1960-2009年西南地区极端干旱气候变化(英文)

Based on the daily data of temperature and precipitation of 108 meteorological stations in Southwest China from 1960 to 2009, we calculate the monthly and yearly surface humid indexes, as well as the extreme drought frequency. According to the data, the temporal and spatial characteristics of the extreme drought frequency in inter-annual, inter-decadal, summer monsoon period and winter monsoon period are analyzed. The results are indicated as follows. (1) In general, the southwestern Sichuan Basin, southern Hengduan Mountains, southern coast of Guangxi and northern Guizhou are the areas where the extreme drought frequency has significantly increased in the past 50 years. As for the decadal change, from the 1960s to the 1980s the extreme drought frequency has presented a decreasing trend, while the 1990s is the wettest decade and the whole area is turning wet. In the 2000s, the extreme drought frequency rises quickly, but the regional differences reduce. (2) During summer monsoon period, the extreme drought frequency is growing, which generally occurs in the high mountains around the Sichuan Basin, most parts of Guangxi and "the broom-shaped mountains" in Yunnan. It is distinct that the altitude has impacts on the ex-treme drought frequency; during winter monsoon period, the area is relatively wet and the extreme drought frequency is decreasing. (3) During summer monsoon period, the abrupt change is observed in 2003, whereas the abrupt change during winter monsoon period is in 1989. The annual extreme drought frequency variation is a superposition of abrupt changes during summer monsoon and winter monsoon periods. The departure sequence vibration of annual extreme drought frequency is quasi-5 years and quasi-12 years.     

基于情景的中国1951-2010年极端高温灾害的危险性分析(英文)

China is physically and socio-economically susceptible to global warming-derived high temperature extremes because of its vast area and high urban population density. This article presents a scenario-based analysis method for high temperature extremes aimed at illustrating the latter’s hazardous potential and exposure across China. Based on probability analysis, high temperature extreme scenarios with return periods of 5, 10, 20, and 50 years were designed, with a high temperature hazard index calculated by integrating two differentially-weighted extreme temperature indices (maximum temperature and high temperature days). To perform the exposure analysis, a land use map was employed to determine the spatial distribution of susceptible human activities under the different scenarios. The results indicate that there are two heat-prone regions and a sub-hotspot occupying a relatively small land area. However, the societal and economic consequences of such an environmental impact upon the North China Plain and middle/lower Yangtze River Basin would be substantial due to the concentration of human activities in these areas.     

中国地区植被对温度变化趋势的响应（英文）

Though many studies have focused on the causes of shifts in trend of temperature, whether the response of vegetation growth to temperature has changed is still not very clear. In this study, we analyzed the spatial features of the trend changes of temperature during the growing season and the response of vegetation growth in China based on observed climatic data and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) from 1984 to 2011. An obvious warming to cooling shift during growing season from the period 1984–1997 to the period 1998–2011 was identified in the northern and northeastern regions of China, whereas a totally converse shift was observed in the southern and western regions, suggesting large spatial heterogeneity of changes of the trend of growing season temperature throughout China. China as a whole, a significant positive relationship between vegetation growth and temperature during 1984 to 1997 has been greatly weakened during 1998–2011. This change of response of vegetation growth to temperature has also been confirmed by Granger causality test. On regional scales, obvious shifts in relationship between vegetation growth and temperature were identified in temperate desert region and rainforest region. Furthermore, by comprehensively analyzing of the relationship between NDVI and climate variables, an overall reduction of impacts of climate factors on vegetation growth was identified over China during recent years, indicating enhanced influences from human associated activities.     

经验模态分解下中国气温变化趋势的区域特征

By the Empirical Mode Decomposition method, we analyzed the observed monthly average temperature in more than 700 stations from 1951-2001 over China. Simultaneously, the temperature variability of each station is calculated by this method, and classification chart of long term trend and temperature variability distributing chart of China are obtained, supported by GIS, 1 kmxl km resolution. The results show that： in recent 50 years, the temperature has increased by more than 0.4~C/10a in most parts of northern China, while in Southwest China and the middle and lower Yangtze Valley, the increase is not significant. The areas with a negative temperature change rate are distributed sporadically in Southwest China. Meanwhile, the temperature data from 1881 to 2001 in nine study regions in China are also analyzed, indicating that in the past 100 years, the temperature has been increasing all the way in Northeast China, North China, South China, Northwest China and Xinjiang and declining in Southwest China. An inverse ‘V-shaped’ trend is also found in Central China. But in Tibet the change is less significant.     

近50年华北地区极端气候分析

Climate extremes for agriculture-pasture transitional zone, northem China, are analyzed on the basis of daily mean temperature and precipitation observations for 31 stations in the period 1956-2001. Analysis season for precipitation is May-September, i.e., the rainy season. For temperature is the hottest three months, i.e., June through August. Heavy rain events, defined as those with daily precipitation equal to or larger than 50 mm, show no significant secular trend. A jump-like change, however, is found occurring in about 1980. For the period 1980-1993, the frequency of heavy rain events is significantly lower than the previous periods. Simultaneously, the occurring time of heavy rains expanded, commencing about one month early and ending one month later. Long dry spells are defined as those with longer than 10 days without rainfall. The frequency of long dry spells displays a significant (at the 99% confidence level) trend at the value of 8.3% /10a. That may be one of the major causes of the frequent droughts emerging over northern China during the last decades. Extremely hot and low temperature events are defined as the uppermost 10% daily temperatures and the lowest 10% daily temperatures, respectively. There is a weak and non-significant upward trend in frequency of extremely high temperatures from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. But the number of hot events increases as much as twice since 1997. That coincides well with the sudden rise in mean summer temperature for the same period. Contrary to that, the fiequency of low temperature events have been decreasing steadily since the 1950s, with a significant linear trend of-15%/10a.     

青藏高原各拉丹冬冰芯记录的季节气温变化

A 70-year history of precipitation δ18O record has been retrieved using an ice core drilled from a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier (33o34′37.8″ N, 91o10′35.3″ E, 5720 m a.s.l.) on Mt. Geladaindong (the source region of Yangtze River) during October and November, 2005. Based on the seasonality of δ18O records and the significant positive relationships between monsoon/non-monsoon δ18O values and summer/spring air temperature from the nearby meteorological stations, the history of summer and spring air temperature have been reconstructed for the last 70 years. The results show that both summer and spring air temperature variations present similar trends during the last 70 years. Regression analysis indicates that the slope of the temperature-δ18O relationship is 1.3℃/‰ for non-monsoon δ18O values and spring air temperature, and 0.4℃/‰ for monsoon δ18O values and summer air temperature. Variation of air temperature recorded in the ice core is consistent with that in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), however, the warming trend in the Geladaindong region is more intense than that in the NH, reflecting a higher sensitivity to global warming in the high elevation regions. In addition, warming trend is greater in spring than in summer.     

Regional features of the temperature trend in China based on Empirical Mode Decomposition

By the Empirical Mode Decomposition method, we analyzed the observed monthly average temperature in more than 700 stations from 1951–2001 over China. Simultaneously, the temperature variability of each station is calculated by this method, and classification chart of long term trend and temperature variability distributing chart of China are obtained, supported by GIS, 1 km×1 km resolution. The results show that: in recent 50 years, the temperature has increased by more than 0.4℃/10a in most parts of northern China, while in Southwest China and the middle and lower Yangtze Valley, the increase is not significant. The areas with a negative temperature change rate are distributed sporadically in Southwest China. Meanwhile, the temperature data from 1881 to 2001 in nine study regions in China are also analyzed, indicating that in the past 100 years, the temperature has been increasing all the way in Northeast China, North China, South China, Northwest China and Xinjiang and declining in Southwest China. An inverse ‘V-shaped’ trend is also found in Central China. But in Tibet the change is less significant.     

江河源区NDVI时空变化及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

The source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are important water conservation areas of China. In recent years, ecological deterioration trend of the source regions caused by global climate change and unreasonable resource development increased gradually. In this paper, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of vegetation cover in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are analyzed in recent 10 years based on 1-km resolution multitemporal SPOTVGT-DN data from 1998 to 2007. Meanwhile, the correlation relationships between air temperature, precipitation, shallow ground temperature and NDVI, which is 3×3 pixel at the center of Wudaoliang, Tuotuohe, Qumalai, Maduo, and Dari meteorological stations were analyzed. The results show that the NDVI values in these two source regions are increasing in recent 10 years. Spatial distribution of NDVI which was consistent with hydrothermal condition decreased from southeast to northwest of the source regions. NDVI with a value over 0.54 was mainly distributed in the southeastern source region of the Yellow River, and most NDVI values in the northwestern source region of the Yangtze River were less than 0.22. Spatial changing trend of NDVI has great difference and most parts in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers witnessed indistinct change. The regions with marked increasing trend were mainly distributed on the south side of the Tongtian River, some part of Keqianqu, Tongtian, Chumaer, and Tuotuo rivers in the source region of the Yangtze River and Xingsuhai, and southern Dari county in the source region of the Yellow River. The regions with very marked increasing tendency were mainly distributed on the south side of Tongtian Rriver and sporadically distributed in hinterland of the source region of the Yangtze River. The north side of Tangula Range in the source region of the Yangtze River and Dari and Maduo counties in the source region of the Yellow River were areas in which NDVI changed with marked decreasing tendency. The NDVI change was980 Journal of Geographical Sciences positively correlated with average temperature, precipitation and shallow ground temperature. Shallow ground temperature had the greatest effect on NDVI change, and the second greatest factor influencing NDVI was average temperature. The correlation between NDVI and shallow ground temperature in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers increased significantly with the depth of soil layer.     

近600年来北极与中国气候变化的对比

A compilation of paleoclimate records from lake sediments, trees, ice cores, and historical documents provide a view of China and Arctic environmental changes in the last 600 years. Many of these changes have also been identified in sedimentary and geochemical signatures in deep-sea sediment cores from the North Atlantic Ocean, Arctic and Greenland and ice cores from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, confirming the linkage of environmental changes of different time scales between the Arctic and China. It is shown that the changes of precipitation, temperature and sea ice cover in Arctic were correlated with climate changes in China. This paper also developed a comparative research on the climate changes between Arctic and China both during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the instrumental observation period. Cycles and trend of temperature variations during LIA and temperature and precipitation during the instrumental observation period are performed. We found some similarities and differences of environmental changes between Arctic and China.     

Seasonal air temperature variations retrieved from a Geladaindong ice core, Tibetan Plateau

A 70-year history of precipitation δ18O record has been retrieved using an ice core drilled from a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier (33o34′37.8″ N, 91o10′35.3″ E, 5720 m a.s.l.) on Mt. Geladaindong (the source region of Yangtze River) during October and November, 2005. Based on the seasonality of δ18O records and the significant positive rela-tionships between monsoon/non-monsoon δ18O values and summer/spring air temperature from the nearby meteorological stations, the history of summer and spring air temperature have been reconstructed for the last 70 years. The results show that both summer and spring air temperature variations present similar trends during the last 70 years. Regression analysis indicates that the slope of the temperature-δ18O relationship is 1.3℃/‰ for non-monsoon δ18O values and spring air temperature, and 0.4℃/‰ for monsoon δ18O values and summer air temperature. Variation of air temperature recorded in the ice core is consistent with that in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), however, the warming trend in the Geladaindong region is more intense than that in the NH, reflecting a higher sensitivity to global warming in the high elevation regions. In addition, warming trend is greater in spring than in summer.     

The extreme dry/wet events in northern China during recent 100 years

Using monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature, a surface humid index was proposed. According to the index, the distributed characteristics of extreme dryness has been fully analyzed. The results indicated that there is an obvious increasing trend of extreme dryness in the central part of northern China and northeastern China in the last 10 years, which shows a high frequency period of extreme dryness; while a low frequency period in the regions during the last 100 years. Compared with variation trend of the temperature in these regions, the region of high frequent extreme dryness is consistent with the warming trend in the same region.     

近58 a新疆巴州极端气温事件变化特征

选取 WMO 推荐的 15 个极端气温指数,对 1959—2016 年新疆巴州地区 7 个气象站点观测的日最高、最低气温数据,采用一元线性回归法等多种统计方法对研究区极端气温事件进行分析。结果表明：近 58 a来新疆巴州地区冷暖指数变化呈非对称性,暖指数呈不同程度的显著上升,冷指数总体呈显著下降趋势,其中 TN90P 年际变化率最大,为 4.67 d·（10 a）^-1。夜指数（TN10P、TN90P）和昼指数（TX10P、TX90P）变化率前者大于后者。冷指数在 20 世纪 80 和 90 年代中后期发生突变,暖指数和GSL、WSDI突变时间一致为 90 年代中后期,冷指数对气候变化较敏感。发生频率：极端高温增加,极端低温降低;强度：增强;持续时间：作物生长期呈显著增加趋势,其中巴音布鲁克增加显著,幅度最大〔4.4 d·（10 a）^-1〕。TNx、TXx和GSL主周期均为 28 a。高载荷指数：TEM-A（0.335）,TN10P（-0.313）和TN90P（0.312）,是影响该地区整体气温发生变化的主要因素。     

中国东部气温极端特性及其气候特征

基于百分位等统计方法构建极端气候指数,分析中国东部气温极端特性变化的时空格局和趋势特征,探讨其与全球变暖和区域气候变率的关联性。结果表明,近60 a来,中国东部长期增暖趋势明显,高纬度北方地区和冬、春季节气温对全球变暖响应最为显著;相比于日最低气温,日最高气温上升趋势不明显,黄河与长江之间部分地区日最高温度出现下降趋势。全域日较差总体亦呈减小趋势;与日气温极值的平均状况和气候趋势相一致,极端低温事件强度下降趋势明显,黄河以北及东南沿海地区减弱显著。极端高温事件强度增加趋势并不明显,黄淮地区出现减小趋势;年霜冻日数和冰冻日数以及寒潮持续期的长期变化趋势以减少为主。高温热浪的持续期则以增加为主;中国东部极端气温事件频次与强度的演变格局存在同向一致性。极端低温影响指数的分布呈现北部大于南部、内陆大于沿海地区的特征,全域以一致性下降趋势为主,特别是东部沿海降低最为明显。另外,春季极端低温的影响指数大于冬季,且未有明显减小趋势。极端高温的影响指数增强趋势不明显,地区差异较大,指数的大值区影响增强的趋势显著。相比于强度,极端气温事件频次对全球气候变化的响应更为敏感。同时,副热带高压、南极涛动和北极涛动等区域性气候变率可能是调控中国东部极端气温事件形成和演化的重要因素。     

TRENDS IN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE DEPARTURES FOR THE CONTINGUOUS UNITED STATES, 1940-1983

A temperature departure index is calculated for each month of the year for 10 regions within the contiguous United States utilizing a total of 193 sites for the 44-year period 1940 to 1983. Five-year moving averages of the index values are plotted on graphs for each region by month in an attempt to detect trends toward an increase or decrease in the occurrence of well above or well below normal monthly temperatures in recent years. Considerable regional differences are found with respect to the size and temporal trend of monthly temperature departures. For example, the Northwest and Southwest regions are often exceptions to the average national trend supporting the concept of considerable east-west differences in temperature variation patterns. Only April, June and December show increases in temperature departure index values in the most recent years for a majority of regions while the summer months of July and August do not exhibit a clear national trend. For a majority of months (January, February, March, May, September, October, November), there has been a decrease in the occurrence of unusually above or below normal monthly temperatures for most regions during the late 1970s/early 1980s.     

黄土高原地区极端气候指数时空变化

黄土高原生态环境脆弱,极端气候频发,越来越多的影响到人类的生产生活。通过基于 138 个气象站点观测资料,利用一元线性方程和 Mann-Kendall 法分析了黄土高原地区 27 个极端气 候指数的时空变化,得到以下主要结论：（1）极端气温指数中霜冻日数、冰冻日数、日最低气温的极 高值和冷持续日数在逐渐减少,生长季长度、夏季日数,热夜日数、日最高气温的极高值、暖持续日 数在逐渐增加。（2）极端气温指数中冷昼日数、冷夜日数、日最低气温极低值、日最高气温极高值、 气温日较差在子区域与全区变化趋势存在不同,主要表现在黄土塬区、黄土峁状丘陵区和石质山 地区。（3）极端降水指数变化趋势平缓,与多年均值接近。在空间分布上,除极强降水量、强降水量 和年均雨日降水强度在各子区域上与全区变化趋势一致外,其余指数在各子区域上与全区变化趋 势存在不同,主要表现在黄土塬和黄土梁状丘陵区。（4）多数极端气温指数的突变主要发生在 1980—1985 年和 2010—2015 年;多数极端降水指数的突变主要发生在 1985—1990 年和 2010— 2015 年。     

宁夏地表湿润状况及极端干湿事件演变规律

利用宁夏1961—2004年月平均气温、月降水量资料,计算了地表湿润指数,以此为基础对宁夏地表湿润状况及极端干湿事件的分布特征进行了较为深入的研究。结果表明:近40多年来,宁夏大致经历了冷湿期、冷干期、暖干期;自20世纪60年代以来,宁夏年极端干旱频率有增加的趋势,极端湿年高频区逐渐缩小; 80年代以来,宁夏极端干旱年事件高频区明显扩大;不同气候型态下,极端干湿事件频率具有明显差异,冷干期极端干旱事件最多,极端湿润事件最少,冷湿期极端干旱频率最小,极端湿润频率最大。     

2001−2018年西北地区植被变化对气象干旱的响应

基于2001?2018年逐月的MODIS NDVI数据,以归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）和植被状态指数（Vegetation Condition Index, VCI）作为植被生长状况指标,结合2001?2018年的月降水和月均温数据计算的标准化降水蒸散指数值,分析西北地区植被状况和气象干旱指数的变化趋势及其空间分布特征,以及多时间尺度下植被对气象干旱的响应。结果表明：2001?2018年西北地区植被的生长状况整体呈好转趋势,但空间分布上差异明显,东部植被改善状况高于中西部地区。近18 a西北地区5种不同时间尺度标准化降水蒸散指数（Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index,SPEI）均值整体上均呈增加趋势,表明干旱程度降低;空间上,干旱化趋势整体上表现为中西部高,东部低。植被生长状况在大部分区域均与SPEI呈现不同程度的正相关,总体表现为,西北地区东部植被对气象干旱的响应程度最高,西部次之,中部最低;不同植被类型中,草地对SPEI-12的响应最强,耕地次之,而林地的响应最弱;各植被类型在生长季的多数月份中对SPEI-3和SPEI-12的响应普遍较高。     

基于SPEI法的陇东地区近50 a干旱化时空特征分析

选取陇东地区近50 a平均逐月降水和气温数据,采用Mann-Kendall方法、反距离加权插值（IDW）、功率谱分析、标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI）等方法分析了陇东地区近50 a来干旱变化的时空特征。研究显示：近50 a来陇东地区干旱化趋势非常明显,特别是20世纪90年代以来干旱趋势显著。持续干旱事件次数增多,持续干旱累积时间增长,以春夏连旱、伏秋连旱的次数增多为显著特征。发生干旱的周期在不同的时间尺度上表现不一致,随着时间尺度的增长,干旱出现的周期也在变长。干旱发生频率不断加快,尤其是在20世纪90年代以来,极端干旱事件的频率显著上升。近50 a来干旱频率较高的区域在环县西北部和六盘山以西静宁等地,干旱高频区逐步向中南部和东部转移。通过与其他方法对比分析和历史资料比对,证明SPEI在陇东地区有较好的适用性。     

近30 a甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数时空变化特征及趋势预测

基于甘肃省河东地区61个气象站点1988—2017年逐日气温数据,利用Mann-Kendall检验,Sen’s斜率估计方法分析甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数的时空变化趋势,并探讨极端气温指数与其影响因素之间的关系,最后利用NAR神经网络结合Hurst指数对甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数变化进行预测分析。结果表明：(1)从时间上看,冷极值相对指数呈下降趋势,冷极值绝对指数、暖极值以及气温日较差、作物生长期呈上升趋势。(2)从空间上看,对冷极值变化反应最为敏感的是高寒湿润区,对暖极值变化反应最为敏感的是温带半湿润区和北亚热带湿润区,除北亚热带湿润区外各区域作物生长期的变化都达到了显著水平,而气温日较差仅在温带半湿润区达到了显著水平。(3)多数极端气温指数与经纬度、海拔之间有显著相关性,但受区域自然特点影响,经度与海拔对其影响实为一类。(4)亚洲区极涡强度、北半球极涡强度以及青藏高原指数B与极端气温指数变化有密切关系,而太阳黑子等只与个别指数之间存在显著的相关性。(5)预测出的极端气温指数冷极值相对指数仍呈现下降趋势,冷极值的绝对指数、暖极值以及气温日较差、作物生长期仍然呈现增加趋势,但大多数指数与1988—2017年相比变化幅度有所降低。（6）与其他区域相比甘肃省河东地区大多数气温指数变化幅度处于中间水平,表现出其为多种不同气候区、自然区交界地带的特色。