边界单元法中的基本解──评王坚强同志的论文《三维电阻率模拟的边界元方法》

边界单元法中的基本解──评王坚强同志的论文《三维电阻率模拟的边界元方法》徐世浙（青岛海洋大学）编者按：在１９９３年第四期综评栏中，刊登了中南工业大学王坚强同志的短文：三维电阻率模拟的边界元方法，文中提到“（参考）文献［１］中公式（６－２）、（７－２）...     

基于LMS算法的三维电阻率采集系统的干扰场实时补偿

三维电阻率勘探需探查地下电性精细结构,各种干扰场的存在会严重影响勘探结果,因此,对三维电阻率中数据采集系统受到的干扰场进行实时补偿以削减干扰的研究就显得很有必要,它应该成为电法勘探领域中一个有意义的研究课题。探讨LMS自适应滤波算法的基本结构和性能特点,推导出LMS算法的迭代公式。采用自适应滤波算法对三维电阻率的采集系统受到的人工干扰场及天然干扰场进行实时自动补偿,取得了较好的效果。     

三维视电阻率成像技术在地下构筑物勘查中的应用

本文对三维视电阻率成像技术的数据采集、装置选择及数据处理做了综合论述,并结合实例来说明该方法在地下构筑物勘查中的应用效果,且对其发展前景做了展望.     

基于ARM7的GPS定位便携式土壤测氡仪的研制

针对传统瞬时土壤测氡仪灵敏度低、体积大、数字化程度不高等缺点,研制出一种新型基于ARM7的GPS定位瞬时便携式土壤测氡仪。设计了全新的数据采集与控制电路,在保持测量准确性的同时,提高了仪器的灵敏度、数据采集精度和处理速度;软件设计引入嵌入式操作系统uc/OS-II,提高了仪器的稳定性和可操作性。野外测试结果表明,该仪器能够稳定、准确、快速地采集、处理数据,适用于地质和水文勘查中氡气浓度的定量测量。     

时间谱电阻率法中的剩余电磁效应研究

根据频谱激电（SIP）法或复电阻率（CR）法中研究剩余电磁（REM）效应的思想，通过分析时间谱电阻率（TSR）法中场的基本特征，在TSR法中建立了与SIP（或CR）法中参数Φmax/Φ0max相类似的参数－Emax/E0，用来描述了TSR法中的REM效应。通过对一维可极化大地模型的REM效应的理论计算，验证了用Emax/E0表示的REM异常可用来形象地反映地电断面电阻率的高低。     

高密度电法数据三维可视化快速实现及在复杂采空沉降区的应用

高密度电阻率法是一种阵列式的勘探方法,具有采集观测数据量大、地质信息丰富、生产效率高等特点,数据采集多以剖面形式工作,成果多为二维反演结果,资料处理过程中经常出现局部畸值或相邻测线对照一致性差等问题.为解决该问题,本文在探查采空区分布和巷道位置的工作中,结合剖面数据采集特点提出非规则“#”剖面布设勘探法来补充纵向数据信息,并通过三维可视化软件建立以高密度电法电参数为依据的地质体模型,实现高密度电法数据场三维可视化和实际应用.     

用于进行电阻率测量的512道实时数据采集系统的研制

研制了一种用于电阻率测量的有效三维数据采集系统，其中采用了一种新的采集方法，能够使５１２个测点组同时测量。在常规系统中，所接收的波经过Ａ／Ｄ转换器转换为数字形式，并存入时间序列中。     

CSAMT电场y方向视电阻率的定义及研究

在准静态近似条件下,利用水平电偶源在均匀半空间表面激发电磁场的计算公式,讨论了可控源音频大地电磁法（CSAMT）水平电场y分量E_y的观测范围、特点和由其定义视电阻率的应用优势;E_y与常规标量CSAMT测量的E_x、H_y幅值范围不同,采集并利用E_y数据可以扩大CSAMT野外观测扇区,减少采集成本。依据电法及电磁法勘探中视电阻率定义的基本原则,提出了E_y视电阻率的定义,说明了其具备频率测深的意义;通过几种典型层状模型（均匀半空间,两层D、G,三层H、K以及四层KH、HK型）的数值计算,对比了E_y视电阻率和E_x、H_y、Z_xy、Re(Z_xy)等对应的波区视电阻率及E_x、Z_xy等对应的全区视电阻率对地电断面电性特征的反映效果。结果表明：E_y视电阻率的求取仅需测点的坐标和一个方向的电场值,计算方便、不必迭代,并且在曲线低频端收敛于一稳定值,可以明显改善非波区的畸变效应。     

塔里木盆地的三维电阻率结构

塔里木盆地内油气资源非常丰富,但是深层勘探程度低,需要开展深入的地球物理调查。经过在盆地内大地电磁测站的数据采集、资料处理和三维反演,取得盆地三维电阻率模型,从电性结构角度刻划了盆地的三维构造。塔里木盆地的碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩的电阻率变化范围很大,主要受其中的孔隙裂隙发育程度控制。在同一深度的平面上,盆地侏罗纪以前地层的构造隆起显示为相对高阻区,而深层低阻带主要反映古生代碳酸盐岩中的裂隙和流体汇聚,提供了油气储层分布的信息。从6km到10km深度,低电阻率区面积向下缩小,但沉积盆地总面积仍有近20万km~2。由于油气成藏伴随着活跃的流体活动,而孔隙流体呈现低电阻率,可以认为低电阻率区分布范围和产状指示深层流体活动及可能的油气储层的分布范围。深层电阻率平面图显示的低电阻率区包括:满加尔坳陷中北部到塔北隆起西段,塔西南的和田坳陷与莎车坳陷。于田-民丰坳陷以及唐古孜巴斯坳陷在深度6~10km的平面图也显示为较低电阻率,也是深层油气勘探的有利区段。塔里木盆地结晶基底可分为三种类型:正常的克拉通结晶基底呈现高电阻率,玄武岩浆侵位的基底对应高电阻率区,而含裂隙水的变质基底呈现低电阻率。对比大地电磁法和反射地震结果认为,地球物理调查资料不支持塔里木盆地二叠纪"大火成岩省"的猜测。     

应用岩体电阻率预测岩体失稳的可行性研究

基于煤（岩）体固有电阻率与煤（岩）体应力、应变的关系,以及影响岩石电阻率物理参数的因素,探讨了采场顶板岩体和煤层（体）在高压应力作用下,体积应变引起电阻率变化的过程和机械物理实质。分析研究了煤（岩）体电阻率观测技术监测由应力引起煤（岩）体失稳（突出或冒落）的技术路线的依据,提出了应用该技术路线的可行性及其主要研究方向。      

LQC—Ⅱ型三维电阻率采集系统的设计研究

本文设计一种三维并行直流电法勘探系统：LQC—Ⅱ型三维电阻率采集系统,由主机、电测子站和多模式智能电极三部分组成。主机控制电测子站完成16通道、24位数据电性数据的并行采集与传输,每个电测子站控制与之相连的16个电板的同步与状态转换。以1台主机控制16个电测子站和256个智能电极对水池低阻体模型进行电极扫描式测量,获取32640个数据的测量为例,整个测量时间约30分钟。     

Geostatistical integration using 2-D electrical resistivity and 3-D gravity methods for detecting cavities in a karst area

Two-dimensional (2-D) electrical resistivity and three-dimensional (3-D) gravity explorations were undertaken to estimate the 3-D distribution of karst cavities at the area of Yongweol-ri in Korea where ground subsidence has occurred. Although the gravity method is a low-cost way of analyzing a 3-D continuous structure, its vertical resolving power is poor. In contrast, the electrical resistivity method can provide a 2-D and/or 3-D subsurface structure with a much higher lateral and vertical resolution than the gravity method. Accordingly, geostatistical methods and density information were used to enhance the 2-D resistivity structure revealed by the electrical resistivity method into a 3-D structure. The assumptions are, first, that each data set senses the same underlying geological structure in terms of different material properties and, secondly, that two different material properties are correlated locally or globally throughout the entire target area. As a result, the distribution of limestone cavities can be estimated under the assumption that they are mostly filled with groundwater and clayey soils and have abnormally low levels of resistivity and density. The estimated distribution corresponds with the grouting, borehole imaging and monitoring data. In this example, it can be seen that the integration analysis of 2-D electrical resistivity and 3-D gravity methods is a very powerful tool for 3-D subsurface imaging and that the method can provide enhanced imaging capabilities for 3-D cavities.     

Controlled Source Audio Magneto Telluric (CSAMT) studies for uranium exploration in Durgi area,Palnad sub-basin,Cuddapah basin,India

Cuddapah basin is known for hosting unconformity proximal uranium deposits viz., Lambapur, Peddagattu, Chitirial and Koppunuru along the northern margin of the basin. It is well known that these deposits are mostly associated with basement granitoids in Srisailam Sub-basin, and with cover sediments in Palnad subbasin where basement topography and fault/fracture system influence the fluid flow causing basement alteration and ore deposition. Geological setup, surface manifestation of uranium anomalies and association of the hydro-uranium anomalies near Durgi area in southern part of the Palnad sub-basin, have prompted detail investigation by geophysical methods to probe greater depths. Controlled Source Audio Magneto Telluric (CSAMT) survey conducted over five decades of frequency (0.1-9600 Hz) delineated the various lithounits of Kurnool and Nallamalai Groups along with their thicknesses as there exist an appreciable resistivity contrast. Interpretation of CSAMT sounding data are constrained by resistivity logs and litholog data obtained from the boreholes drilled within the basin indicated three to four layered structure. Sub-surface 2-D and 3-D geo-electrical models are simulated by stitching 1-D layered inverted resistivity earth models. Stitched 1-D inverted resistivity sections revealed the unconformity between the Kurnool Group and Nallamalai Group along with basement undulations. The faults/fractures delineated from the CSAMT data corroborated well with the results of gravity data acquired over the same area. Simulated 3-D voxel resistivity model helped in visualising the faults/fractures, their depth extent, thickness of the Banganapalle quartzite and basement configuration. Integrated interpretation of CSAMT, gravity and borehole data facilitated in delineating the unconformity and the structural features favourable for uranium mineralisation in deeper parts of the Palnad sub-basin.     

基于ARM技术的矿井自记式地震仪

介绍了基于ARM技术的自记式矿井地震波记录仪。仪器在设计上采用了A/D采集、ARM控制系统的硬件电路,实现了嵌入式Linux系统的移植,完成了地震波的数据采集功能。该仪器采用分布式采集、独立存储、集中回收的思想,实现了地震波信号的采集、存储及数据的集中回收,并给出了实验测试结果和应用实例。      

潮滩冲淤监测方法与实时监测系统设计

分析了潮滩冲淤监测的几种常见方法,其中标志桩法、SET和RSET法、沉降板法、人工示踪砂法、PEEP和PEEP-3T法、ALTUS和ADV法等主要测量某点或某断面上的冲淤量,3s技术结合地形图或海图实现了大范围潮滩面上的冲淤变化测量。借鉴海洋、海岸实时监测系统的原理和实践经验,提出了潮滩冲淤实时监测系统的设计方案,该系统数据采集子系统包括潮滩高程、景观图像、地物光谱、气象和水动力等因子的数据综合采集,数据通过网络连接传输到实验室,以实现地貌变化和驱动因素的同步获得和综合分析,并通过地物光谱信息获取,为遥感数据解译提供基础资料。     

电阻率三维反演稳定性和可靠性研究

电阻率三维反演参数太多,将导致反演不稳定性和高度非唯一性等诸多方面的问题。比较传统的最小二乘反演方法,利用共轭梯度的电阻率三维最小构造反演显示了更好的效果。讨论了初始模型选择及数据误差对三维反演结果的影响,说明了反演方法的稳定性和可靠性。      

Resistivity imaging survey to delineate subsurface seepage of hydrocarbon contaminated water at Karbala Governorate,Iraq

This research is an attempt to accomplish a 3-D resistivity imaging survey, which was carried out near a water well contaminated with hydrocarbon materials in Karbala governorate. Two-dimensional resistivity imaging measurements were collected along four parallel profiles, using a Wenner array with electrode spacing of 1 m. The RES3DINV program was used to invert the apparent resistivity data. The results displayed a resistivity distribution of the subsurface in a three-dimensional volume. Thus, both the horizontal and vertical extents of the contaminated zone were displayed. This technique revealed a low resistivity zone at depth ranges from 3 to 6 m in the investigation area, but the seepage starts at depth ranges between 2 and 3 m and continues down depth (may be to the groundwater level). This low resistivity zone is the most likely location for a subsurface seepage of contaminated water. It is clear that the sufficient measurement points along 2-D lines in a small area can increase the 3-D imaging resolution, and nearly real 3-D imaging can be achieved, when the size of subsurface anomaly compared with the electrode spacing (a) of the Wenner array is taken into consideration.     

圆明亮琢型钻石的计算机自动三维解析模型构建方法研究

采用转台图像采集的方法,通过对样品截面影像的边缘提取、参数空间转换、直线识别等操作,测定了圆明亮琢型样品的三维结点。采用多元链表数据结构组织圆明亮琢型样品的点、线、面等几何要素,并构建它们之间的拓扑关系。结合所测三维结点与拓扑模型,表示出圆明亮琢型钻石的三维实体模型。该方法具有图像采集方便、硬件体统简洁、计算速度快等优点,非常适于刻面宝石的三维重建,并可应用于钻石/宝石的切工评价、光学效果的模拟以及加工设计等方面。     

瞬变电磁在吉林省红旗岭铜镍矿勘查中的应用

利用瞬变电磁法(TEM),在红旗岭镍矿勘查中,发现了7号岩体周围的电阻率变化规律,即:高阻异常带、低阻异常带。通过反演计算,结合岩石的电性参数、地质资料,推断了局部低阻异常带是由矿化体引起,从而验证了(TEM)方法在该地区勘查中的有效性。