Time effects on the unconfined compressive strength and sensitivity of a clay

Unconfined compression tests have been carried out on a highly plastic clay using three different strain rates: fast, medium and slow. Results of the t strength with increased strain rate for both the undisturbed and remoulded soil, although the increase was more pronounced in the undisturbed cases tha leading to an increase in sensitivity. It is therefore recommended that sensitivity be defined for a particular strain rate, or that an acceptable incr rate be defined for both undisturbed and remoulded soils.     

Direct shear tests on Mexico City clay with reference to friction pile behaviour

Summary This paper presents results of static and cyclic direct shear tests performed on undisturbed and remoulded samples of Mexico City clays, including results of soil-on-interface tests. Experiments show that the static adhesion coefficient depends on the soils' liquidity index and that it diminishes due to the effect of repeated dynamic loads. Dynamic overstrength effects were not apparent, as has been observed when testing this clay in other apparatus. Interface strength in remoulded clays is initially less than half the strength of interfaces with undisturbed materials but it increases with time. At least in the materials tested in this research, it did not equal the strength of interfaces with undisturbed materials. Correction factors derived from experimental data can be used to modify the adhesion coefficient to account for dynamic and remoulding effects.     

结构性软土力学特性试验研究

选取广州南沙典型软土为研究对象,进行了剪切、无侧限抗压、固结等室内试验.从强度和变形两方面对试样的结构性进行了研究,分析了原状土和重塑土的变形特性、强度特性和固结特性,揭示了所研究的区域性软土的结构性特征以及这一特征对软土工程性质的影响.试验结果表明:结构性软士经扰动后强度明显降低,压缩性增加;原状土的同结特性与结构屈服压力有关,压缩曲线呈现3阶段特征.在同一级荷载下扰动后的土体变形规律较原状土有更明显的主次固结划分界限.结构屈服压力是变形规律的控制因素之一,可以通过压缩系数-固结压力曲线近似确定.试验结果还表明,当崮结压力较大时,原状土的结构被完伞破坏,此时结构性对土体力学特性的影响可被削弱,甚至消失.     

Quick clay—A case study of chemical perspective in Southwest Sweden

Quick clay, a soil that changes from normal firm ground to a liquid mass when it is disturbed, has been involved in most of the large and serious clay slides in Sweden, Norway and Canada. The location, time of occurrence and size of quick clay slides are difficult to predict and large slides may cause great devastation. Some geochemical studies of Swedish quick clay were done in the 1960s and early 1970s, but no systematic studies of the interrelationships of pore water chemistry, mineralogy, geotechnical properties and other parameters on quick clays in Sweden have been published. Such studies are of national and general interest because of the many combinations of rock flour source areas and sedimentation conditions that occurred across central Sweden and into the Baltic Sea area during deglaciation. In this study, geotechnical properties related to the in situ chemistry at one quick clay site were extensively studied, and spot sampling was conducted at two other locations in Southwest Sweden. In this area the clay minerals mainly are non-expanding phyllosilicate minerals (illite) and primary minerals (quartz, feldspar), which is consistent with previous studies of quick clay mineralogy. Extensive leaching has occurred at all three locations. At the extensively studied site, Surte, the lowest salinity was found at the greatest depth, inferring that the leaching by fresh water was accomplished by water movement upward and laterally through the sediment from the underlying bedrock. This is consistent with the local setting where bedrock hills rise sharply to over 100 m above the marine sediment surface. An artesian pressure would also be anticipated at this location. There is a correlation (negative) between sensitivity and salinity but there is an indication that the maximum salinity or electrical conductivity consistent with the quick clay behaviour is higher than reported elsewhere. However, for high sensitivities the salinity is about the same as reported elsewhere. In the deepest part of the borehole, there is a higher content of Fe and Al in the pore water, indicating reduced state. Further work is needed to confirm the difference in salinity and to investigate the possible interplay of salinity and potential dispersing agents such as the role of anoxic conditions, in this region. Further work is especially needed in the locations where the sediment accumulation occurred under lower salinity conditions. At all three locations, high remoulded shear strength and low sensitivity have been seen near the surface together with a decrease in pore water cation concentrations.     

软土结构性对次固结系数的影响

天然沉积的软土普遍具有结构性,常规计算软土次固结变形的方法并没有反映结构性的影响。通过对漳州与青岛地区原状软土与重塑土进行次固结试验,研究软土结构性对次固结系数 的影响。结果表明,软土的 随压力 增大而增大,在 接近结构屈服压力 时达到最大值,此后逐渐减小,受 影响减弱,最后与重塑土的 趋于一致;重塑土的 受压力影响很小,可视为常数。根据次固结系数与压缩指数比值 确定 可能存在一定误差。由于结构性的影响,正常固结软土表现出“假超固结”现象,采用超固结角度对结构性软土 变化规律进行说明并不合适,而根据不同压力下软土结构破损的情况可以很好解释这一现象。     

柴油污染重塑红黏土直剪力学特性试验研究

广西红黏土分布区柴油泄漏对土体造成了一定程度污染,为研究轻质非水相非极性柴油孔隙液对红黏土力学性质的影响,本文以0#柴油为添加剂对其重塑样进行不排水快速直剪试验,测得了不同含水率、含油率、法向压力下红黏土抗剪强度及其参数变化规律。研究结果表明:在土-水-油系统中,非极性柴油孔隙液对红黏土强度影响相对较小,且受含水率影响。同一含油率时,红黏土抗剪强度、内摩擦角、黏聚力均随含水率增加而降低;同一含水率时,法向压力影响柴油作用模式,随含油率增加,抗剪强度参数变化较为复杂,当含水率为20%,红黏土内摩擦角、黏聚力反向波动变化;同一含湿率时,柴油比例的提高导致红黏土抗剪强度参数的增大。扫描电镜观察发现,非极性柴油孔隙液的介入,改变了水-土系统的静电及结构模式,导致红黏土强度发生变化,通过所建的“多尺度多阶段柴油作用微结构模型”,阐明了柴油孔隙液对红黏土强度特性影响的微观机理。     

非饱和粉土静、动强度对比试验研究

针对非饱和重塑粉土,利用改进的可控制吸力式非饱和土静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,进行了多组固结排水非饱和土静、动三轴试验,探讨了非饱和粉土静、动强度特性,分析了粉土静三轴强度随固结压力、吸力变化的规律,以及动强度随固结压力、吸力以及破坏振动次数变化的规律,研究表明粉土静、动强度之间具有很强的相关性。最后,通过归一化处理提出了利用粉土的静三轴强度推求相应的动力强度曲线的公式,从而达到在非饱和土地基稳定性分析中减少工作量的目的。     

上海重塑粘性土的直剪特性研究

上海地区浅层广泛分布的淤泥质粉质粘土、淤泥质粘土和粘土具孔隙比大、含水量高、压缩性大、强度低等特点,容易对工程造成严重不良影响。对这三种土重塑样的直剪特性进行了系统研究,试验方法包括固结快剪和固结慢剪,剪切过程中量测剪切位移和竖向压缩量,剪切结束后量测了破坏面上的土样含水率。结果显示,固结慢剪试验中土样均硬化,剪切位移达6mm时仍未破坏;而固结快剪试验中,除粉质粘土外另两类土在0.2mm的位移下就达到剪切强度。通过试验得到了剪切应力与剪切位移关系、剪缩变形量和抗剪强度参数等。结合试验结果,对粉质粘土与粘土的不同结构导致直剪特性的差异进行了分析讨论。可为上海重塑土的结构及力学特性研究提供依据和借鉴。     

贵州石漠化地区降雨条件下红粘土剪切强度特性随含水量变化关系探讨

西南喀斯特地区的石漠化已经严重影响了人民正常的生产生活。水土流失是石漠化过程中一个关键环节。喀斯特地区地表广泛覆盖的红粘土在降雨条件下随着含水量的增加和人工垦殖的影响,剪切强度会产生变化,更易发生水土流失。本文以贵州普定石漠化研究区（陈旗村）的红粘土为例,以原状土模拟未经扰动的土样,以重塑土来模拟经过开垦被扰动后的土样,设计了原状土和重塑土在不同含水量下的直剪试验,初步地研究了这一变化规律。结果表明:在含水量大于35%时,石漠化地区红粘土粘聚力和内摩擦角均随着含水量的增加显著降低;在同一含水量水平下,原状土的抗剪强度明显优于重塑土,且随着含水量的增加,重塑土的强度衰减较之原状土快许多,表明了经过人工垦殖后的红粘土在降雨条件下更易发生水土流失。     

干湿过程中膨胀土最大剪切模量及其预测

为了研究膨胀土在天然环境下的动力特性,本文利用装有弯曲元的三轴仪对南阳膨胀土原状样和重塑样进行了最大剪切模量的测试试验。试验包括在不同围压下的饱和原状南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量测试;将初始干密度相近的原状样和重塑样分别进行脱湿和吸湿,量测整个过程中最大剪切模量的变化,并结合孔隙比进行分析。试验结果表明:饱和南阳膨胀土的最大剪切模量随着围压增大而增大;脱湿过程中南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量与含水率关系曲线要高于吸湿过程的曲线,即最大剪切模量与含水率关系存在滞回特性,这主要是吸力作用的缘故;初始干密度相近条件下原状样的最大剪切模量比重塑样的要小,这是由于原状样内部存在较多大孔隙。本文最后对饱和土最大剪切模量公式进行改进,使之适用于非饱和原状南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量的预测。     

黏粒含量对磁县段膨胀土抗剪强度影响的试验研究

利用电动应变控制式直剪仪及直剪/残余剪切试验仪对南水北调磁县段不同黏粒含量的原状膨胀土进行快剪、饱和快剪、饱和固结快剪和反复直剪试验,研究黏粒含量对其抗剪强度的影响。研究表明:饱和后试样的抗剪强度明显降低,固结后强度提高,且饱和作用对黏粒含量较大的中膨胀土强度的削弱作用更为显著,固结作用对黏粒含量较小的弱膨胀土强度的治愈作用更显著; 随黏粒含量的增大,黏聚力逐渐减小,内摩擦角则先减后增,其临界值在32%左右; 峰值强度后的抗剪强度降低幅度随黏粒含量的增加而增大; 土体的峰值强度f随黏粒含量则先减后增,变化趋势比较平缓; 残余强度r随黏粒含量增加逐渐减小,成指数关系; 残余强度内摩擦角r与黏粒含量成对数关系,黏聚力cr则比较离散。     

高压力下层间错动带残余强度特性和颗粒破碎试验研究

针对某水电站层间错动带的原状样与重塑样,模拟现场地应力条件,在试验法向应力高达10 MPa条件下开展了反复直剪试验。试验结果表明：原状样峰值强度高于重塑样,但强度下降较快,二者残余强度趋于一致;此外,试样发生了大规模的颗粒破碎,采用颗粒相对破碎势Br量化重塑样剪切面附近区域与非剪切面附近区域颗粒破碎程度,对比发现,前者颗粒破碎程度高于后者,且破碎机制不同;剪切面颗粒破碎是高压力下残余强度包线非线性的根本原因：剪切强度的下降（残余强度与峰值强度的比值）与Br和S2（试验前后小于粒径< 2 µm 颗粒含量的比值）呈线性关系,颗粒破碎导致的能量释放和不断产生的黏粒（< 2 µm）降低了剪切强度。     

上海粉土液化特性及孔压模型的试验研究

根据循环三轴试验,分析了上海原状及重塑粉土的液化特性,提出了原状粉土的孔压上升模型,并与细砂的液化特性和孔模型进行了对比。     

动、静载环境下界面土直剪试验

为了探究土体界面土的力学性质及其变化规律,以粉土、粉质黏土和碎石土作为试验材料,以法向应力大小、上下土层类型、界面处理方式、动载环境、静载环境和动载作用时长等作为试验变量因素,运用正交试验设计方法对不同类型的原状土和重塑土试样进行室内直剪试验,得到了土体界面土的剪力-位移本构曲线,根据曲线中的峰值抗剪强度计算出了能够反映界面土抵抗黏性破坏能力的黏结系数。试验结果表明：粉土的黏结系数小于粉质黏土;界面土的抗剪强度与上下土层的结合类型相关,界面土的粗糙度越大,界面土处的土体接触越充分,则界面土的力学性质越好;随着动载作用时间的增加,土体界面土的抗剪强度会有所下降;并且,界面土的力学性质与上下土层性质之间有一定的联系。     

Holocene Deposits in Saga Plain: Leaching Mechanism and Soil Sensitivity

The Saga Plain in Japan contains a 10–30 m thick Holocene clayey soil deposit with a natural water content generally more than 100% and a liquidity index (I _L ) larger than 1.0. Most of this is a marine deposit known as the Ariake clay formation. Using salinity in the pore water of this deposit as an index, the mechanism of post-depositional salinity leaching from the Ariake clay formation has been investigated. This has been achieved using current measurements of the salinity distribution in the deposit and the groundwater flow velocity in an underlying Pleistocene gravelly sand layer, together with advection–diffusion analyses. It is suggested that diffusion together with possible rainfall percolation and/or upward seepage flow from the Pleistocene gravelly sand layer was the main mechanism causing salinity leaching. Detailed analysis of the test results from four boreholes indicates that for the locations where the activity of the clay minerals was less than 1.25, salinity leaching probably accounts for the observed low undrained shear strength (<0.5 kPa) of remoulded soil samples, high values of the sensitivity (S _t ), and the formation of a quick clay.     

双向耦合循环剪切条件下超固结饱和海洋黏土孔压与强度特性研究

针对长江口地区的重塑饱和海洋黏土,进行了一系列均等固结条件下的应力控制式轴向-扭转双向耦合循环剪切试验,着重探讨了循环荷载分量比R与超固结比OCR对孔压与动强度特性的影响。试验结果表明,随着R的减小,波动孔压幅值逐渐降低,而残余孔压先降低后升高,R = 1时残余孔压最小。在循环耦合剪切作用过程中,对应相同循环次数,随着OCR的增大,累积孔压变小,而波动孔压幅值却在增大。对应相同循环次数比N/Nf,随着OCR增大,残余孔隙水压力比ur / urmax减小。经归一化处理后ur / urmax-N/Nf关系曲线对于正常固结与超固结饱和黏土可分别用不同的表达式来表达。随着R的降低,破坏循环次数先增大后减小,R = 1时最大。随着OCR的增大,饱和黏土的强度变化减小     

湛江强结构性黏土强度特性的应力路径效应

为探讨湛江强结构性原状土与相应重塑土在不同应力路径下的强度特性及其与结构性的关联性,开展了在不同固结条件下的主动压缩、被动压缩、主动伸长3种应力路径试验,分析了该强结构性黏土在不同应力条件下的力学性状与强度特性。结果表明,湛江黏土的剪切破坏形态主要是单一型、双交叉剪切带与“腰鼓”型3类,应力-应变特性主要为轻度应变软化、强烈应变软化、轻度应变硬化、强烈应变硬化4类;偏压固结下试样破坏应变小于等压固结相应值,破坏强度及初始弹性模量比后者大;不同应力路径下土的强度差异主要反映在结构屈服前有效黏聚力的不同,结构屈服前,原状土的黏聚力高于重塑土的黏聚力,内摩擦角小于后者;结构屈服后,黏聚力逐渐减小,内摩擦角略有增大。原状土到重塑土的转变过程是黏聚力与内摩擦力在土体内部相互消长的过程,强结构性黏土在结构屈服前的强度指标具有较强应力路径依赖性。     

深部土高压卸载变形结构性量化参数确定及本构模型

用取自山东巨野矿区埋深300～600m的深部粘土样,在三轴伺服仪上进行原状和重塑土的高压三轴卸载试验,对比分析其变形特点;提出一种描述深部土高压卸载变形与强度连续变化的土结构性参数的方法,并根据三轴卸载试验结果,确定了巨野矿区深部土高压卸载变形结构性参数,建立了描述巨野矿区深部土高压卸载结构性本构模型。     

粘性原状土起动切应力与物理力学指标的关系

通过对中运河、长江长兴岛、淮河入海水道等河道原状土样起动试验,认为各河道土质由于其形成条件、土质结构等方面存在差异,即使具有相近的物理力学特性,其起动临界条件也不尽相同.而对同一条河流而言,起动临界条件与物理力学指标之间则存在明显的规律性:即对淤泥质粘土,起动临界条件随抗剪强度的减小而增大,随含水量的增大而减小;粉质粘土的起动临界条件最小,与抗剪强度、含水量呈非线性关系;粘土起动临界条件则随抗剪强度、含水量的增大而增大.     

高含冰量冻土动强度和残余应变的试验研究

冻土对温度敏感且性质易变, 而高含冰量冻土的性质更是极不稳定, 针对不同温度、 不同围压下50%的高含冰量重塑冻土进行了动三轴试验.结果表明: 动强度随着振次的增大线性减小, 和温度呈二次变化关系, 随着负温的增大而增大, 围压对动强度影响不大;残余轴应变随着振次的增大而增大, 呈幂函数的关系;随负温的增大而变小, 围压对残余应变影响也不大. 根据这些影响因素, 分别给出了高含冰量冻土的动强度和残余应变的计算公式, 这些结果可为该类土的动力特性研究提供参考.