试验中,...     

贻贝附着基海带苗种运输技术探究

中介生物辅助大型海藻海底基质附着技术,是采用海面撒播苗种方法,进行大型海藻海底增殖的核心技术。研究发现,该贝、藻复合体苗种的运输比普通水产苗种运输难度显著增加。本文采取传统的干运、水运以及发明的淋水运输3种不同方式,进行了贻贝附着基海带苗种运输技术研究。结果表明:干运3h内苗种的存活率和生长速度与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);水运1h以上苗种的存活率与对照组差异显著(P0.05);淋水运输24 h内苗种的存活率和生长速度与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。实验说明:水运不适合该苗种运输;在露空时间3 h以内,干运是最经济、最便捷的苗种运输方法;在露空24 h以内,采取淋水运输能够保证苗种的成活率,可以作为该苗种常规的运输方法。     

Quantitative assessment of intertidal blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) stocks: combined methods of remote sensing, field investigation and sampling

The aim of this investigation was to develop appropriate methods for quantitative assessment of blue mussel beds. Combined methods of remote sensing, ground truth investigation and sampling in the field were applied to mature and young intertidal mussel beds. Three variables were measured to obtain reliable quantitative estimates of biomass and abundance: the total area covered by a bed; the cover, i.e. the area of mussel-covered patches in relation to the total mussel bed area; and the proportion, i.e. the area covered by mussels within the patches in relation to the total area of mussel patches. Cover and proportion of intertidal blue mussel beds were measured in the field by the transection method. Aerial photographs enabled the total area of the beds to be determined and large-scale surveys of mussel beds to be carried out synchronously. By examining large-scale aerial photographs it was possible also to determine the cover by remote sensing. The proportion could not be derived from aerial photographs, even from pictures at the largest scale tested during this investigation (scale 1:2500). By statistical methods it was estimated that 12 sub-samples (each covering 177 cm²) from mature beds, and 12 sub-samples (each covering 38 cm²) from young beds are needed to obtain reliable data on biomass and abundance.     

不同保存方法对厚壳贻贝样品蛋白提取效果的比较

为了解厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)稚贝样品在冷冻保存过程中的蛋白变化情况,作者采用直接冷冻法、添加海水冷冻法、蛋白裂解液冷冻法等分别对保存1周至6个月的厚壳贻贝样品蛋白提取的不同效果进行了比较。SDS-PAGE胶结果显示,3种冷冻保存方法均出现4个有规律条带(a、b、c、d),其相对分子量依次约为55、46、38和26kDa。SDS-PAGE蛋白条带灰度值的检测结果表明,1个月内蛋白裂解液法保存的样品最佳;直接冷冻法和添加海水冷冻法的研究发现保存过程中的蛋白均出现不同程度的降解现象,因而可能不适宜用于该种稚贝样品的保存。